tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39070299746644671212024-03-06T14:18:25.149-06:00Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSETransmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion PrP Disease BovineTerry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.comBlogger143125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-54526616653657077222024-03-05T15:26:00.007-06:002024-03-06T14:13:18.649-06:00McDonald's Leads Charge in Beef Safety, Sets Deadline for Suppliers on Mad Cow Disease Prevention<p>McDonald's Leads Charge in Beef Safety, Sets Deadline for Suppliers on Mad Cow Disease Prevention</p><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">McDonald's Corp enforces strict compliance with federal feeding regulations among its beef suppliers to safeguard against mad cow disease, setting a precedent for the industry.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">author-image Olalekan Adigun 04 Mar 2024 09:35 EST</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">McDonald's Leads Charge in Beef Safety, Sets Deadline for Suppliers on Mad Cow Disease Prevention</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">McDonald's Leads Charge in Beef Safety, Sets Deadline for Suppliers on Mad Cow Disease Prevention In a proactive measure to keep the United States free from mad cow disease, McDonald's Corp. has mandated its beef suppliers to adhere strictly to federal feeding regulations. This decision comes in the wake of a report from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) highlighting the non-compliance of numerous feed makers with crucial feed regulations. By setting an April 1 deadline for compliance documentation, McDonald's aims to fortify the beef supply chain against bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Strategic Prevention Measures</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">With the looming threat of BSE, commonly known as mad cow disease, McDonald's is taking no chances in ensuring the safety of its beef. The fast-food giant demands that its meatpackers provide concrete documentation proving the cattle they purchase are fed according to the stringent federal guidelines. This move not only underscores McDonald's commitment to food safety but also sets a precedent for the industry. "Here in the U.S., it's always been BSE-free. We want to keep it that way," stated a McDonald's spokesperson, emphasizing the importance of this initiative.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Industry-Wide Impact</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The ripple effect of McDonald's decision is palpable throughout the beef industry. Major beef packers, such as IBP Inc., have followed suit, requiring their cattle suppliers to furnish evidence of compliance with the feed rules. This collective action signifies a heightened industry standard for beef safety, underscoring the shared responsibility of preventing BSE. The fast-food giant's stance has not only raised the bar for beef suppliers but also demonstrated a proactive approach to addressing potential public health concerns.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Market Response and Future Outlook</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Despite the proactive measures taken by McDonald's, the company's shares experienced a slight dip, closing off 26 cents at $27.80 on the New York Stock Exchange. This market response may reflect the immediate costs associated with implementing these stringent supply chain standards. However, the long-term implications of McDonald's decision could greatly benefit the beef industry by ensuring a safer beef supply and bolstering consumer confidence in beef products. As the deadline approaches, the industry awaits to see the full impact of these measures on beef safety standards and public health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This initiative by McDonald's marks a significant step in the fight against mad cow disease in the United States. By holding its suppliers to higher standards, McDonald's not only protects its consumers but also leads by example, encouraging other corporations to prioritize food safety. As the industry adapts to these new regulations, the collective efforts of fast-food giants, meatpackers, and cattle suppliers will play a crucial role in maintaining the safety and integrity of the nation's beef supply.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bnnbreaking.com/finance-nav/business/mcdonalds-leads-charge-in-beef-safety-sets-deadline-for-suppliers-on-mad-cow-disease-prevention" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bnnbreaking.com/finance-nav/business/mcdonalds-leads-charge-in-beef-safety-sets-deadline-for-suppliers-on-mad-cow-disease-prevention</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WOW, McDonald's has been trying for a long time to make USDA et al comply with mad cow regulations, and to this day, imo, USDA still plays the Prion Poker Game.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WITH atypical H-type and L-type BSE transmitting to cattle by oral routes, CWD and Scrapie transmits to pigs by oral routes, and cwd will transmit to cervid by oral routes, PLUS, CWD will now transmit to cattle by oral routes, while existing feed bans will not stop all of this, PLUS, an increase of mad cow disease is popping up in the USA, and ABROAD, IMO, a reevaluation of the mad cow feed ban must be done ASAP!</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">please let me explain, but first, i remember back when, McDonald's was trying to get USDA FDA et al to comply with BSE regulations. let's review this shall we. see;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Subject: Re: McDonald's Corp. seven scientists and experts and a pharmaceutical supplier Seriologicals Corp. U.S. NOT PROTECTED AGAINST MAD COW DISEASE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: January 11, 2006 at 9:27 am PST</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">December 19, 2005</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Food and Drug Administration 5630 Fishers Lane Room 1061 Rockville, MD 20852</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Re: Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Sir or Madame:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The McDonalds Corporation buys more beef than any other restaurant in the United States. It is essential for our customers and our company that the beef has the highest level of safety. Concerning BSE, the most effective way to insure this is to create a system that processes cattle that are not exposed to the disease. As a company we take numerous precautions via our strict specifications to help and assure this, however we feel that the force of federal regulation is important to ensure that the risk of exposure in the entire production system is reduced to as close to zero as possible. The exemptions in the current ban as well as in the newly proposed rule make this difficult if not impossible, as there are still legal avenues for ruminants to consume potentially contaminated ruminant protein. In addition, the USDA still has not implemented a system of identification and traceability. It is our opinion that the government can take further action to reduce this risk and appreciate the opportunity to submit comments to this very important proposed rule.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">After the identification of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in indigenous North American cattle, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) responded rapidly to implement measures to protect public health in regard to food. Our company recognizes and supports the importance of the current feed ban which went into effect in August 1997. However, given what is known about the epidemiology and characteristically long incubation period of BSE, we urge the FDA to act without further delay and implement additional measures which will reduce the risk of BSE recycling in the US cattle herd. We caution against using the 18 month enhanced surveillance as a justification to relax or impede further actions. While this surveillance indicates an epidemic is not underway, it does not clear the US cattle herd from infection. The positive cases indicate probable exposure prior to the 1997 feed ban, a time when BSE appears to have been circulating in animal feed. BSE cases are most likely clustered in time and location, so while enhanced surveillance provides an 18 month snapshot, it does not negate the fact that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE and that the current feed controls contain “leaks”.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We feel that for the FDA to provide a more comprehensive and protective feed ban, specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock must be removed from all animal feed and that legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk) should be discontinued. SRMs, as defined by the USDA, are tissues which, in a BSE infected animal, are known to either harbor BSE infectivity or to be closely associated with infectivity. If SRMs are not removed, they may introduce BSE infectivity and continue to provide a source of animal feed contamination. Rendering will reduce infectivity but it will not totally eliminate it. This is significant, as research in the United Kingdom has shown that a calf may be infected with BSE by the ingestion of as little as .001 gram of untreated brain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The current proposed rule falls short of this and would still leave a potential source of infectivity in the system. In fact by the FDA’s own statement the exempted tissues which are known to have infectivity (such as distal ileum, DRGs, etc) would cumulatively amount to approximately 10% of the infectivity in an infected animal. Leaving approximately 10% of the infectious tissues in the system is not good enough. The proposed rule still allows the possibility for cattle to be exposed to BSE through: Feeding of materials currently subject to legal exemptions from the ban (e.g., poultry litter, plate waste) Cross feeding (the feeding of non-ruminant rations to ruminants) on farms; and Cross contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant feed We are most concerned that the FDA has chosen to include a provision that would allow tissues from deadstock into the feed chain. We do not support the provision to allow the removal of brain and spinal cord from down and deadstock over 30 months of age for several reasons. These are the animals with the highest level of infectivity in tissues which include more than brain and spinal cord. Firstly, there are two issues regarding the complex logistics of this option. We do not feel that it is possible to have adequate removal especially during the warmer months. In addition, we do not feel that there are adequate means to enforce complete removal. Unlike slaughterhouses, there are no government inspectors at rendering plants or deadstock collection points.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Most importantly, there is emerging information that at end stage disease (a natural BSE case); infectivity may also be included in additional tissues such as peripheral nerves (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005 – see attached). This published work supports publicly reported studies in Japan where by western blot testing, prions have been found in the peripheral nerves of a naturally infected 94-month-old cow. If this is the case, the amount of infectivity left in the system from an infected bovine would surpass 10% and the full extent is still unknown.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">McDonalds has convened it own International Scientific Advisory Committee (ISAC) as well as co-sponsored a symposium of TSE scientists on the issue of tissue distribution. The consensus of both groups was that the pathogenesis of BSE might not be entirely different from TSEs in other species at the point where the animal is showing signs of the disease. These scientists feel that the studies as reported above have merit. The current studies not only re-enforce the risk of down and deadstock but also appear to provide additional information that these animals may be a potential source of greater levels of infectivity into the feed system. Hence, we suggest that the FDA consult with TSE scientists as well.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Leaving the tissues from the highest risk category of cattle in the animal feed chain will effectively nullify the intent of this regulation. This point is illustrated by the 2001 Harvard risk assessment model that demonstrated that eliminating dead and downer, 4D cattle, from the feed stream was a disproportionately effective means of reducing the risk of re-infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“The disposition of cattle that die on the farm would also have a substantial influence on the spread of BSE if the disease were introduced.” The base case scenario showed that the mean total number of ID50s (i.e., dosage sufficient to infect 50 percent of exposed cattle) from healthy animals at slaughter presented to the food/feed system was 1500. The mean total number of ID50s from adult cattle deadstock presented to the feed system was 37,000. This illustrates the risk of “4D cattle” (i.e., deadstock).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From the Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001, Appendix 3A Base Case and Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001 Executive Summary McDonalds also urges agencies of the US government to work with academia and industry on research in the following areas:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">· Methods to inactivate TSEs agents which then may allow a product to be used and even fed to animals without risk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">· Alternative uses for animal byproducts which would maintain some value</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In July 2004, McDonalds in cooperation with others sponsored a meeting at Penn State. The purpose of the meeting was to review work conducted by Dr. Bruce Miller looking at the feasibility of using carcasses and animal byproducts as renewable alternatives to fossil fuels in large energy generating boilers. A number of government representatives were also invited to this meeting. We are aware that Dr. Miller continues this work which shows great promise. We suggest that the FDA explore the possibility of this alternative use that may also have a positive impact on the environment. The McDonalds Corporation will continue to work with the FDA and other government agencies to implement a strong BSE risk control program. We would like to reiterate our opinion that for the FDA to provide a more comprehensive and protective feed ban, specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock must be removed from all animal feed and that legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk) should be discontinued. Thank you for the opportunity to submit these comments to the public record.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Respectfully,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dick Crawford</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Corporate Vice President, Government Relations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">dick.crawford@mcd.com</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091106043530/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273_emc-000134-02.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091106043530/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273_emc-000134-02.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013232254/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC205.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061013232254/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC205.htm</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013231556/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC203.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061013231556/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC203.htm</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">BSE FEED FDA 7 Scientists Report Comment</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152959/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-EC244-Attach-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152959/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-EC244-Attach-1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">9 December 2005 Division of Dockets Management (RFA-305)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SEROLOGICALS CORPORATION James J. Kramer, Ph.D. Vice President, Corporate Operations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000383-01-vol35.pdf</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100121101601/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000383-01-vol35.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100121101601/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000383-01-vol35.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Embassy of Japan</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC240.htm</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110827211303/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000383-01-vol35.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110827211303/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000383-01-vol35.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PAUL BROWN M.D.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000490-vol40.pdf</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113122226/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000490-vol40.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100113122226/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000490-vol40.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirement for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921202102/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080921202102/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">03-025IF 03-025IF-631 Linda A. Detwiler [PDF] Page 1. 03-025IF 03-025IF-631 Linda A. Detwiler Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Page 5. Page 6. Page 7. Page 8. Page 9. Page 10. Page 11. Page 12. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-631.pdf</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050917224556/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-631.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20050917224556/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-631.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">03-025IF 03-025IF-634 Linda A. Detwiler [PDF] Page 1. 03-025IF 03-025IF-634 Linda A. Detwiler Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Page 5. Page 6. Page 7. Page 8. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-634.pdf</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050917111341/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-634.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20050917111341/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-634.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Page 1 of 17 9/13/2005 [PDF] ... 2005 6:17 PM To: fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov Subject: [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food ... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">03-025IFA 03-025IFA-6 Jason Frost [PDF] ... Zealand Embassy COMMENTS ON FEDERAL REGISTER 9 CFR Parts 309 et al [Docket No. 03- 025IF] Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and ... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-6.pdf</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922212618/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-6.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080922212618/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-6.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In its opinion of 7-8 December 2000 (EC 2000), the SSC ... [PDF] Page 1. Linda A. Detwiler, DVM 225 Hwy 35 Red Bank, New Jersey 07701 Phone: 732-741-2290 Cell: 732-580-9391 Fax: 732-741-7751 June 22, 2005 FSIS Docket Clerk US ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-589.pdf</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051019021929/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-589.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051019021929/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-589.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Update 2024</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2023</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 4, 2024</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/disease-phenotype-of-classical-sheep.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/disease-phenotype-of-classical-sheep.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 3, 2024 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING USAHA CWD, Scrapie, and BSE, October 2022 updated science 2024</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/proceedings-one-hundred-and-twenty.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/proceedings-one-hundred-and-twenty.html</a></span><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">MAY 19, 2023</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">spontaneous my ass, big outbreak of spontaneous mad cow disease evidently, around the same time, strange;</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Monday, March 20, 2023 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a></span><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p></div><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Transmission of Idiopathic human prion disease CJD MM1 to small ruminant mouse models (Tg338 and Tg501). </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Results: No evidence of transmission was found on a first passage in Tg338 nor Tg501ovinized mice, but on second passage, 4/10 Tg338 mice succumbed to CJDMM1 (40% attack rate after 645 dpi) and 1/12 Tg501 mice (519dpi, 10 still alive). The remaining 2nd passages are still ongoing. Conclusions: In this poster, the neuropathological features of the resulting strain are discussed. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">============== </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 1933-690X </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Abstract </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a></span><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ 5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip... R. BRADLEY </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><br /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip... </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: 6997404</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a></span><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously. snip... 76/10.12/4.6 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4. </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0 </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></span><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a></span><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a></span><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a></span><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">CWD</span></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></p><p class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></p><div class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006" data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Prion Conference 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;">=====end </div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Justin J. Greenleea, Eric D. Cassmanna, S. Jo Moorea,b, and M. Heather West Greenleec</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, US; cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, US</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n = 3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n = 4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57–4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPScthroughout the brain. All wild type recipient cattle and a single EK211 steer remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation) and no abnormal prion protein was detected in these cattle by EIA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1 g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: US Department of Agriculture</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;">How in the hell do you make a complete recall of 27,694,240 lbs of feed that was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein, in one state, Michigan, 2006? Wonder how much was fed out?<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated,
net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated,
Recall # V-103-6;
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend,
Recall # V-104-6;
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted,
Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020,
Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete
Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated,
Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-107-6;
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying
Chickens, Recall # 108-6;
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED,
net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
CODE
Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">125 tons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">AL and FL </div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6
CODE
All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">27,694,240 lbs</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MI </div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
CODE
None</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
???</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">KY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">###</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE P01-05 January 30, 2001<span class="ydpe8b02a81yiv8316875636ydp3451ec39yiv8051503129ydp462e0578yiv8334921158Apple-tab-span" style="outline: none;"> </span>Print Media: 301-827-6242 Broadcast Media: 301-827-3434 Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA ANNOUNCES TEST RESULTS FROM TEXAS FEED LOT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Today the Food and Drug Administration announced the results of tests taken on feed used at a Texas feedlot that was suspected of containing meat and bone meal from other domestic cattle -- a violation of FDA's 1997 prohibition on using ruminant material in feed for other ruminants. Results indicate that a very low level of prohibited material was found in the feed fed to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It is important to note that the prohibited material was domestic in origin (therefore not likely to contain infected material because there is no evidence of BSE in U.S. cattle), fed at a very low level, and fed only once. The potential risk of BSE to such cattle is therefore exceedingly low, even if the feed were contaminated.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">According to Dr. Bernard Schwetz, FDA's Acting Principal Deputy Commissioner, "The challenge to regulators and industry is to keep this disease out of the United States. One important defense is to prohibit the use of any ruminant animal materials in feed for other ruminant animals. Combined with other steps, like U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) ban on the importation of live ruminant animals from affected countries, these steps represent a series of protections, to keep American cattle free of BSE."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Despite this negligible risk, Purina Mills, Inc., is nonetheless announcing that it is voluntarily purchasing all 1,222 of the animals held in Texas and mistakenly fed the animal feed containing the prohibited material. Therefore, meat from those animals will not enter the human food supply. FDA believes any cattle that did not consume feed containing the prohibited material are unaffected by this incident, and should be handled in the beef supply clearance process as usual.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA believes that Purina Mills has behaved responsibly by first reporting the human error that resulted in the misformulation of the animal feed supplement and then by working closely with State and Federal authorities.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This episode indicates that the multi-layered safeguard system put into place is essential for protecting the food supply and that continued vigilance needs to be taken, by all concerned, to ensure these rules are followed routinely.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA will continue working with USDA as well as State and local officials to ensure that companies and individuals comply with all laws and regulations designed to protect the U.S. food supply.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010413122520/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20010413122520/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">589.2000</span>) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, JULY 07, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> TME, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">589.2000</span> (21 C.F.R. <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">589.2000</span>), atypical L-BSE, who’s testing MINK for TSE? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comment ID APHIS-2021-0004-0002</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings APHIS et al, i would kindly like to comment on Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings APHIS et al, i would kindly like to comment on Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 1st and foremost your biggest problem is 'VOLUNTARY'! AS with the BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, especially since it is still voluntary with cervid, knowing full well that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral route. VOLUNTARY DOES NOT WORK! all animal products should be banned and be made mandatory, and the herd certification program should be mandatory, or you don't move cervid. IF THE CWD HERD CERTIFICATION IS NOT MANDATORY, it will be another colossal tse prion failure from the start.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 2nd USA should declare a Declaration of Extraordinary Emergency due to CWD, and all exports of cervid and cervid products must be stopped internationally, and there should be a ban of interstate movement of cervid, until a live cwd test is available.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 3rd Captive Farmed cervid ESCAPEES should be made mandatory to report immediately, and strict regulations for those suspect cwd deer that just happen to disappear. IF a cervid escapes and is not found, that farm should be indefinitely shut down, all movement, until aid MIA cervid is found, and if not ever found, that farm shut down permanently.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 4th Captive Farmed Cervid, INDEMNITY, NO MORE Federal indemnity program, or what i call, ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM for game farm industry. NO MORE BAIL OUTS FROM TAX PAYERS. if the captive industry can't buy insurance to protect not only themselves, but also their customers, and especially the STATE, from Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion or what some call mad deer disease and harm therefrom, IF they can't afford to buy that insurance that will cover all of it, then they DO NOT GET A PERMIT to have a game farm for anything. This CWD TSE Prion can/could/has caused property values to fall from some reports in some places. roll the dice, how much is a state willing to lose?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 5th QUARANTINE OF ALL FARMED CAPTIVE, BREEDERS, URINE, ANTLER, VELVET, SPERM, OR ANY FACILITY, AND THEIR PRODUCTS, that has been confirmed to have Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, the QUARANTINE should be for 21 years due to science showing what scrapie can do. 5 years is NOT near long enough. see; Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 to 21 years.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 6th America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 7TH TRUCKING TRANSPORTING CERVID CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE TSE PRION VIOLATING THE LACEY ACT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 8TH ALL CAPTIVE FARMING CERVID OPERATIONS MUST BE INSURED TO PAY FOR ANY CLEAN UP OF CWD AND QUARANTINE THERE FROM FOR THE STATE, NO MORE ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM FOR CERVID GAME FARMING PAY TO PLAY FOR CWD TSE PRION OFF THE TAX PAYERS BACK.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 9TH ANY STATE WITH DOCUMENTED CWD, INTERSTATE, NATIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF ALL CERVID, AND ALL CERVID PRODUCTS MUST BE HALTED!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 10TH BAN THE SALE OF STRAW BRED BUCKS AND ALL CERVID SEMEN AND URINE PRODUCTS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 11th ALL CAPTIVE FARMED CERVID AND THEIR PRODUCTS MUST BE CWD TSE PRION TESTED ANNUALLY AND BEFORE SALE FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SEE FULL SCIENCE REFERENCES AND REASONINGS ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 1st and foremost your biggest problem is 'VOLUNTARY'!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''APHIS created a cooperative, voluntary Federal-State-private sector CWD Herd Certification Program designed to identify farmed or captive herds infected with CWD.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">key word failure is 'voluntary'.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WE know for a fact now that voluntary does NOT WORK!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PUBLIC SUBMISSION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comment from Terry Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Posted by the Food and Drug Administration on May 17, 2016 Comment</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/docket/FDA-2003-D-0432" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/docket/FDA-2003-D-0432</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Contains Nonbinding Recommendations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Guidance for Industry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This guidance represents the current thinking of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency) on this topic. It does not establish any rights for any person and is not binding on FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if it satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. To discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA office responsible for this guidance as listed on the title page.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I. Introduction</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Under FDA’s BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. This guidance document describes FDA’s recommendations regarding the use in all animal feed of all material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or are considered at high risk for CWD. The potential risks from CWD to humans or non-cervid animals such as poultry and swine are not well understood. However, because of recent recognition that CWD is spreading rapidly in white-tailed deer, and because CWD’s route of transmission is poorly understood, FDA is making recommendations regarding the use in animal feed of rendered materials from deer and elk that are CWD-positive or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In general, FDA’s guidance documents do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word should in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">II. Background</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the animal family cervidae (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer, white-tailed deer, North American elk, and in farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow” disease) in cattle; scrapie in sheep and goats; and classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD and vCJD) in humans. There is no known treatment for these diseases, and there is no vaccine to prevent them. In addition, although validated postmortem diagnostic tests are available, there are no validated diagnostic tests for CWD that can be used to test for the disease in live animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Contains Nonbinding Recommendations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">III. Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive animal would be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated feed or feed ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">IV. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include: (1) animals from areas declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD no longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present circumstances, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a non-endemic area be recalled if a State later declares the area endemic for CWD or a CWD eradication zone. In addition, at this time, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk believed to be from a captive herd that contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is subsequently found to contain a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028091443/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161028091443/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary comment;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=70082300</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423205650/https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=70082300" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220423205650/https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=70082300</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2003D-0186 Guidance for Industry: Use of Material From Deer and Elk In Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Vol #: 1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040227033413/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040227033413/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/01/Oct01/101501/101501.htm</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020214221833/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/01/Oct01/101501/101501.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20020214221833/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/01/Oct01/101501/101501.htm</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION DISEASE ZOONOSIS, ZOONOTIC </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">“If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.”</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</p><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Abstract</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">=====</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">=====</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">=====</p><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">NOW, BE AWARE, OIE AND USDA HAVE NOW MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL BSE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, WITH NO REPORTING OF SAID ATYPICAL CASES, EXCEPT FOR A VOLUNTARY NOTE ON ANNUAL REPORT...i don't make this stuff up...terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:-</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">GAO-02-183 Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts February 26, 2002, A REVIEW 2024</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/156/gao-prion-feed-february-2002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/156/gao-prion-feed-february-2002</a></div></div></div></div><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates. </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </p><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Published</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">22 August 2022</p><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">© The Author(s) 2022</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Abstract</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">================================</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">=================================</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </p><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><br /></div><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">snip...see full text</p><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><br /></div><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</p><p style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </p><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: New; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====end </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====end </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div></div></div></div><br style="font-family: New; outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Hansard Import restrictions on BSE beef Bellinger, Singeltary, FRIDAY, 5 FEBRUARY 2010<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Hansard Import restrictions on beef FRIDAY, 5 FEBRUARY 2010 AUSTRALIA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Proof Committee Hansard</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RRA&T 2 Senate Friday, 5 February 2010</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RURAL AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS AND TRANSPORT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">9.03 am</span>]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BELLINGER, Mr Brad, Chairman, Australian Beef Association</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CARTER, Mr John Edward, Director, Australian Beef Association</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CHAIR—Welcome. Would you like to make an opening statement?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—Thank you. The ABA stands by its submission, which we made <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">on 14 December</span>last year, that the decision made by the government to allow the importation of beef from BSE affected countries is politically based, not science based. During this hearing we will bring forward compelling new evidence to back up this statement. When I returned to my property after the December hearing I received a note from an American citizen. I will read a small excerpt from the mail he sent me in order to reinforce the dangers of allowing the importation of beef from BSE affected countries. I have done a number of press releases on this topic, and this fellow has obviously picked my details up from the internet. His name is Terry Singeltary and he is from Bacliff, Texas. He states, and rightfully so:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">You should be worried. Please let me explain. I’ve kept up with the mad cow saga for 12 years today, on December 14th 1997, some four months post voluntary and partial mad cow feed ban in the USA, I lost my mother to the Heinemann variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). I know this is just another phenotype of the infamous sporadic CJDs. Here in the USA, when USA sheep scrapie was transmitted to USA bovine, the agent was not UK BSE—it was a different strain. So why then would human TSE from USA cattle look like UK CJD from UK BSE? It would not.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">So this accentuates that the science is inconclusive still on this devastating disease. He goes on to state:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The OIE—the International Organisation of Epizootics, the arm of the WTO— is a failed global agent that in my opinion is bought off via bogus regulations for global trade and industry reps. I have done this all these years for nothing but the truth. I am a consumer, I eat meat, but I do not have to sit idly by and see the ignorance and greed of it all while countless numbers of humans and animals are being exposed to the TSE agents. All the USA is interested in is trade, nothing else matters.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even Dr Stanley Prusiner, who incidentally won the Nobel Health Prize in 1997 for his work on the prion—he invented the word ‘prion’, or it came from him—states:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The BSC policy was set up for one purpose only, trade—the illegal trading of all strains of TSE globally throughout North America, which is home to CBSC, IBSC and HBSC, many scrapie strains and two strains of CJD to date.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I would also like, while I have the opportunity, to explain the beef-off-the-shelves myth. At the first Senate hearing <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">on 14 December</span>, it was explained that the reason why they allowed BSC beef into Australia was the beef-off-the-shelves policy, whereby if we found a case of BSC in Australia they would have to recall all—</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—Which of course is total BS.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—Correct. This is written in the FSANZ document—Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Why isn’t this same policy in New Zealand? It is not—it is only in Australia. We are the only country in the world to have this idiotic policy. So we again call for the tabling of the WTO obligations paperwork. We do not believe that exists.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Carter—We have an additional concern about human health. We are not scientists, but <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">on 18 December</span>, four days after the last hearing here, the BBC reported a new wave of deaths due to variant CJD linked to eating BSE infected beef could be underway. This is based on the work of Professor John Collinge of the National Prion Clinic, who reported that a 2009 death in Scotland was from a different genetic pool to that of the 166 deaths already reported in the UK. Those are all thought to share one gene, but Professor Collinge and his colleagues estimate that up to 350 people in this new group, represented by the person who died in Scotland, could get CJD. He thinks that CJD has moved into a new phase, and the incubation period is a long one. We tender the Australian Red Cross donor policy sheet, which bears out what Senator Back brought up last time, questioning the Chief Medical Officer, and we say that blood from people who were in the UK between 1980 and 1996 is not acceptable. That is the current ruling. We believe this now should be extended to anyone who has visited the UK, and this new evidence should ensure that Australia revisits the science of CJD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CHAIR—Thank you, Mr Carter. Before we kick off, can I just remind colleagues that we are short of time today, so I ask that we do not traverse ground the we have previously covered and make sure that we stick to new information that is required. Mr Bellinger, when you started you referred to your view that this decision to allow the importation was politically based. I know you are going to go into this in the course of the next 20 minutes or so, but could you just give us a quick outline of what your definition of politically based is and why you think the decision was politically based?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—On the lowering of BSE standards: if you go back to 2006, for example, there were five categories for describing countries that had BSE and Australia was in the category for BSE free. Suddenly, by the time the United States got their third instance of BSE, through the influence of Robert Zoellick—who was the trade minister that signed the BSE corresponding side letter in 2004 and was George Bush’s appointment to the WTO—they suddenly changed the five categories to three categories and, instead of being BSE free, Australia became BSE negligible risk. At the time I put out a press release alerting the media to the dangers of this happening, and we are coming to the stage here when suddenly our government is saying, ‘Now let’s allow the importation of beef from BSE affected countries.’ I believe that the WTO has been influenced by large multinational meat processors and retailers to change and allow the trading of BSE beef throughout the world.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CHAIR—Thanks, Mr Bellinger.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Carter—Of course, the side letter that Minister Vaile signed was at the request of Mr Zoellick, who is now in the position that Mr Bellinger has explained.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—I just want to put the committee on notice that, if we do not get through what we have got to get through today, I suggest we have another hearing, because this is the greatest ambush of Australia’s farmers of all time by a government. The evidence given at the last meeting was deadset lies. The proposition that this whole change of government policy was led by the industry is a deadset lie. While Simon Crean might want to change his mind because of the WTO and his lack of knowledge, the Australian beef industry, as you know, is under great challenge, not only from the currency but also from the undermining of our markets. This is a disgrace.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I will go to the meat-off-the-shelves proposition. By the way, there is no obligation to take meat off the shelves; it was something dreamt up by someone buried in the bureaucracy, who is probably taking notes down in the department now. There is absolutely no obligation but, if they wanted to stick to it, all they really had to do was do mandatory SRM removal. Now the renderers did not like that idea. It was going to cost money. Can you explain to us where you think the meat-off-the-shelves proposition came from?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—I think it was an ill-informed, misguided statement delivered from RMAC to the minister. They may have thought, by some weird dream, that by having this beef-off-the shelves policy it would somehow illustrate to the WTO that we cannot import beef from BSE affected countries—totally erroneous and totally stupid. Of course, if you look at the legislation on food recalls, it is handled by the states. I did an interview on 2NZ, a local radio station, 10 days ago in reply to Tony Burke’s statement on this beef-off-the-shelves policy, where he said that if a beast was found to have BSE in the Northern Territory then beef would have to be taken off the shelves in Tasmania—totally erroneous. It does not exist. It is the states who handle this. I am amazed that a minister could make this sort of statement.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—You were talking about the next wave of possible human infection in the UK. It is a fact, actually—I have done some work on it. There are three genes that have been identified. One is very accepting: if you have that gene and you eat the meat, you get the consequences—mad cow disease. There are two genes that they have not worked out yet. One is more resistant than the other. Are you aware that there is a lot of science around that says, through this new understanding of the gene mutation, there could well be a new wave of mad cow disease in humans?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—I will hand you over to John Carter. He has done more research on this than me.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Carter—It is Professor Collinge and the National Prion Clinic in the UK who have done this work. It is not as though it is some backyard person. I am certainly not a geneticist, but it appears to me, particularly from the work that Bob Steel has done, that these things are crossing barriers. To me, the science is not proven at all.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—No. There seems to have been a change of government position in assessing the science, to risk analysis from a lesser proposition. Are you aware of when the government changed from the precautionary principle to risk analysis in terms of assessing these sorts of risk?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Carter—To me, those are just words. In 1997 the UK government Lord Phillips inquiry stated that up to 136,000 people could lose their lives to CJD, and later the Blair government raised this to 250,000. Then, of course, when America gets BSE suddenly it is really no problem.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—Look, this is just a trade issue. The government came in here.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator Sterle, I believe, will make some reflection upon your earlier remarks to say that this—</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—Absolutely, if you give me a chance. The clock is ticking.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—Would you like to do it now?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—Finish your question. No, because you will interrupt. So you have your run and then I will have my say.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—The proposition was put to us last time that this was driven by the industry. I followed Simon Crean on 5AA the other day. He talked about ‘using the best principles’. He had idea what he was talking about, but they did say that this was driven by the industry—and the department accepted it, and I hope they are all listening down there, because they are a bunch of liars. They accepted the proposition—</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—Chair—</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator O’BRIEN—Using this hearing to slander people in that way is completely unseemly.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—Righto, I withdraw that. They overlooked the facts. We will correct the facts today, but this was driven by the industry, by demands from the industry, when in fact we now know from in an in-confidence answer to this committee there were 37 communications between the Canadian and US governments and the Australian government since November 2007 demanding that we allow their meat in here. Of course, the department of trade here— Simon Crean’s mob—said, ‘We’d better find a way,’ and this is the way they have done it. They have completely misled the Australian beef industry and I think it is a total disgrace. I might add also that, back when we knocked this on my head—</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CHAIR—Do you have any questions, Senator Heffernan?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—in 2005, I think it was, the then shadow health minister, Julia Gillard, was keen on maintaining the precautionary principle. We now seem to have gone from the precautionary principle, without any mention—by the way, this is all going to happen without coming to parliament—of risk analysis. I am going to deal with the risk analysis proposition when we get the guy that gave the so-called independent advice along. I will leave it at that.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—I just have to clarify a few things, Mr Bellinger. You said that the OIE is an arm of the WTO. Do you want to clarify that? I am led to believe that they are not.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—I will explain it further. You have the World Trade Organisation, and then under that you have the World Health Organisation. The OIE, the organisation of international epizootics, then handles phytosanitary and animal health issues under that umbrella.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—So they are not an arm of the WTO? I want to clarify it for the record.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—They are an arm—</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—Sorry to interrupt you. We had better clarify it, because there are people out there that are hanging on every word that is said in here so they can photocopy it and flick it around the country. So we had better get it very, very clear.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—They are.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—They are?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—Yes.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—You are saying they are an arm of the WTO?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—They are under the WTO umbrella.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—Okay, but not an arm of the WTO.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator O’BRIEN—They are under the WTO umbrella—underneath and therefore controlled by. That is what your implication is.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—OIE—</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—Hang on. Chair—</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CHAIR—Senator Sterle has the call.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—I just want to clarify: they are not an arm of the WTO?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—An arm or an umbrella—it is hard to define.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—The OIE’s advice is provided by the WTO.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—Senator Heffernan, you have had your turn.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CHAIR—Senator Heffernan, Senator Sterle has the call.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—Thank you, Chair. Also, you have said Robert Zoellick is head of the WTO?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—The WTO, yes.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—I am led to believe he is head of the World Bank.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—I stand corrected.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—We will clarify that. You mentioned the interview you did on a local radio station about meat off the shelves. What this committee does know is that that is policy. A hundred and fifty-two countries are signed up to that policy that if there is an outbreak, regardless of where the outbreak is, all meat has to be taken off the shelves, and that is previous government policy.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—Excuse me, Senator Sterle. You are saying that 152 countries have this policy as well as Australia?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—There are 152 under the WTO. If there is an outbreak, regardless of where the outbreak is, all the meat must come off the shelves.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—But there was no meat off the shelves in the United States or Japan when an outbreak occurred. Why wasn’t there?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—Let us get back to the law. Quite clearly, 152 WTO members have the policy that if there is an outbreak, regardless of where that outbreak is, all meat must be taken off the shelves. Whether that has happened in America or not, this is the previous government’s policy.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—No, it is not. That is garbage.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Carter—There is no country in the world that has taken its meat off the shelves. Senator STERLE—Let us get it very clear. Regardless of whether they have or they have not, that is the protocol.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—No, it is not.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—It is. This is what we have been led to believe.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Carter—But they are irrelevant protocols because they are not implementable.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Bellinger—So you are saying that the United States and Japan have broken protocol?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—No, I am not saying that. You are the ones who are saying they have not done it. I do not know. So do not put words in my mouth. I just want to address this very clearly. Under previous government policy, regardless of where the outbreak was—and fortunately we did not have it here—all meat had to come off the shelves.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator HEFFERNAN—That is not right.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—I am not asking you, Senator Heffernan; I am asking the witnesses.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Carter—I would like to ask you, Senator Sterle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator STERLE—No, you get to answer the questions here.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Carter—You said it was the policy—</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CHAIR—That is okay. It has all been submitted to us, so we can go through and read the submission. But thank you very much for that.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Senator BACK—Dr Steel, thanks again for the work you have done. Can I take you to page 69 of our proceedings. It is a response dated 20 January to you from Dr Andy Carroll, and I think this really goes to the sense of the whole thing. You had written to him expressing the concerns you have raised here. His response says:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In regard to chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and scrapie of sheep and goats, there is no evidence that these diseases can naturally infect cattle grazing on the same pastures as infected deer, sheep or goats. There is also no evidence that people can be infected by CWD or scrapie by consumption of meat … DAFF veterinarians working on transmissible spongiform encephalopathy issues are aware of the CWD research conducted by Dr. Elizabeth Williams—</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">and my colleague at the University of California. Are you satisfied that the integrity of animal health, beef health, in Australia and the integrity of human health is adequately answered and met? Are you happy now as a result of that paragraph?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dr Steel—Definitely not. It is a bit like the radar people at Pearl Harbour thinking, ‘Oh, it’s the boys coming in,’ if you do not anticipate. There are three principles in science:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">presupposition, evidence and logic, and I do not think this new policy has any of these qualities at all.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110404024038/http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/commttee/S12742.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110404024038/http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/commttee/S12742.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">OIE, USDA, et al, and BSE TSE Prion December 18, 2007</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">the OIE is nothing more than a mouth piece for the industry, one that helped spread mad cow disease around the globe. it is the USDA and the OIE, and regulations there from, that helped spread mad cow disease, scrapie, and now cwd around the globe imo. please allow me to explain...</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">from the inside looking out ; </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Quote: Maybe familirise yourself with the OIE. The primary concern is animal health of the world they are the animal version of the WHO. It is a long way down from that ivory tower but here we go, until pressured by the USA representatives a country could not export animals for 6 years after finding a BSE/BASE positive animal so under the old rules the US would not be able to export anywhere in the world for another 4 1/2 years. Who got the risk levels system put in to allow some trade - your US representatives. You guys want to change rules - OK , but you do not get special rules that only apply to the US. As i have told you before Sand h I market all my own slaughter animals and you know that, so don't do the whole holier than thow act. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">With all due respect, it is obvious that you know little about the OIE and how it actually works. Having been to their offices in Paris and talked personally with the Head of the Animal Test Section, you would choke if you knew how many lobby groups attend that office daily. There is a steady stream of paid lobby groups that have one goal in life and that is to sway the Section Heads of each department within the OIE to suit the needs of different jurisdictions around the world, which curiously enough, also includes the USA and Canada. Anyone can go there and chat with them - providing they can provide valid cause to be let in. To say that the only goal of the OIE is animal health is actually only part of their function. They are more than that and my discussions with Dr. Diaz there has showed me that. But to blindly make a statement regarding what they do when you have no idea what they actually do is like eating the skin of the orange and not knowing what is actually under. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Interestingly you state that the US Government applied pressure (to the OIE) I assume and that is a great example of the lobby groups doing their job. So, at the end of the day, one can safely assume that it is the pressure applied by certain influential lobby groups that will determine a likely outcome to an apparent OIE directive. Man alive, isn't it great to live in a democracy wherein the people get to make the choices and not just some "other" interested party or group - say like........Cargill or Tyson for example? </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">So, one last question, question? </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Who wags the tail of that dog?? And for what reason other than one that is purely associated with trade and international agreements and greed? </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">And you think it is so simply explainable. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">end</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">THE ABOVE WAS A QUOTE FROM BSETESTER Ronald Arnold Our company, BSE Prion Solutions Inc, owns the only USA Tested and Proven "Live Animal Infectious Prion Protein Urine Test" anywhere in the world that can identify the presence of PrPsc in as little as 1 ml of urine taken from a living animal.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Ron Arnold, of BSE Prion Solutions bse-tester Well-known member Joined Jul 1, 2005 Messages 517 Reaction score 0 Location Edmonton, Alberta, Canada</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-5">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-5</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-4">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-4</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-2">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-2</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Volume 26, Number 6—June 2020 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Alba Marín-Moreno1, Alvina Huor1, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Jean Yves Douet, Patricia Aguilar-Calvo2, Naima Aron, Juan Píquer, Sévérine Lugan, Patricia Lorenzo, Cecile Tillier, Hervé Cassard, Olivier Andreoletti, and Juan María TorresComments to Author Author affiliations: Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid, Spain (A. Marín-Moreno, J.C. Espinosa, P. Aguilar-Calvo, J. Píquer, P. Lorenzo, J.M. Torres); Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène–École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (A. Huor, J.Y. Douet, N. Aron, S. Lugan, C. Tiller, H. Cassard, O. Andreoletti)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the only zoonotic prion disease described to date. Although the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions have been partially studied, an extensive analysis is still needed. We conducted a systematic study by inoculating atypical BSE isolates from different countries in Europe into transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein (PrP): TgMet129, TgMet/Val129, and TgVal129. L-type BSE showed a higher zoonotic potential in TgMet129 mice than classical BSE, whereas Val129-PrP variant was a strong molecular protector against L-type BSE prions, even in heterozygosis. H-type BSE could not be transmitted to any of the mice. We also adapted 1 H- and 1 L-type BSE isolate to sheep-PrP transgenic mice and inoculated them into human-PrP transgenic mice. Atypical BSE prions showed a modification in their zoonotic ability after adaptation to sheep-PrP producing agents able to infect TgMet129 and TgVal129, bearing features that make them indistinguishable of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The transmission of atypical BSEs into sheep resulted in the emergence of prions similar to types 1 and 2 sCJD in terms of mean survival times, attack rates, PrPres profile, and PrPres deposition pattern in the brain of human-PrP transgenic mice. The similarities between the sheep-adapted atypical BSE prions propagated into our human-PrP transgenic mouse lines and sCJD prions could suggest a link between them. The well-established dogma that sCJD is a spontaneous disorder unrelated to animal prion disease has been questioned in a previous study given the resemblance of scrapie prions transmitted into human transgenic mouse models to sCJD strains (26); however, the data from that study do not unequivocally establish a causative link between exposure to sheep scrapie and the subsequent appearance of sCJD in humans, and the same could apply to our findings. An alternative explanation that cannot be ruled out is that, although being different strains, only a limited number of phenotypes could be generated for the human-PrP, indicating phenotypic convergence. Updates to old epidemiologic research is needed to reconsider all these results involving a possible infectious origin of sCJD. In any case, continuing the characterization of this newly emerged prion strain would be useful to finally discarding or refuting a link with sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Extrapolation of results from prion transmission studies based on transgenic mice should be done with caution, especially when human susceptibility to prions is analyzed. However, our results clearly indicate that atypical BSE adaptation to an ovine-PrP sequence could modify the prion agent to potentially infect humans, showing strain features indistinguishable from those of classic sCJD prions, even though they might or might not be different agents. The supposed sporadic nature of atypical BSE makes its transmission to sheep and later to humans unlikely. However, the expanding range of TSE agents displaying the capacity to transmit in human-PrP–expressing hosts warrants the continuation of the ban on meat and bone meal recycling and underscores the ongoing need for active surveillance.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/18-1790_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/18-1790_article</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“However, our results clearly indicate that atypical BSE adaptation to an ovine-PrP sequence could modify the prion agent to potentially infect humans, showing strain features indistinguishable from those of classic sCJD prions, even though they might or might not be different agents.”</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="ydp6d3a4ddcyiv9597412006" data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">T. Singeltary</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Bacliff, TX, USA</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Background:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Methods:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">12 years independent research of available data</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Results:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Conclusion:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div class="ydpafc5da39yiv9798285139" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417201250/http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110417201250/http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The role of environmental factors on sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mortality: evidence from an age-period-cohort analysis</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-role-of-environmental-factors-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-role-of-environmental-factors-on.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, JANUARY 29, 202</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Iatrogenic Alzheimer’s disease in recipients of cadaveric pituitary-derived growth hormone</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''The clinical syndrome developed by these individuals can, therefore, be termed iatrogenic Alzheimer’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease should now be recognized as a potentially transmissible disorder.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2024/01/iatrogenic-alzheimers-disease-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2024/01/iatrogenic-alzheimers-disease-in.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Monday, January 29, 2024</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">iatrogenic Alzheimer’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease should now be recognized as a potentially transmissible disorder</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Iatrogenic Alzheimer’s disease in recipients of cadaveric pituitary-derived growth hormone</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2024/01/iatrogenic-alzheimers-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2024/01/iatrogenic-alzheimers-disease.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">2001 Singeltary on CJD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary SR., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-1431086396143767992024-02-28T15:14:00.005-06:002024-03-06T14:17:46.008-06:00GAO-02-183 Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts February 26, 2002<p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">GAO-02-183 Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts February 26, 2002</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></span></p><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The agency works very closely with the states to coordinate their respective activities in regard to BSE inspections. This includes providing training, conducting joint inspections, work planning, sharing of inspection findings, coordination of recall and enforcement actions and auditing. The agency conducts a 50-state conference call on a quarterly basis that includes updates on BSE activities. In July 2001 and again in October 2001 specific FDA-State BSE meetings were conducted to discuss inspection and enforcement strategy. These meetings are continuing on a quarterly basis with the next meeting scheduled for February 19, 2002. The agency works closely with the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) and the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA) on BSE issues. FDA is represented on the AAFCO BSE task force and regularly consults with its state counterparts.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://www.gao.gov/assets/a233313.html">https://www.gao.gov/assets/a233313.html</a><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Subject: BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">To: <span dir="ltr">BSE-L</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Greetings List Members,</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">I was lucky enough to sit in on this BSE conference call today and even managed to ask a question. that is when the trouble started.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">I submitted a version of my notes to Sandra Blakeslee of the New York Times, whom seemed very upset, and rightly so.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">"They tell me it is a closed meeting and they will release whatever information they deem fit. Rather infuriating."</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">and i would have been doing just fine, until i asked my question. i was surprised my time to ask a question so quick.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">(understand, these are taken from my notes for now. the spelling of names and such could be off.)</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[host Richard Barns] and now a question from Terry S. Singeltary of CJD Watch.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[TSS] yes, thank you, U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[no answer, you could hear in the back ground, mumbling and 'we can't. have him ask the question again.]</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[host Richard] could you repeat the question?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[TSS] U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[not sure whom ask this] what group are you with?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[TSS] CJD Watch, my Mom died from hvCJD and we are tracking CJD world-wide.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[not sure who is speaking] could you please disconnect Mr. Singeltary</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[TSS] you are not going to answer my question?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[not sure whom speaking] NO</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">from this point, i was still connected, got to listen and tape the whole conference. at one point someone came on, a woman, and ask again;</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[unknown woman] what group are you with?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[TSS] CJD Watch and my Mom died from hvCJD we are trying to tract down CJD and other human TSE's world wide. i was invited to sit in on this from someone inside the USDA/APHIS and that is why i am here. do you intend on banning me from this conference now?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">at this point the conference was turned back up, and i got to finish listening. They never answered or even addressed my one question, or even addressed the issue. BUT, i will try and give you a run-down for now, of the conference.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">IF i were another Country, I would take heed to my notes, BUT PLEASE do not depend on them. ask for transcript from;</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span dir="ltr">RBARNS@ORA.FDA.GOV</span> <span dir="ltr">301-827-6906</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">he would be glad to give you one ;-)</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Rockville Maryland, Richard Barns Host</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">BSE issues in the U.S., How they were labelling ruminant feed? Revising issues.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The conference opened up with the explaining of the U.K. BSE epidemic winding down with about 30 cases a week.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">although new cases in other countries were now appearing.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Look at Germany whom said NO BSE and now have BSE.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">BSE increasing across Europe.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Because of Temporary Ban on certain rendered product, heightened interest in U.S.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">A recent statement in Washington Post, said the New Administration (old GW) has a list of issues. BSE is one of the issues.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">BSE Risk is still low, minimal in U.S. with a greater interest in MBM not to enter U.S.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">HOWEVER, if BSE were to enter the U.S. it would be economically disastrous to the render, feed, cattle, industries, and for human health.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">(human health-they just threw that in cause i was listening. I will now jot down some figures in which they told you, 'no need to write them down'. just hope i have them correct. hmmm, maybe i hope i don't ???)</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">80% inspection of rendering</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">*Problem-Complete coverage of rendering HAS NOT occurred.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">sizeable number of 1st time FAILED INITIAL INSPECTION, have not been reinspected (70% to 80%).</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Compliance critical, Compliance poor in U.K. and other European Firms.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Gloria Dunason Major Assignment 1998 goal TOTAL compliance. This _did not_ occur. Mixed level of compliance, depending on firm.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Rendering FDA license and NON FDA license</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">system in place for home rendering & feed 76% in compliance 79% cross contamination 21% DID NOT have system 92% record keeping less than 60% total compliance</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">279 inspectors 185 handling prohibited materials</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Renderer at top of pyramid, significant part of compliance. 84% compliance</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">failed to have caution statement render 72% compliance & cross contamination caution statement on feed, 'DO NOT FEED TO CATTLE'</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">56 FIRMS NEVER INSPECTED</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">1240 FDA license feed mills 846 inspected</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">"close to 400 feed mills have not been inspected"</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">80% compliance for feed.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">10% don't have system.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">NON-FDA licensed mills There is NO inventory on non licensed mills. approximately 6000 to 8000 Firms ??? 4,344 ever inspected. "FDA does not have a lot of experience with"</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">40% do NOT have caution statement 'DO NOT FEED'.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">74% Commingling compliance</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">"This industry needs a lot of work and only half gotten to"</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">"700 Firms that were falitive, and need to be re-inspected, in addition to the 8,000 Firms."</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Quote to do BSE inspection in 19 states by end of January or 30 days, and other states 60 days. to change feed status??? Contract check and ask questions and pass info.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">At this time, we will take questions.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[I was about the third or fourth to ask question. then all B.S.eee broke loose, and i lost my train of thought for a few minutes. picked back up here]</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">someone asking about nutritional supplements and sourcing, did not get name. something about inspectors not knowing of BSE risk??? the conference person assuring that Steve Follum? and the TSE advisory Committee were handling that.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Some other Dr. Vet, whom were asking questions that did not know what to do???</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[Dennis Wilson] California Food Agr. Imports, are they looking at imports?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[Conference person] they are looking at imports, FDA issued imports Bulletin.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[Linda Singeltary ??? this was a another phone in question, not related i don't think] Why do we have non-licensed facilities?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">(conference person) other feed mills do not handle as potent drugs???</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Dennis Blank, Ken Jackson licensed 400 non FDA 4400 inspected of a total of 6000 to 8000,</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">(they really don't know how many non licensed Firms in U.S. they guess 6000 to 8000??? TSS)</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Linda Detwiler asking everyone (me) not to use emergency BSE number, unless last resort. (i thought of calling them today, and reporting the whole damn U.S. cattle herd ;-) 'not'</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Warren-Maryland Dept. Agr. Prudent to re-inspect after 3 years. concerned of Firms that have changed owners.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">THE END</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">TSS</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">BSE list</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">FROM New York TIMES</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Subject: Re: BSE 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL thread from BSE List and FDA Posting of cut version...</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2001 22:02:47 -0700</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">From: "Sandy Blakeslee"</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">To: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." References: 1</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Hi terry -- thanks for all your help. I know it made a difference with the FDA getting out that release.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">----- Original Message -----</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">To: Sent: Thursday, January 11, 2001 2:06 PM</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Subject: BSE 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL thread from BSE List and FDA Posting of cut version...</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">hi sandy,</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">From the New York Times <span dir="ltr">NYTimes.com</span>, January 11, 2001</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Many Makers of Feed Fail to Heed Rules on Mad Cow Disease By SANDRA BLAKESLEE</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Large numbers of companies involved in manufacturing animal feed are not complying with regulations meant to prevent the emergence and spread of mad cow disease in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration said yesterday.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The widespread failure of companies to follow the regulations, adopted in August 1997, does not mean that the American food supply is unsafe, Dr. Stephen Sundlof, director of the Center for Veterinary Medicine at the F.D.A., said in an interview.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">But much more needs to be done to ensure that mad cow disease does not arise in this country, Dr. Sundlof said.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The regulations state that feed manufacturers and companies that render slaughtered animals into useful products generally may not feed mammals to cud-chewing animals, or ruminants, which can carry mad cow disease.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">All products that contain rendered cattle or sheep must have a label that says, "Do not feed to ruminants," Dr. Sundlof said. Manufacturers must also have a system to prevent ruminant products from being commingled with other rendered material like that from chicken, fish or pork. Finally, all companies must keep records of where their products originated and where they were sold.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Under the regulations, F.D.A. district offices and state veterinary offices were required to inspect all rendering plants and feed mills to make sure companies complied. But results issued yesterday demonstrate that more than three years later, different segments of the feed industry show varying levels of compliance.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Among 180 large companies that render cattle and another ruminant, sheep, nearly a quarter were not properly labeling their products and did not have a system to prevent commingling, the F.D.A. said. And among 347 F.D.A.-licensed feed mills that handle ruminant materials - these tend to be large operators that mix drugs into their products - 20 percent were not using labels with the required caution statement, and 25 percent did not have a system to prevent commingling.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Then there are some 6,000 to 8,000 feed mills so small they do not require F.D.A. licenses. They are nonetheless subject to the regulations, and of 1,593 small feed producers that handle ruminant material and have been inspected, 40 percent were not using approved labels and 25 percent had no system in place to prevent commingling.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">On the other hand, fewer than 10 percent of companies, big and small, were failing to comply with the record-keeping regulations.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The American Feed Industry Association in Arlington, Va., did not return phone calls seeking comment.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span dir="ltr">http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/11/science/11COW.html</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228203247/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/11/us/many-makers-of-feed-fail-to-heed-rules-on-mad-cow.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20231228203247/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/11/us/many-makers-of-feed-fail-to-heed-rules-on-mad-cow.html</a><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Subject: USDA/APHIS response to BSE-L--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Date: Wed, 10 Jan 2001 14:04:21 -0500</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">From: "Gomez, Thomas M."</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">To: <span dir="ltr">BSE-L</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">USDA/APHIS would like to provide clarification on the following point from Mr. Singeltary's 9 Jan posting regarding the 50 state conference call.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">[Linda Detwiler asking everyone (me) not to use emergency BSE number, unless last resort. (i thought of calling them today, and reporting the whole damn U.S. cattle herd ;-) 'not']</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Dr. Detwiler was responding to an announcement made during the call to use the FDA emergency number if anyone wanted to report a cow with signs suspect for BSE. Mr. Singeltary is correct that Dr. Detwiler asked participants to use the FDA emergency number as a last resort to report cattle suspect for BSE. What Mr. Singeltary failed to do was provide the List with Dr. Detwiler's entire statement. Surveillance for BSE in the United States is a cooperative effort between states, producers, private veterinarians, veterinary hospitals and the USDA. The system has been in place for over 10 years. Each state has a system in place wherein cases are reported to either the State Veterinarian, the federal Veterinarian in Charge or through the veterinary diagnostic laboratory system. The states also have provisions with emergency numbers. Dr. Detwiler asked participants to use the systems currently in place to avoid the possibility of a BSE-suspect report falling through the cracks. Use of the FDA emergency number has not been established as a means to report diseased cattle of any nature.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">BSE list</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Subject: Re: USDA/APHIS response to BSE-L--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan.9, 2001</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Date: Wed, 10 Jan 2001 13:44:49 -0800</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">To: <span dir="ltr">BSE-L </span>References: 1</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Hello Mr. Thomas,</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">> What Mr. Singeltary failed to do was provide the List with Dr. Detwiler's entire statement.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">would you and the USDA/APHIS be so kind as to supply this list with a full text version of the conference call and or post on your web-site? if so when, and thank you. if not, why not?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The system has been in place for over 10 years.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">that seems to be a very long time for a system to be in place, and only test 10,700 cattle from some 1.5 BILLION head (including calf crop). Especially since French are testing some 20,000 weekly and the E.U. as a whole, are testing many many more than the U.S., with less cattle, same risk of BSE/TSEs.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Why does the U.S. insist on not doing massive testing with the tests which the E.U. are using? Why is this, please explain?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Please tell me why my question was not answered?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">It was a very simple question, a very important question, one that pertained to the topic of BSE/feed, and asked in a very diplomatic way. why was it not answered?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">If all these years, we have been hearing that pharmaceutical grade bovines were raised for pharmaceuticals vaccines etc. But yet the USA cannot comply with feed regulations of the ruminant feed ban, PLUS cannot even comply with the proper labelling of the feed, cross contamination etc. Then how in the world can you Guarantee the feed fed to pharmaceutical grade bovine, were actually non ruminant feed?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Before i was ask to be 'disconnected', i did hear someone in the background say 'we can't'-- have him ask the question again.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">could you please be so kind, as to answer these questions?</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">thank you, Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">P.S. if you will also notice, i did not post that emergency phone number and do not intend on passing it on to anyone. I was joking when i said i should call and report the whole damn U.S. Herd. So please pass that on to Dr. Detwiler, so she can rest easily.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">BUT, they should be reported, some are infected with TSE. The U.S. is just acting as stupid as Germany and other Countries that insist they are free of BSE.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">TSS</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Subject: Report on the assessment of the Georgraphical BSE-risk of the USA July 2000 (not good)</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Date: Wed, 17 Jan 2001 21:23:51 -0800</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">To: <span dir="ltr">BSE-L</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Greetings List Members and ALL EU Countries,</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Because of this report, and the recent findings of the 50-state BSE Conference call, I respectfully seriously suggest that these Countries and the SSC re-evaluate the U.S.A. G.B.R. to a risk factor of #3.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">I attempted to post this to list in full text, but would not accept...</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">thank you, kind regards, Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Report on the assessment of the Geographical BSE-risk of the USA July 2000</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">PART II</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">REPORT ON THE ASSESSMENT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL BSE RISK OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">- 29 -</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Report on the assessment of the Geographical BSE-risk of the USA July 2000</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">OVERALL ASSESSMENT</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The current geographical BSE-risk (GBR) level is II, i.e. it is unlikely but cannot be excluded that domestic cattle are (clinically or pre-clinically) infected with the BSE-agent.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Stability: Before 1990 the system was extremely unstable because feeding of MBM to cattle happened, rendering was inappropriate with regard to deactivation of the BSE-agent and SRM and fallen stock were rendered for feed. From 1990 to 1997 it improved to very unstable, thanks to efforts undertaken to trace imported animals and exclude them from the feed chain and intensive surveillance. In 1998 the system became neutrally stable after the RMBM-ban of 1997.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">External challenges: A moderate external challenge occurred in the period before 1990 because of importation of live animals from BSE-affected countries, in particular from the UK and Ireland. It cannot be excluded that some BSE-infected animals have been imported by this route and did enter the US rendering and feed production system. The efforts undertaken since 1990 to trace back UK-imported cattle and to exclude them from the feed chain reduced the impact of the external challenge significantly.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Interaction of external challenges and stability: While extremely unstable, the US system was exposed to a moderate external challenge, mainly resulting from cattle imports from the UK. It can not be excluded that BSE-infectivity entered the country by this route and has been recycled to domestic cattle. The resulting domestic cases would have been processed while the system was still very unstable or unstable and would hence have initiated a number of second or third generation cases. However, the level of the possible domestic prevalence must be below the low detection level of the surveillance in place.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">As long as there are no changes in stability or challenge the probability of cattle to be (pre-clinically or clinically) infected with the BSE-agent will remain at the current level.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">JUSTIFICATION</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">1. DATA</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The available information was suitable to carry out the GBR risk assessment.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">- 30 -</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Report on the assessment of the Geographical BSE-risk of the USA July 2000</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">2. STABILITY</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">2.1 Overall appreciation of the ability to identify BSE-cases and to eliminate animals at risk of being infected before they are processed</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">· Before 1989, the ability of the system to identify (and eliminate) BSE cases was limited. · Since 1990 this ability is significantly improved, thanks to a good BSE-surveillance and culling system (contingency plan). · Today the surveillance should be able to detect clinical BSE-cases within the limits set by an essential passive surveillance system, i.e. some cases might remain undetected.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">2.2 Overall appreciation of the ability to avoid recycling BSE-infectivity, should it enter processing</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">· Before 1997 the US rendering and feed producing system would not have been able to avoid recycling of the BSE agent to any measurable extent. If the BSE-agent was introduced the feed chain, it could probably have reached cattle. · After the introduction of the RMBM-to-ruminants-ban in August 1997 the ability of the system to avoid recycling of BSE-infectivity was somewhat increased. It is still rather low due to the rendering system of ruminant material (including SRM and fallen stock) and the persisting potential for cross-contamination of cattle feed with other feeds and hence RMBM.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">2.3 Overall assessment of the Stability</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">· Until 1990 the US BSE/cattle system was extremely unstable as RMBM was commonly fed to cattle, the rendering system was not able to reduce BSE-infectivity and SRM were rendered. This means that incoming BSE infectivity would have been most probably recycled to cattle and amplified and the disease propagated. · Between 1990 and 1995 improvements in the BSE surveillance and the efforts to trace back and remove imported cattle gradually improved the stability but the system remained very unstable. In 1998 the system became unstable because of an RMBM-ban introduced in 1997. After 1998 the ban was fully implemented and the system is regarded to be neutrally stable since 1998. The US system is therefore seen to neither be able to amplify nor to reduce circulating or incoming BSE-infectivity.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">3. CHALLENGES</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">A moderate external challenge occurred in the period 1980-1989 because of importation of live animals from the UK. imports from other countries are regarded to have been negligible challenges. · As a consequence of this external challenge, infectivity could have entered the feed cycle and domestic animals could have been exposed to the agent. These domestic BSE-incubating animals might have again entered processing, leading to an internal challenge since 1991. · This internal challenge could have produced domestic cases of BSE, yet prevalence levels could have been below the detection limits of the surveillance system until now. (According to US calculations, the current surveillance</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">-31 -</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Report on the assessment of the Geographical BSE-risk of the USA July 2000</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">system could detect clinical incidence of 1-3 cases per year per million adult cattle, i.e. in absolute numbers 43-129 cases per year). Between 1990 und 1995, with the exclusion of the imported animals from Europe from the feed chain, the effect of the external challenges decreased.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">4. CONCLUSION ON THE RESULTING RISKS</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">4.1 Interaction of stability and challenqe</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">· In the late 80s, early 90s a moderate external challenges met an extremely unstable system. This would have amplified the incoming BSE-infectivity and propagated the disease. · With the exclusion of the imported animals from Europe from the feed chain between 1990 and 1995 the effect of the external challenge decreased. · Before 1998 an internal challenge, if it developed, would have met a still unstable system (inappropriate rendering, no SRM ban, RMBM ban only after 1997) and the BSE-infectivity could have been recycled and amplified. · After 1998 the neutrally stable system could still recycle the BSE-agent but due to the RMBM-ban of 1997 the BSE-infectivity circulating in the system would probably not be amplified.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">4.2 Risk that BSE-infectivity enters processing</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">· A very low processing risk developed in the late 80s when the UK-imports were slaughtered or died. It increased until 1990 because of the higher risk to be infected with BSE of cattle imported from the UK in 1988/89, as these animals could have been processed prior to the back-tracing of the UK-imports in 1990. · From 1990 to 1995 a combination of surviving non-traced UK imports and some domestic (pre-)clinical cases could have arrived at processing resulting in an assumed constant low but non-negligible processing risk. · After 1995 any processing risk relates to assumed domestic cases arriving at processing. · The fact that no domestic cases have been shown-up in the BSE-surveillance is reassuring - it indicates that BSE is in fact not present in the country at levels above the detection limits of the country's surveillance system. This detection level has been calculated according to US-experts to be between 1 & 3 clinical cases per million adult cattle per year.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Note: The high turnover in parts of the dairy cattle population with a young age at slaughter makes it unlikely that fully developed clinical cases would occur (and could be detected) or enter processing. However, the theoretical infective load of the pre-clinical BSE-cases that under this scenario could be processed, can be assumed to remain relatively low.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">4.3 Risk that BSE-infectivity is recycled and propagated</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">· During the period covered by this assessment (1980-1999) the US-system was not able to prevent propagation of BSE should it have entered, even if this ability was significantly improved with the MBM-ban of 1997. · However, since the likelihood that BSE-infectivity entered the system is regarded to be small but non-negligible, the risk that propagation of the disease took place is also small but not negligible.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">- 32 -</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Report on the assessment of the Geographical BSE-risk of the USA July 2000</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">5. CONCLUSION ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL BSE-RISK</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">5.1 The current GBR</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The current geographical BSE-risk (GBR) level is II, i.e. it is unlikely but cannot be excluded that domestic cattle are (clinically or pre-clinically) infected with the BSE-agent.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">5.2 The expected development of the GBR</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">As long as there are no changes in stability or challenge the probability of cattle to be (pre-clinically or clinically) infected with the BSE-agent remains at the current level.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">5.3 Recommendations for influencin.q the future GBR</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">· As long as the stability of the US system is not significantly enbanced above neutral levels it remains critically important to avoid any new external challenges. · All measures that would improve the stability of the system, in particular with regard to its ability to avoid recycling of the BSE-agent should it be present in the cattle population, would reduce, over time, the probability that cattle could be infected with the BSE-agent. Possible actions include: removal of SRMs and/or fallen stock from rendering, better rendering processes, improved compliance with the MBM-ban including control and reduction of cross-contamination. · Results from an improved intensive surveillance programme, targeting at risk sub-populations such as adult cattle in fallen stock or in emergency slaughter, could verify the current assessment.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">snip...</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801f3413&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8">http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=09000064801f3413&disposition=attachment&contentType=msw8</a><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415142358/http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20100415142358/http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Deep Throat to Singeltary BSE Mad Cow 2001 to 2023</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">I remember what “deep throat” told me about Scrapie back around 2001, I never forgot, and it seems it’s come to pass;</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***> Confidential!!!!</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">---end personal email---end...tss </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">(I never knew who this person was, but got me into the U.S. BSE Emergency 50 State conference call back 2001, and we corresponded for years about BSE TSE Prion, have not heard from in over a decade, but they were on the inside looking out. You can believe this or not, but this was real, i don’t make this stuff up…plus my endeavors to get those 1 million cattle tested for BSE failed. There was an ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANCE put forth after 2003, we pushed for it, but it was abruptly shut down after the atypical BSE cases were popping up…a bit of history for anyone interested…terry)</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">DEEP THROAT TO TSS 2000-2001 (take these old snips of emails with how ever many grains of salt you wish. ...tss) </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">The most frightening thing I have read all day is the report of Gambetti's finding of a new strain of sporadic cjd in young people...Dear God, what in the name of all that is holy is that!!! If the US has different strains of scrapie.....why???? than the UK...then would the same mechanisms that make different strains of scrapie here make different strains of BSE...if the patterns are different in sheep and mice for scrapie.....could not the BSE be different in the cattle, in the mink, in the humans.......I really think the slides or tissues and everything from these young people with the new strain of sporadic cjd should be put up to be analyzed by many, many experts in cjd........bse.....scrapie Scrape the damn slide and put it into mice.....wait.....chop up the mouse brain and and spinal cord........put into some more mice.....dammit amplify the thing and start the damned research.....This is NOT rocket science...we need to use what we know and get off our butts and move....the whining about how long everything takes.....well it takes a whole lot longer if you whine for a year and then start the research!!! </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Not sure where I read this but it was a recent press release or something like that: I thought I would fall out of my chair when I read about how there was no worry about infectivity from a histopath slide or tissues because they are preserved in formic acid, or formalin or formaldehyde.....for God's sake........ Ask any pathologist in the UK what the brain tissues in the formalin looks like after a year.......it is a big fat sponge...the agent continues to eat the brain ......you can't make slides anymore because the agent has never stopped........and the old slides that are stained with Hemolysin and Eosin......they get holier and holier and degenerate and continue...what you looked at 6 months ago is not there........Gambetti better be photographing every damned thing he is looking at..... </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Okay, you need to know. You don't need to pass it on as nothing will come of it and there is not a damned thing anyone can do about it. Don't even hint at it as it will be denied and laughed at.......... USDA is gonna do as little as possible until there is actually a human case in the USA of the nvcjd........if you want to move this thing along and shake the earth....then we gotta get the victims families to make sure whoever is doing the autopsy is credible, trustworthy, and a saint with the courage of Joan of Arc........I am not kidding!!!! so, unless we get a human death from EXACTLY the same form with EXACTLY the same histopath lesions as seen in the UK nvcjd........forget any action........it is ALL gonna be sporadic!!! And, if there is a case.......there is gonna be every effort to link it to international travel, international food, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. They will go so far as to find out if a sex partner had ever traveled to the UK/europe, etc. etc. .... It is gonna be a long, lonely, dangerous twisted journey to the truth. They have all the cards, all the money, and are willing to threaten and carry out those threats....and this may be their biggest downfall... </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Thanks as always for your help. (Recently had a very startling revelation from a rather senior person in government here..........knocked me out of my chair........you must keep pushing. If I was a power person....I would be demanding that there be a least a million bovine tested as soon as possible and agressively seeking this disease. The big players are coming out of the woodwork as there is money to be made!!! In short: "FIRE AT WILL"!!! for the very dumb....who's "will"! "Will be the burden to bare if there is any coverup!" </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">again it was said years ago and it should be taken seriously....BSE will NEVER be found in the US! As for the BSE conference call...I think you did a great service to freedom of information and making some people feign integrity...I find it scary to see that most of the "experts" are employed by the federal government or are supported on the "teat" of federal funds. A scary picture! I hope there is a confidential panel organized by the new government to really investigate this thing. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">You need to watch your back........but keep picking at them.......like a buzzard to the bone...you just may get to the truth!!! (You probably have more support than you know. Too many people are afraid to show you or let anyone else know. I have heard a few things myself... you ask the questions that everyone else is too afraid to ask.) </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Snip…end</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><br /><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span></p></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">2024</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2023</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 4, 2024</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/disease-phenotype-of-classical-sheep.html">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/disease-phenotype-of-classical-sheep.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 3, 2024 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING USAHA CWD, Scrapie, and BSE, October 2022 updated science 2024</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/proceedings-one-hundred-and-twenty.html">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/proceedings-one-hundred-and-twenty.html</a></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">MAY 19, 2023</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">spontaneous BSE? big outbreak of spontaneous mad cow disease evidently, around the same time, strange;</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Monday, March 20, 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> </span></p></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Transmission of Idiopathic human prion disease CJD MM1 to small ruminant mouse models (<span dir="ltr">Tg338</span> and <span dir="ltr">Tg501</span>). </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Results: No evidence of transmission was found on a first passage in <span dir="ltr">Tg338</span> nor Tg501ovinized mice, but on second passage, <span dir="ltr">4/10</span> <span dir="ltr">Tg338</span> mice succumbed to CJDMM1 (40% attack rate after 645 dpi) and 1/12 <span dir="ltr">Tg501</span> mice (519dpi, 10 still alive). The remaining 2nd passages are still ongoing. Conclusions: In this poster, the neuropathological features of the resulting strain are discussed. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">============== </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">PRION <span dir="ltr">2016 TOKYO</span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr">1933-6896</span> 1933-690X </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><span dir="ltr">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,<span dir="ltr">1, Naima Aron</span>,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Abstract </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ 5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">snip... R. BRADLEY </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">snip... </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: <span dir="ltr">6997404</span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously. snip... 76/10.12/4.6 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0 </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">CWD</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div><span style="font-size: 18.4px;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2024</span></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Draft guidance on Mechanically Separated Meat (MSM) for the consultation 2024</p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2024/02/draft-guidance-on-mechanically.html">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2024/02/draft-guidance-on-mechanically.html</a></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., <span dir="ltr">Bacliff, Texas USA 77518</span></p></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; text-size-adjust: auto;" />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-57720298759241611042024-02-28T13:00:00.003-06:002024-02-28T13:00:13.565-06:00Draft guidance on Mechanically Separated Meat (MSM) for the consultation 2024<p>Draft guidance on Mechanically Separated Meat (MSM) for the consultation 2024</p><p>Draft guidance on mechanically separated meat (MSM): Introduction</p><p>This guidance will explain how the definition of Mechanically Separated Meat (MSM) in Annex I, point 1.14 of assimilated Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 and Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 in Northern Ireland should be applied.</p><p>Last updated: 28 February 2024 View as PDF(Opens in a new window)</p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437article-hero__description" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; outline: none !important;"><div class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437content-layout__left" style="max-width: 100%; outline: none !important; width: 778px;"><div class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437sticky-sidebar__wrapper" style="min-height: 114px; outline: none !important; position: relative;"><div class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437explanation-block__content" style="border: 1px solid; line-height: 1.6; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437explanation-block__content" style="border: 1px solid; line-height: 1.6; outline: none !important;">We are consulting on this draft guidance. See <a href="https://www.food.gov.uk/news-alerts/consultations/consultation-on-mechanically-separated-meat-msm-guidance" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; color: black; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">Consultation on the mechanically separated meat (MSM) guidance</a> for details.<div class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437explanation-block__link" style="margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;"></div></div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437external-link" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2004/853" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; color: black; display: inline; outline: none !important; position: relative;" target="_blank">Assimilated Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 <span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437visually-hidden" style="min-height: 1px; outline: none !important; width: 1px;">(Opens in a new window)</span></a> in GB / <a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437external-link" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02004R0853-20230215" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; color: black; display: inline; outline: none !important; position: relative;" target="_blank">Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 <span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437visually-hidden" style="min-height: 1px; outline: none !important; width: 1px;">(Opens in a new window)</span></a> in Northern Ireland (NI) (together ‘the Regulations’) lay down specific hygiene rules for Food Business Operators ( FBO s) in relation to food of animal origin. The specific hygiene requirements that must be applied to the preparation and handling of products of animal origin depend on the nature of the product as defined under the Regulations. Establishments manufacturing and/or handling products subject to requirements under Annex III to the Regulations must be approved for the manufacture and/or handling of products that they wish to place on the market unless a relevant exemption applies.</div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">A product must be correctly classified to ensure that its preparation and handling meet the requirements of food law for that product. Product classifications are set out in the definitions provided in Annex I to the Regulations. </div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">The Courts have delivered judgments (together ‘the Judgments’) that clarify how the definition of MSM in Annex I to the Regulations should be interpreted and applied. There have been no changes to the Regulations as a result of the Judgments; no legislative requirements regarding MSM have been added, amended or removed.</div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">This guidance provides advice and clarification on implications of the Judgments. It supersedes the 2012 Guidance on the Moratorium regarding the production and use of desinewed meat (‘DSM’) in the UK, which was officially withdrawn on 14 November 2022.</div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><p style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">It remains prohibited to use bones or bone-in cuts of bovine, ovine and caprine animals for the production of MSM, under Annex V of assimilated <a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437external-link" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; color: black; display: inline; outline: none !important; position: relative;" target="_blank">Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 <span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437visually-hidden" style="min-height: 1px; outline: none !important; width: 1px;">(Opens in a new window)</span></a> in GB / <a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437external-link" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02001R0999-20230101&qid=1705426718746" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; color: black; display: inline; outline: none !important; position: relative;" target="_blank">Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 <span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437visually-hidden" style="min-height: 1px; outline: none !important; width: 1px;">(Opens in a new window)</span></a> in NI, laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).</p><h2 id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437intended-audience" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">Intended audience</h2><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><p style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">This guidance is intended for:</p><ul style="counter-reset: list 0; line-height: 1.6; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important; padding: 0px;"><li style="outline: none !important;">FBO s currently using, or intending to use, mechanical meat separation equipment in their production processes (for example, Baader, SEPAmatic, Marel and other food processing machines). </li><li style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></li><li style="outline: none !important;">FBO s using, or intending to use, MSM as an ingredient.</li><li style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></li><li style="outline: none !important;">FBO s producing or using, or intending to produce or use, an ingredient for which clarity is required as to its classification i.e., whether it is MSM.</li><li style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></li><li style="outline: none !important;">FBO s that place MSM products and/or meat preparations products on the England, Wales and NI markets and exporters.</li><li style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></li><li style="outline: none !important;">While this guidance is primarily intended to support FBO s to achieve compliance with the regulatory requirements, it may be used by Local Authorities, FSA Operational and DAERA staff to support official controls and provide consistency of the regulatory approach. </li></ul><h2 id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437purpose-of-the-guidance" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">Purpose of the guidance</h2><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">The Court Judgments clarified how the definition of MSM in Annex I to the Regulations is to be interpreted and applied. This guidance supports FBO s in determining whether a product is MSM to ensure their compliance in line with regulatory requirements.</div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><p style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">Further general information on MSM and assistance in understanding implications for FBO s can be found in Annex A: MSM Q&A.</p><h2 id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437legal-status-of-the-guidance" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">Legal status of the guidance</h2><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><p style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">Assimilated EU Law is identified in this guidance using the following format: assimilated Regulation (EC) No xxx/xxxx. In NI, EU law continues to apply for most food law and feed hygiene and safety law and is identified in this guidance using the following format: Regulation (EC) No xxx/xxxx. </p><p style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">This guidance document has been produced to provide: </p><ul style="counter-reset: list 0; line-height: 1.6; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important; padding: 0px;"><li style="outline: none !important;">Guidance on the legal requirements of the Regulations in so far as they concern the production, handling and labelling of MSM. </li><li style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></li><li style="outline: none !important;">Guidance on the TSE measures concerning MSM under Article 9 and Annex V (paragraph 5) of assimilated Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 in GB and Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 in NI.</li><li style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></li><li style="outline: none !important;">Guidance on the microbiological criteria for foodstuffs in assimilated Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 in GB and Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 in NI, in so far as they concern the production of MSM.</li><li style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></li></ul><p style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">It is the responsibility of the FBO to comply with food law. This guidance document cannot cover every situation and you may need to consider the relevant legislation to understand how it applies in your circumstances. FBO s may wish to seek advice from their competent authority; an FSA -appointed Official Veterinarian (OV), for FSA -approved establishments; or <a href="https://www.food.gov.uk/contact/consumers/find-details/contact-a-local-food-safety-team" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; color: black; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">local food safety team</a>, for Local Authority-approved or -registered establishments. </p><h2 id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437review" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">Review</h2><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">We undertake regular reviews to ensure guidance remains relevant. The next scheduled review date for this guidance is [TBC]. </div><div style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><h2 id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437contact-us" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">Contact us</h2><p style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;">We welcome feedback on this guidance, including reports of broken links or out of date content, and will consider all feedback in the next review. Please provide any feedback to <a href="https://www.food.gov.uk/our-work/meathygiene@food.gov.uk" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; color: black; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">meathygiene@food.gov.uk</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437uptoDate" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437statusWarning" style="background: rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 2px; border: 2px solid rgb(0, 200, 50); color: #1e1e1e; display: table; font-family: Roboto; margin: 10px 0px 10px 10px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; width: 935px;"><div class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437title" style="margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px;"><h2 style="float: none; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 10px 10px 2px;">Changes to legislation:</h2><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437intro" style="float: left; font-size: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px 10px 10px;">There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council.<a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437helpItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437helpItemToBot" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#Scenario1Help" rel="nofollow" style="background: rgb(5, 115, 235); border-radius: 50%; color: #0a64d7; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 2px 5px; min-height: 16px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: 16px;" target="_blank"><img alt=" Help about Changes to Legislation" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true" src="https://apis.mail.aol.com/ws/v3/mailboxes/@.id==VjN-ce6z-DxIu_S2g8qZB3zEhBzmZgrr3THL4IwkE1wVplQCkvSg4OstfRBZyImsL89EhqbiNPt5J57JQHOERly2uw/messages/@.id==AIH-HJATBFINZd9V2wgaOE-O5Js/content/parts/@.id==1.2/refresh?appid=AolMailNorrin&ymreqid=d41d8cd9-8f00-b204-1ca4-000020012000" style="border: 0px; min-height: 1px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 1px;" /></a></p></div></div><div id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437viewLegContents" style="color: #1e1e1e; font-family: Roboto; margin: 0px; outline: none !important; padding: 0px;"><div class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegSnippet" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocControlsAdded" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; clear: none; float: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 200px; outline: none !important; padding: 10px 0px 10px 10px;"><div class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContents ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 5px 0px 15px 10px; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; position: relative !important; text-align: center;"><ul class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocGlobalControls" style="clear: both !important; color: #1e1e1e; float: left !important; font-size: 1em; letter-spacing: 0em; list-style: none !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 2.5em !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; width: 929px; z-index: 1;"><li style="clear: none !important; display: block; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandAll" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 2.1em; margin: 0px !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 7em;" target="_blank">Collapse all -</a></li></ul><ol style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; clear: none !important; color: #1e1e1e; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 2em !important; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 7em !important; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0em; text-align: left !important;"><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 545.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/introduction" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Introductory Text</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsChapter" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.45em 0px 0.25em 15px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px !important; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/chapter/I" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS</a></p><ol style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; clear: none !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 1em !important; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0em;"><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/1" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 1.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/1" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Scope</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/2" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 2.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/2" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Separation of live animals and of products of animal origin</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/3" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 3.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/3" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Definitions</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/4" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 4.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/4" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Safeguard measures</a></span></p></li></ol></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsChapter" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.45em 0px 0.25em 15px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px !important; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/chapter/II" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">CHAPTER II DETERMINATION OF BSE STATUS</a></p><ol style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; clear: none !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 1em !important; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0em;"><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/5" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 5.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/5" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Classification</a></span></p></li></ol></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsChapter" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.45em 0px 0.25em 15px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px !important; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/chapter/III" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">CHAPTER III PREVENTION OF TSE</a></p><ol style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; clear: none !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 1em !important; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0em;"><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/6" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 6.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/6" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Monitoring system</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/6a" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 6a.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/6a" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> Breeding Programmes </a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/7" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 7.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/7" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Prohibitions concerning animal feeding</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/8" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 8.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/8" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Specified risk material</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/9" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 9.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/9" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Products of animal origin derived from or containing ruminant material</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/10" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 10.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/10" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Education programmes</a></span></p></li></ol></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsChapter" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.45em 0px 0.25em 15px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px !important; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/chapter/IV" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">CHAPTER IV CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TSEs</a></p><ol style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; clear: none !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 1em !important; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0em;"><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/11" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 11.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/11" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Notification</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/12" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 12.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/12" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Measures with respect to suspect animals</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/13" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 13.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/13" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Measures following confirmation of the presence of a TSE</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/14" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 14.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/14" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Contingency plan</a></span></p></li></ol></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsChapter" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.45em 0px 0.25em 15px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px !important; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/chapter/V" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">CHAPTER V PLACING ON THE MARKET AND EXPORT</a></p><ol style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; clear: none !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 1em !important; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0em;"><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/15" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 15.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/15" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Live animals, their semen, embryos and ova</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/16" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 16.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/16" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Placing on the market of products of animal origin</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/17" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 17.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/17" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Health certificates</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/18" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 18.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/18" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Supplementation of health certificates</a></span></p></li></ol></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsChapter" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.45em 0px 0.25em 15px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px !important; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/chapter/VI" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">CHAPTER VI REFERENCE LABORATORIES, SAMPLING, TESTING AND CONTROLS</a></p><ol style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; clear: none !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 1em !important; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0em;"><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/19" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 19.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/19" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> Reference laboratories </a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/20" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 20.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/20" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Sampling and laboratory methods</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/21" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 21.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/21" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> Community controls </a></span></p></li></ol></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsChapter" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.45em 0px 0.25em 15px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px !important; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/chapter/VII" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">CHAPTER VII TRANSITIONAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS</a></p><ol style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; clear: none !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 1em !important; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0em;"><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/22" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 22.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/22" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Transitional measures concerning specified risk material</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/23" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 23.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/23" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Amendment of the Annexes</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/23a" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 23a.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/23a" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">The appropriate authority may by regulations amend the following non-essential...</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/24" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 24.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/24" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> Regulations</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/24a" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 24a.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/24a" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Decisions to be adopted in accordance with one of the...</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/25" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 25.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/25" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Consultation of the scientific committees</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 58.8906px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/26" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Article 26.</a></span><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: block; float: right; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 518.312px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/article/26" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Entry into force</a></span></p></li></ol></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsEntry" style="clear: none !important; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 5px 0px !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsItem ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix" style="clear: both; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegDS ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: left; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0em; width: 62px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/signature" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">Signature</a></span></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedules" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; font-size: 1em; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><ol style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; clear: none !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 0em !important; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0em; padding-top: 0em;"><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id0" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/I" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX I</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/I" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS </a></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id1" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/II" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX II</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/II" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> DETERMINATION OF BSE STATUS </a></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id2" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/III" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX III</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/III" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> MONITORING SYSTEM </a></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id3" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/IV" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX IV</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/IV" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> ANIMAL FEEDING </a></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id4" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/V" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX V</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/V" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> SPECIFIED RISK MATERIAL </a></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id5" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/VI" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX VI</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/VI" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN DERIVED FROM OR CONTAINING RUMINANT MATERIAL, AS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 9(1)</a></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id6" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/VII" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX VII</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/VII" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES </a></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id11" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/VIII" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX VIII</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/VIII" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">PLACING ON THE MARKET AND EXPORT</a></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id12" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/IX" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX IX</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/IX" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">IMPORTATION INTO GREAT BRITAIN OF LIVE ANIMALS, EMBRYOS, OVA AND PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN</a></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id13" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/X" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX X</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/X" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank">REFERENCE LABORATORIES, SAMPLING AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS METHODS</a></p></li><li class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegClearFix ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsSchedule ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocDefaultCollapse" id="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437id14" style="clear: both; display: block !important; float: none !important; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.14em 0px 0.25em !important; position: relative; text-align: left !important; z-index: 1;"><a class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437expandCollapseTocLink ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437userFunctionalElement" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents#" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(5, 115, 235); clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: Roboto; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 3em !important; min-width: 3.5em; outline: none !important; padding: 0.25em 0px !important; text-align: center !important; width: 5.5em;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437tocExpandText" style="clear: none !important; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: arial, helvetica, verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;">Expand +</span></a><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsNo" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: left; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0.25em !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-align: right; width: 124px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/XI" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600 !important; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.25em !important; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important; text-align: left !important;" target="_blank">ANNEX XI</a></p><p class="ydp5983b1cdyiv1181848437LegContentsTitle" style="clear: none; display: inline !important; float: right; font-size: 0.8em; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; width: 483.594px;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/annex/XI" rel="nofollow" style="clear: none !important; color: #0a64d7; float: none !important; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; margin: 0px !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" target="_blank"> TRANSITIONAL MEASURES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLES 22 AND 23</a></p></li></ol></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.food.gov.uk/our-work/draft-guidance-on-mechanically-separated-meat-msm-introduction" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.food.gov.uk/our-work/draft-guidance-on-mechanically-separated-meat-msm-introduction</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2001/999/contents</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><span style="outline: none !important;">DFA 14 Consideration of the Risk from Mechanically Recovered Meat (MRM) in 1989</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">Draft Factual Accounts 9 July 1999</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000830211050/http://www.bse.org.uk/dfa/dfa14.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20000830211050/http://www.bse.org.uk/dfa/dfa14.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">DFA 14 – CONSIDERATION OF THE RISK FROM MECHANICALLY RECOVERED MEAT (MRM) IN 1989-1990 UPDATE 20 JANUARY 2000</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000830211301/http://www.bse.org.uk/dfa/dfa14up.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20000830211301/http://www.bse.org.uk/dfa/dfa14up.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">DFA 14 Consideration of the Risk from Mechanically Recovered Meat (MRM) in 1989-1990</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/dfa-14-consideration-of-risk-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/dfa-14-consideration-of-risk-from.html</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">DFA 15 Monitoring and Enforcement of the SBO Specified Bovine Offal Regulations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/dfa-15-monitoring-and-enforcement-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/dfa-15-monitoring-and-enforcement-of.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2020/07/bse-inquiry-dfas-review.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2020/07/bse-inquiry-dfas-review.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2022/08/bse-inquiry-draft-factual-accounts-dfas.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2022/08/bse-inquiry-draft-factual-accounts-dfas.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, July 23, 2011<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Experts say it is likely that bits of spinal cord - the part of a cow most likely to be contaminated with BSE - could be found in mechanically recovered meat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1482140.stm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1482140.stm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Horror of the BSE school dinner risk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">by SEAN POULTER, Daily Mail</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Large quantities of 'BSE risk' meat sludge found its way into school lunches for up to 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Some 75,000 tons of mechanically recovered meat (MRM), blasted from the bones of cattle with water jets, was used in economy foods, a study reveals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A further 150,000 tons of meat from heads, including cheeks and lips, which was later banned as a risk, was used, often in schools and hospitals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The scandal was exposed yesterday in a report by the Food Standards Agency, which shed new light on the risk to human health of BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The findings horrified families who lost loved ones to CJD, the human form of BSE. Lester Firkins, chairman of the Human BSE Foundation, a charity set up by victims' families, said: 'The fact that this stuff was getting into school dinners is repulsive.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">'The average age of those people who have died is 27. We are left wondering whether school dinners was the common factor.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">'No sensible parent would knowingly have allowed their children to eat that sort of food.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">'You assume that what children are given at school is better than you'd get at a fast-food restaurant. That wasn't the case.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">'The schools and other authorities should have made checks about the quality of the food they were using. Even today we do not know exactly what ends up on our plates.'</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Firkins lost his son Ellis, a 25-year-old teacher, to CJD last year.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The FSA says that MRM was being fed to humans at the rate of 5,000 tons a year from 1980 to 1995, which covered the years that BSE was rife in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Head meat was routinely included in economy foods at the rate of 10,000 tons a year for the same period.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Assuming it was used at a rate of around 15 per cent of the contents, the MRM alone could equate to 4.5billion burgers over 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The study shows that in the late 1980s, every part of the carcass was used in food production.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Frozen brains were exported to France while 'rectums were cleaned and salted and exported to Germany for sausages'.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The FSA suggests that 40 per cent of MRM went into cheap mince, another 40 per cent into economy burgers and the rest to other uses such as pies, sausages and patés.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Some of the MRM, although it is likely to have been a small quantity, may even have been included in processed baby food and beef stock cubes.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The mince and burgers would have been eaten in schools or available as economy lines from supermarkets. Many of the burgers were sold at fairs and football matches.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As much as 50 per cent of cheap mince was made up from head meat, which was used heavily in schools and hospitals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The report points out: 'Institutional buyers, such as schools and hospitals... put constant pressure on suppliers to reduce prices.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">'There were only so many ways this could be achieved - one of which was using bovine MRM. In addition, head meat would have been a standard ingredient.'</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The report comes in spite of what appeared to be a concerted attempt by the processing industry to keep details secret.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A year ago, the Government's BSE expert committee, SEAC, complained that manufacturers had stalled and blocked all attempts to get information on the use of MRM.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Eventually it asked the FSA to launch an inquiry, which involved face-to-face meetings with industry executives, many now retired.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While all the MRM and head meat carried a theoretical risk, only about 10 per cent would have come from older animals, those most likely to carry infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC chairman, Professor Peter Smith, said last night: 'This study goes a long way to confirm what we suspected. A lot of individuals will have been exposed to this meat.'</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The findings will be studied by scientists at the CJD suveillance unit in Edinburgh and the use of beef 'head meat' will be further explored. It is banned in Britain and Portugal but is still used in other EU states.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Read more: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-142241/Horror-BSE-school-dinner-risk.html#ixzz1p6KDEO7Y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-142241/Horror-BSE-school-dinner-risk.html#ixzz1p6KDEO7Y</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/03/beyond-pink-slime/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=120314" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/03/beyond-pink-slime/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=120314</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">J Cancer Epidemiol Prev. 2002;7(2):59-70.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">UK dietary exposure to BSE in beef mechanically recovered meat: by birth cohort and gender.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cooper JD, Bird SM.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, UK.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Meat recovered mechanically from bovine vertebral columns for use in burgers, sausages and other meat products may have been contaminated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from recovered spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We quantified UK exposure to BSE in beef mechanically recovered meat (MRM) by birth cohort (born pre-1940, in 1940-1969, post-1969), gender and calendar period (1980-1989, 1990-1996) because information on any two of BSE exposure intensity, vCJD incubation period and the new cases of vCJD tells us about the third.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METHODS:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Synthesis of evidence on BSE epidemiology, MRM production, infectivity in spinal cord and DRG, and UK dietary consumption.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FINDINGS:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Production of beef MRM peaked at 5000 tonnes in 1987, was nil in 1989 but recovered to 2000 tonnes in 1995 when it ceased altogether; reportedly 90% was used in burgers. Mean weight of spinal cord recovered per carcass was 3.3 g (95% credible interval 0.24-12.02 g) before the specified bovine offal (SBO) legislation and 1.5 g (0.02-8.30 g) after the legislation; whereas recovered weight of DRG (as infectious as spinal cord) was 27 g. Recovery of spinal cord from 1-year pre-clinical bovines peaked in 1988 at 238 g and of DRG in 1993 at 4250 g (medians). Median infectivity (5th and 95th percentiles) consumed in beef MRM was 33 250 (30 550-35 950), 65 600 (60 250-71 050) and 14 350 (13 150-15 600) bovine oral (Bo) ID50 units for the post-1969, 1940-1969 and pre-1940 birth cohorts in 1980-1989; and 44 250 (41 300-47 350), 39 600 (37 100-42,400) and 8750 (8100-9350) Bo ID50 units in 1990-1996. Males consumed almost 58% of infectivity in both periods. If the worst-case level of infectivity pertained, exposure, instead of halving in 1990-1996, would be sustained at around its 1980-1989 level for the two older birth cohorts and would have doubled in 1990-1996 for the post-1969 birth cohort.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">INTERPRETATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SBO legislation in 1989 contributed only a 6% reduction in the infectivity in beef MRM. Salient sensitivity issues are highlighted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12501956" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12501956</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comment:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Para 72 and following sections</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mechanically recovered meat: Should you not suggest more urgent action over mechanically recovered meat, given that this seems to be the route of infection for vCJD?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is all very well to have the 1995 controls in the UK, but are they 100 per cent effective? How can a consumer know if a product contains MRM from another country, where there may be either no, or very ineffective, controls?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Having read your report and the BSE Inquiry report, I suggest there is doubt about whether MRM can be safely eaten. It is very hard to be sure exactly what is in MRM and whether it is safe. Given this, your advice should surely be to advise consumers not to eat products which may contain MRM but to stick to cuts of meat which are clearly identifiable. It is often children who eat these MRM products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I don`t know if there is the possibility to reply to these questions. I tried speaking to someone in your press office but he just quoted the report at me, which I can read very well for myself.ct contains MRM from another country, where there may be either no, or very ineffective, controls?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Having read your report and the BSE Inquiry report, I suggest there is doubt about whether MRM can be safely eaten. It is very hard to be sure exactly what is in MRM and whether it is safe. Given this, your advice should surely be to advise consumers not to eat products which may contain MRM but to stick to cuts of meat which are clearly identifiable. It is often children who eat these MRM products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I don`t know if there is the possibility to reply to these questions. I tried speaking to someone in your press office but he just quoted the report at me, which I can read very well for myself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.food.gov.uk/archived/bsearchive/aboutbsetse/aboutsbereviewarchive/correspondence/say39" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.food.gov.uk/archived/bsearchive/aboutbsetse/aboutsbereviewarchive/correspondence/say39</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE IN REFERENCE TO THE LATEST LONG TERM USDA DOWNER COW SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM CASE STUDY FOR VCJD IN CHILDREN UK AND USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Variant) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Prion Diseases) Description Since 1996, strong evidence has accumulated for a causal relationship between ongoing outbreaks, primarily in Europe, of a disease in cattle called bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE, or mad cow disease and a disease in humans called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Both disorders, which are caused by an unconventional transmissible agent, are invariably fatal brain diseases with incubation periods typically measured in years (1). Transmission of the BSE agent to humans, leading to vCJD, is believed to occur via ingestion of cattle products contaminated with the BSE agent; the specific foods associated with this transmission are unknown. However, a recently published case-control study involving 132 vCJD cases in the United Kingdom (UK) showed evidence of an increased risk for vCJD associated with the frequency of consuming beef products likely to contain mechanically recovered meat and head meat (such as burgers, meat pies, and sausages) (2). Bioassays and molecular tests have enabled identification of what World Health Organization consultants have classified a high-infectivity and lower infectivity tissues of cattle with BSE (3). The high-infectivity tissues include the brain, spinal cord, retina, optic nerve, and dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia, suggesting that these tissues can pose a relatively high risk of transmission. The lower infectivity tissues include peripheral nerves (e.g., sciatic and facial nerves), tonsils, nictitating membrane (third eye lid), distal ileum, bone marrow, and possibly thigh muscle. The latter tissue from one cow with BSE transmitted disease to highly BSE-sensitive transgenic mice at a rate indicative of trace levels of infectivity.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/vcjd/risk-travelers.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/vcjd/risk-travelers.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MECHANICALLY RECOVERED MEAT MRM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1996/01/22008001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1996/01/22008001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1996/01/29010001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1996/01/29010001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1996/02/16008001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1996/02/16008001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/03/pink-slime-mrms-bse-aka-mad-cow-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/03/pink-slime-mrms-bse-aka-mad-cow-disease.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, October 30, 2013</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERIAL (SRM) CONTROL VERIFICATION TASK FSIS NOTICE 70-13 10/30/13</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/10/specified-risk-material-srm-control.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/10/specified-risk-material-srm-control.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA NSLP et al thought that it would be alright, to feed our children all across the USA, via the NSLP, DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, the most high risk cattle for mad cow type disease, and other dangerous pathogens, and they did this for 4 years, that was documented, then hid what they did by having a recall, one of the largest recalls ever, and they made this recall and masked the reason for the recall due to animal abuse (I do not condone animal abuse), not for the reason of the potential for these animals to have mad cow BSE type disease (or other dangerous and deadly pathogens). these TSE prion disease can lay dormant for 5, 10, 20 years, or longer, WHO WILL WATCH OUR CHILDREN FOR THE NEXT 5 DECADES FOR CJD ???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, September 21, 2013</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Westland/Hallmark: 2008 Beef Recall A Case Study by The Food Industry Center January 2010 THE FLIM-FLAM REPORT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ??? this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">try this link ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101014074729/http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20101014074729/http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">or this link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 13, 2011</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer livestock</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: re-USDA's surveillance plan for BSE aka mad cow disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Mon, 02 May 2005 16:59:07 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: paffairs@oig.hhs.gov, HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov, contactOIG@hhsc.state.tx.us</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings Honorable Paul Feeney, Keith Arnold, and William Busbyet al at OIG, ...............</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There will be several more emails of my research to follow. I respectfully request a full inquiry into the cover-up of TSEs in the United States of America over the past 30 years. I would be happy to testify...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you, I am sincerely, Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 xxx xxx xxxx</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downercattle.blogspot.com/2015/02/inspections-circumvented-for-condemned.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downercattle.blogspot.com/2015/02/inspections-circumvented-for-condemned.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, December 5, 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> USA 50 State Emergency BSE Conference Call <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2001 <***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">589.2000</span>) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span>) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">How in the hell do you make a complete recall of 27,694,240 lbs of feed that was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein, in one state, Michigan, 2006? Wonder how much was fed out?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II ______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
a) CO-<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">OP 32</span>% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated,
net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) CO-<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">OP 32</span>% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated,
Recall # V-103-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend,
Recall # V-104-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) CO-<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">OP 40</span>% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted,
Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">II, 18</span>% W/MCDX Medicated 282020,
Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete
Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated,
Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-107-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying
Chickens, Recall # 108-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED,
net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs,
Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
CODE
Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">125 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AL and FL </div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6
CODE
All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">27,694,240 lbs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MI </div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
PRODUCT
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
CODE
None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Burkmann Feeds LLC, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Glasgow, KY</span>, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
REASON
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">
DISTRIBUTION
</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">KY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P01-05 January 30, 2001<span class="ydp445bbb83yiv4706945268Apple-tab-span" style="outline: none !important;"> </span>Print Media: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">301-827-6242</span> Broadcast Media: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">301-827-3434</span> Consumer Inquiries: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">888-INFO-FDA</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA ANNOUNCES TEST RESULTS FROM TEXAS FEED LOT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Today the Food and Drug Administration announced the results of tests taken on feed used at a Texas feedlot that was suspected of containing meat and bone meal from other domestic cattle -- a violation of FDA's 1997 prohibition on using ruminant material in feed for other ruminants. Results indicate that a very low level of prohibited material was found in the feed fed to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is important to note that the prohibited material was domestic in origin (therefore not likely to contain infected material because there is no evidence of BSE in U.S. cattle), fed at a very low level, and fed only once. The potential risk of BSE to such cattle is therefore exceedingly low, even if the feed were contaminated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">According to Dr. Bernard Schwetz, FDA's Acting Principal Deputy Commissioner, "The challenge to regulators and industry is to keep this disease out of the United States. One important defense is to prohibit the use of any ruminant animal materials in feed for other ruminant animals. Combined with other steps, like U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) ban on the importation of live ruminant animals from affected countries, these steps represent a series of protections, to keep American cattle free of BSE."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Despite this negligible risk, Purina Mills, Inc., is nonetheless announcing that it is voluntarily purchasing all 1,222 of the animals held in Texas and mistakenly fed the animal feed containing the prohibited material. Therefore, meat from those animals will not enter the human food supply. FDA believes any cattle that did not consume feed containing the prohibited material are unaffected by this incident, and should be handled in the beef supply clearance process as usual.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA believes that Purina Mills has behaved responsibly by first reporting the human error that resulted in the misformulation of the animal feed supplement and then by working closely with State and Federal authorities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This episode indicates that the multi-layered safeguard system put into place is essential for protecting the food supply and that continued vigilance needs to be taken, by all concerned, to ensure these rules are followed routinely.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA will continue working with USDA as well as State and local officials to ensure that companies and individuals comply with all laws and regulations designed to protect the U.S. food supply.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010413122520/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20010413122520/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00752.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MAY 19, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous??? big outbreak of spontaneous mad cow disease evidently, around the same time, strange;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, March 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NOW, BE AWARE, OIE AND USDA HAVE NOW MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL BSE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, WITH NO REPORTING OF SAID ATYPICAL CASES, EXCEPT FOR A VOLUNTARY NOTE ON ANNUAL REPORT...i don't make this stuff up...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8/18</span> (44%), and the tonsil in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">10/25</span> (40%). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1933-6896</span> 1933-690X </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1, Naima Aron</span>,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ 5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... R. BRADLEY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">6997404</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously. snip... 76/10.12/4.6 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">* Marina Betancor, Belén Marín, Alicia Otero, Carlos Hedman, Antonio Romero, Tomás Barrio, Eloisa Sevilla, Jean-Yves Douet, Alvina Huor, Juan José Badiola, Olivier Andréoletti & Rosa Bolea * Veterinary Research volume 54, Article number: 89 (2023)
Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently observed upon experimental transmission to rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle. Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease and tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prion seeding activity was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals. These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Further in vivo experiments challenging different mouse lines have been started in order to confirm the infectivity of the PMCA products obtained in this study. However, in conclusion, our findings show that the propagation of atypical scrapie in cattle leads to the emergence of BSE-like seeding activity. This is a concerning issue with far-reaching implications for public health and food safety. The possibility of interspecies transmission of prion diseases and the emergence of new prion strains highlight the critical need for continued surveillance and monitoring of these diseases in both animal and human populations. Early detection of prion diseases is crucial, and highly sensitive detection techniques such as PMCA can play an important role in this regard.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01225-2</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle with the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin J. Greenleea, Eric D. Cassmanna, S. Jo Moorea,b, and M. Heather West Greenleec</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, US; cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, US</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span>) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n = 3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n = 4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57–4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPScthroughout the brain. All wild type recipient cattle and a single <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> steer remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation) and no abnormal prion protein was detected in these cattle by EIA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1 g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: US Department of Agriculture</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA TSE Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023 The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(Short Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 16, 2024</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CIDRAP launches international effort to prepare for possible chronic wasting disease spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/cidrap-launches-international-effort-to.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The role of environmental factors on sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mortality: evidence from an age-period-cohort analysis</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-role-of-environmental-factors-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-role-of-environmental-factors-on.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 years ago;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2001 Singeltary on CJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-3052184076419427792023-05-19T17:22:00.003-05:002023-05-21T11:27:54.542-05:00USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Published: May 19, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is announcing an atypical case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), a neurologic disease of cattle, in an approximately five-year-old or older beef cow at a slaughter plant in South Carolina. This animal never entered slaughter channels and at no time presented a risk to the food supply or to human health in the United States. Given the United States’ negligible risk status for BSE, we do not expect any trade impacts as a result of this finding. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS) National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) confirmed that this cow was positive for atypical L-type BSE. The animal was tested as part of APHIS’s routine surveillance of cattle that are deemed unsuitable for slaughter. The radio frequency identification tag present on the animal is associated with a herd in Tennessee. APHIS and veterinary officials in South Carolina and Tennessee are gathering more information during this ongoing investigation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Atypical BSE generally occurs in older cattle and seems to arise rarely and spontaneously in all cattle populations.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> This is the nation’s 7th detection of BSE. Of the six previous U.S. cases, the first, in 2003, was a case of classical BSE in a cow imported from Canada; the rest have been atypical (H- or L-type) BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) recognizes the United States as negligible risk for BSE. As noted in the WOAH guidelines for determining this status, atypical BSE cases do not impact official BSE risk status recognition as this form of the disease is believed to occur spontaneously in all cattle populations at a very low rate. Therefore, this finding of an atypical case will not change the negligible risk status of the United States, and should not lead to any trade issues. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> The United States has a longstanding system of interlocking safeguards against BSE that protects public and animal health in the United States, the most important of which is the removal of specified risk materials - or the parts of an animal that would contain BSE should an animal have the disease - from all animals presented for slaughter. The second safeguard is a strong feed ban that protects cattle from the disease. Another important component of our system - which led to this detection - is our ongoing BSE surveillance program that allows USDA to detect the disease if it exists at very low levels in the U.S. cattle population. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">More information about this disease is available in the BSE factsheet.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">#</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, May 19, 2023 | 04:12pm NASHVILLE — The Tennessee State Veterinarian is confirming a case of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a cow with ties to Tennessee.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The cow appeared unwell after arriving at a packing company in South Carolina. In alignment with the United States Department of Agriculture’s BSE surveillance program, the animal was isolated and euthanized. It did not enter the food supply. Preliminary investigation has determined the cow originated in southeast Tennessee.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We are working closely with our federal partners and animal health officials in South Carolina for this response,” State Veterinarian Dr. Samantha Beaty said. “That includes determining prior owners and locations where the affected cow lived in Tennessee and tracing siblings and offspring for testing.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE is a chronic degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle. It is caused by an abnormal prion protein. The atypical form occurs spontaneously at very low levels in all cattle populations, particularly in older animals. Atypical BSE poses no known risk to human health. It is different from the classical form of BSE, which has not been detected in the U.S. since 2003.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE is not contagious and therefore is not spread through contact between cattle or with other species. There is no treatment for or vaccine to prevent BSE. The U.S. has a strong surveillance program in place for early detection and to prevent suspect cattle from entering the food supply chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle owners are always advised to monitor their herds for health. Cattle affected by BSE may display changes in temperament, abnormal posture, poor coordination, decreased milk production, or loss of condition without noticeable loss of appetite. Owners should report any herd health concerns to their veterinarian or to the State Veterinarian’s office at 615-837-5120.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Tennessee Department of Agriculture Animal Health Division is responsible for promoting animal health in Tennessee. The State Veterinarian’s office seeks to prevent the spread of disease through import and movement requirements, livestock traceability, disaster mitigation, and the services of the C.E. Kord Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory. The division collaborates with other health-related stakeholders, academic institutions, and extension services to support One Health, an initiative to improve health for people and animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2023/5/19/state-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-owners-to-disease-detection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2023/5/19/state-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-owners-to-disease-detection.html</a> </div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical... </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">see full submission;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 83 / Monday, May 1, 2023 / Notices </div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings again APHIS et al, </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">I would kindly like to again, post my concern or urgency, on why said information is so critical, and why the 3 year extension is so critical, especially today, with the recent mad cow cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands all atypical BSE cases, and the fact the OIE is so concerned with the recent science about atypical L-type BSE and atypical H-type BSE, both of which can transmit orally, (see OIE BSE atypical in my reference materials), new outbreak of a new Prion disease in a new livestock species, i.e. the camel. The fact Chronic Wasted Disease CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, is spreading across the USA, with no stopping it in the near future, now with 10 different strains, a spillover into cattle or sheep would be devastating, and the ramifications of human zoonosis there from, has great concern throughout the scientific community. The fact that the USA BSE feed ban was and is a joke today (see why, with the fact that CWD positive deer could enter the food/feed chain for other ruminants and what the DEFRA says), how the BSE surveillance and testing has failed us so terribly bad to date, by testing only 25k bovines a year for BSE, you will not find BSE until it's too late, again. THIS is all why INFORMATION COLLECTION is so vital for BSE and all human and animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">''The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:''<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; ...end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div>The question should be, what will the burden be, if WE DON'T COLLECT SAID INFORMATIONS ON BSE, and we find ourselves again facing a BSE epidemic? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">I want to bring your attention too, and emphasize;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and...<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">I remember that infamous TEXAS MAD COW that instead of a 48 turnaround at Weybridge, said suspect positive, was declared NEGATIVE, until an Act of Congress and the Honorable Phyllis Fong overrode Texas negative test, sent that BSE sample to Weybridge, and 6 MONTHS LATER ON A 48 HOUR TURNAROUND (BSE REDBOOKS), that BSE sample was CONFIRMED POSITIVE (see history in my references).</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Let's not kid ourselves, the BSE ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANE efforts way back was a total failure, that's why it was shut down, too many atypical BSE cases were showing up. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">THE world was set back to square one with the BSE Minimal Risk Regions, from the BSE GBRs. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WE must enhance our BSE Surveillance and BSE Testing, and the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN must be revised to include Cervid by-products and SRM, and it should be made MANDATORY, AND THIS SHOULD BE WELL DOCUMENTED with information collection.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary References</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEFRA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: currentcolor;"> </span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410. Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410 PMCID: PMC7446902 PMID: 32817706 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nathaniel D. Denkers, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing,#1 Clare E. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,#2 Kristen A. Davenport, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing,3 Davin M. Henderson, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology,1 Erin E. McNulty, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Amy V. Nalls, Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Candace K. Mathiason, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,1 and Edward A. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing1,* Byron Caughey, Editor Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been corrected. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">See PLoS One. 2021 June 10; 16(6): e0253356. Associated Data Data Availability Statement </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogenesis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic. </div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Received 27 July 2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISCUSSION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: currentcolor;"> </span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P04.27</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmzas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Lwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study 'BSE in primates' supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1.3. Determination of the Minimal Infectious BSE Dose in Non-human Primates</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In a concerted European effort involving 5 laboratories including ours, the BSE-macaque model was then used to evaluate the minimal amount of BSE-infected material necessary to induce vCJD in primates. Results so far show that 5g of infectious BSE cattle brain is sufficient to induce the disease in all recipient animals by the oral route, with 500 mg yielding an incomplete attack rate10,11). The ID50 of BSE cattle brain is 200 mg for cattle12). These results suggest a low species barrier between cattle and non-human primates.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Corinne Ida Lasmzas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frdric Auvr, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sals, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 01 mg 001 mg</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PrPres biochemical detection</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published online January 27, 2005</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: currentcolor;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it EVER would be foolish, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN, the SRM REMOVAL, THE BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAMS, THEY FAILED ALL OF THEM TERRIBLY IMO, AND BY CONTINUING TO INSIST ON TESTING 25K CATTLE FOR BSE IS A DISASTER WATING TO HAPPEND IMO!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thank You, terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf Monday, December 5, 2022 Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: currentcolor;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PUBLIC SUBMISSION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Use of Electronic Identification Eartags as Official Identification in Cattle and Bison APHIS-2021-0020-0001 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Mar 21, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0020-0999" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0020-0999</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEE ADDITIONAL COMMENTS IN ATTACHMENT;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2. WE have a new Prion disease outbreak, in a new Livestock species, in Africa, and apparently, it's fairly large.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, November 14, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Diseases in Dromedary Camels (CPD) 2022 Review </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">3. PIGS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Prion infectivity detected in swine challenged with chronic wasting disease via the intracerebral or oral route</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kunkle, Robert item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 4/4/2016 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of North American cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. In the US, feeding of ruminant by-products to ruminants is prohibited, but feeding of ruminant materials to swine, mink, and poultry still occurs. In addition, scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses by feral pigs presents a potential risk for CWD exposure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following oral or intracranial experimental challenge. At 8 weeks of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). At death a complete necropsy examination was performed, including testing of tissues for misfolded prion protein (PrPcwd) by western blotting (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). None of the pigs developed clinical signs consistent with prion disease. Four >6 month intracranially challenged pigs (survival times 45-73 mpc) were positive by ELISA, two were also positive by WB, and one was positive by IHC. One >6 month orally challenged pig (64 mpc) was positive by ELISA. To further investigate the potential for infectivity, brain tissue from selected pigs was bioassayed in mice expressing porcine PRNP. Tissue from the two WB-positive >6 month intracranially challenged pigs produced positive bioassay results, albeit with low attack rates and variable incubation periods. Interestingly, bioassay of material from the longest surviving >6 month orally challenged pig (72 mpc), which was negative for PrPcwd by all other tests, produced a positive bioassay result. Bioassay of material from additional animals is currently underway. This study demonstrates that pigs can serve as potential hosts for CWD, although with low attack rates and scant PrPcwd accumulation. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Detection of infectivity in orally challenged pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity, even though affected pigs do not develop overt clinical signs or readily detectable PrPcwd.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see full report;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2017 Annual Report</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Objectives</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Objective 1: Investigate the mechanisms of protein misfolding in prion disease, including the genetic determinants of misfolding of the prion protein and the environmental influences on protein misfolding as it relates to prion diseases. Subobjective 1.A: Investigate the differences in the unfolded state of wild-type and disease associated prion proteins to better understand the mechanism of misfolding in genetic prion disease. Subobjective 1.B: Investigate the influence of metal ions on the misfolding of the prion protein in vitro to determine if environmental exposure to metal ions may alter disease progression. Objective 2: Investigate the pathobiology of prion strains in natural hosts, including the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission and the pathobiology of atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Subobjective 2.A: Investigate the pathobiology of atypical TSEs. Subobjective 2.B: Investigate the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission. Objective 3: Investigate sampling methodologies for antemortem detection of prion disease, including the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals and the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Subobjective 3.A: Investigate the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals. Subobjective 3.B: Investigate the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Approach</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The studies will focus on three animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites of protein folding and misfolding as it relates to prion disease, accumulation of misfolded protein in the host, routes of infection, and ante mortem diagnostics with an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of infection. Techniques used will include spectroscopic monitoring of protein folding/misfolding, clinical exams, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced knowledge gained from this work will help understand the underlying mechanisms of prion disease and mitigate the potential for unrecognized epidemic expansions of these diseases in populations of animals that could either directly or indirectly affect food animals.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Progress Report</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">All 8 project plan milestones for FY17 were fully met. Research efforts directed toward meeting objective 1 of our project plan center around the production of recombinant prion protein from either bacteria or mammalian tissue culture systems and collection of thermodynamic data on the folding of the recombinant prion protein produced. Both bacterial and mammalian expression systems have been established. Thermodynamic data addressing the denatured state of wild-type and a disease associated variant of bovine prion protein has been collected and a manuscript is in preparation. In research pertaining to objective 2, all studies have been initiated and animals are under observation for the development of clinical signs. The animal studies for this objective are long term and will continue until onset of clinical signs. In vitro studies planned in parallel to the animals studies have similarly been initiated and are ongoing. Objective 3 of the project plan focuses on the detection of disease associated prion protein in body fluids and feces collected from a time course study of chronic wasting disease inoculated animals. At this time samples are being collected as planned and methods for analysis are under development.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Accomplishments</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1. Showed that swine are potential hosts for the scrapie agent. A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in swine, but the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine by experimental routes. Swine are thought to have a robust species barrier when exposed to the naturally occurring prion diseases of other species, but the susceptibility of swine to the agent of sheep scrapie has not been thoroughly tested. ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. Developed a method for amplification and discrimination of the 3 forms of BSE in cattle. The prion protein (PrP) is a protein that is the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The disease process involves conversion of the normal cellular PrP to a pathogenic misfolded conformation. This conversion process can be recreated in the lab using a misfolding amplification process known as real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). RT-QuIC allows the detection of minute amounts of the abnormal infectious form of the prion protein by inducing misfolding in a supplied substrate. Although RT-QuIC has been successfully used to detect pathogenic PrP with substrates from a variety of host species, prior to this work bovine prion protein had not been proven for its practical uses for RT-QuIC. We demonstrated that prions from transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and BSE-infected cattle can be detected with using bovine prion proteins with RT-QuIC, and developed an RT-QuIC based approach to discriminate different forms of BSE. This rapid and robust method, both to detect and discriminate BSE types, is of importance as the economic implications for different types of BSE vary greatly.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Review Publications</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author item MOORE, SARAH - Orise Fellow item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item KONDRU, NAVEEN - Iowa State University item MANNE, SIREESHA - Iowa State University item Smith, Jodi item Kunkle, Robert item KANTHASAMY, ANUMANTHA - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Submitted to: Journal of Virology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/6/2017 Publication Date: 9/12/2017 Citation: Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H., Kondru, N., Manne, S., Smith, J.D., Kunkle, R.A., Kanthasamy, A., Greenlee, J.J. 2017. Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation. Journal of Virology. 91(19):e00926-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17. Interpretive Summary: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of wild and captive deer and elk that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether CWD can transmit to swine is unknown. This study evaluated the potential of pigs to develop CWD after either intracranial or oral inoculation. Our data indicates that swine do accumulate the abnormal prion protein associated with CWD after intracranial or oral inoculation. Further, there was evidence of abnormal prion protein accumulation in lymph nodes. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. This information is useful to wildlife managers and individuals in the swine and captive cervid industries. These findings could impact future regulations for the disposal of offal from deer and elk slaughtered in commercial operations. U.S. regulators should carefully consider the new information from this study before relaxing feed ban standards designed to control potentially feed borne prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following oral or intracranial experimental inoculation. Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non-inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT-QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from pigs in all inoculated groups. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. This study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD, though with scant PrPSc accumulation requiring sensitive detection methods. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=339093</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk.” </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“These findings could impact future regulations for the disposal of offal from deer and elk slaughtered in commercial operations.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“U.S. regulators should carefully consider the new information from this study before relaxing feed ban standards designed to control potentially feed borne prion diseases.”</div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed Scientists Comments December 20, 2005</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/docket-no-2002n-0273-formerly-docket-no.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/docket-no-2002n-0273-formerly-docket-no.html</a> </div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">4. RACCOONS, Beavers, Rodents, Mountain Lions, Pumas, Wolves<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Paulina Sotoa,b, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143 PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume 28, Number 4—April 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Increased Attack Rates and Decreased Incubation Periods in Raccoons with Chronic Wasting Disease Passaged through Meadow Voles</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">S. Jo Moore, Christina M. Carlson, Jay R. Schneider, Christopher J. Johnson, and Justin J. GreenleeComments to Author Author affiliations: US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA (S.J. Moore, J.J. Greenlee); US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (C.M. Carlson, J.R. Schneider, C.J. Johnson).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring neurodegenerative disease of cervids. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) have previously been shown to be susceptible to the CWD agent. To investigate the potential for transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer to voles and subsequently to raccoons, we intracranially inoculated raccoons with brain homogenate from a CWD-affected white-tailed deer (CWDWtd) or derivatives of this isolate after it had been passaged through voles 1 or 5 times. We found that passage of the CWDWtd isolate through voles led to a change in the biologic behavior of the CWD agent, including increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons. A better understanding of the dynamics of cross-species transmission of CWD prions can provide insights into how these infectious proteins evolve in new hosts.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion diseases of free-ranging animals do not exist in isolation. Meadow voles and raccoons are widespread in North America, and their habitat ranges overlap with those of CWD-affected white-tailed deer and other cervids. Therefore, a substantial potential for exposure of these or other off-target species to CWD infectivity in the environment exists. We have demonstrated that CWDWtd from a GS96 white-tailed deer transmitted readily to raccoons. Passage of this isolate through voles followed by intracranial inoculation of raccoons with vole-derived inoculum resulted in disease with different biologic characteristics and neuropathology than the original CWDWtd isolate. These results provide strong evidence for the emergence of a novel strain of CWD after passage in meadow voles and raccoons. Therefore, interspecies transmission of CWD prions between cervids and noncervid species that share the same habitat might represent a confounding factor in CWD-management programs. In addition, passage of CWD prions through off-target species might represent a source of novel CWD strains with unknown biologic characteristics, including zoonotic potential. Characterization of the biologic behavior of CWD isolates after cross-species transmission will help us develop more effective management strategies for CWD-affected populations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Susceptibility of Beavers to Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Allen Herbst 1 2 3, Serene Wohlgemuth 2 4, Jing Yang 2 4, Andrew R Castle 2 4, Diana Martinez Moreno 2 5, Alicia Otero 6, Judd M Aiken 2 3, David Westaway 2 4, Debbie McKenzie 2 5</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 35625395 PMCID: PMC9137852 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050667</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious, fatal, neurodegenerative prion disease of cervids. The expanding geographical range and rising prevalence of CWD are increasing the risk of pathogen transfer and spillover of CWD to non-cervid sympatric species. As beavers have close contact with environmental and food sources of CWD infectivity, we hypothesized that they may be susceptible to CWD prions. We evaluated the susceptibility of beavers to prion diseases by challenging transgenic mice expressing beaver prion protein (tgBeaver) with five strains of CWD, four isolates of rodent-adapted prions and one strain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. All CWD strains transmitted to the tgBeaver mice, with attack rates highest from moose CWD and the 116AG and H95+ strains of deer CWD. Mouse-, rat-, and especially hamster-adapted prions were also transmitted with complete attack rates and short incubation periods. We conclude that the beaver prion protein is an excellent substrate for sustaining prion replication and that beavers are at risk for CWD pathogen transfer and spillover.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Keywords: beavers; chronic wasting disease; prions; wildlife diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625395/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625395/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, MARCH 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Mountain lions, Wolves, Coyotes, could help stop the spread of CWD TSE Prion in deer, WHERE STUPID MEETS THE ROAD! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">5. RODENTS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Susceptibility of Several North American Rodents That Are Sympatric with Cervid CWD Epidemics</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Authors: Dennis M. Heisey dheisey@usgs.gov, Natalie A. Mickelsen, Jay R. Schneider, Christopher J. Johnson, Chad J. Johnson, Julia A. Langenberg, Philip N. Bochsler, Delwyn P. Keane, Daniel J. BarrAUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00560-09" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly contagious always fatal neurodegenerative disease that is currently known to naturally infect only species of the deer family, Cervidae. CWD epidemics are occurring in free-ranging cervids at several locations in North America, and other wildlife species are certainly being exposed to infectious material. To assess the potential for transmission, we intracerebrally inoculated four species of epidemic-sympatric rodents with CWD. Transmission was efficient in all species; the onset of disease was faster in the two vole species than the two Peromyscus spp. The results for inocula prepared from CWD-positive deer with or without CWD-resistant genotypes were similar. Survival times were substantially shortened upon second passage, demonstrating adaptation. Unlike all other known prion protein sequences for cricetid rodents that possess asparagine at position 170, our red-backed voles expressed serine and refute previous suggestions that a serine in this position substantially reduces susceptibility to CWD. Given the scavenging habits of these rodent species, the apparent persistence of CWD prions in the environment, and the inevitable exposure of these rodents to CWD prions, our intracerebral challenge results indicate that further investigation of the possibility of natural transmission is warranted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In light of our findings, the possibility of natural transmission to rodents cannot be dismissed. This is concerning because of a TSE's ability to change its properties and host affinities after being passaged (4). Cannibalism and scavenging are common among small rodents, and small rodents are a very important food source for many predators and scavengers. Small rodent tissue also enters the domestic livestock and human food chain by accidental inclusion in grain and forage. Further investigation of these species as potential hosts, bridge species, and reservoirs of CWD is warranted. Even in its natural cervid hosts, the mechanisms of natural transmission and infection of CWD are not well understood. However, the ability to support amplification of PrPd would seem to be a prerequisite, which all of our rodent species have demonstrated. We have initiated studies to examine the susceptibility of these rodent species via more natural routes of infection.</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/reader/10.1128/JVI.00560-09" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/reader/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00560-09" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research, however, suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008). It is apparent, though, that CWD is affecting wild and farmed cervid populations in endemic areas with some deer populations decreasing as a result. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SNIP... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">price of prion poker goes up for cwd to cattle; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, April 04, 2016 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle ***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">repeating our same failures, over and over again...<span style="outline: currentcolor;">8. 21 CFR Part 589.2000</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">8. 21 CFR Part 589.2000 Failed Mad Cow Feed Ban in USA (these are just a few examples of 100s i have filed...terry)</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">a) Bulk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">b) None</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">c) Bulk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">d) Bulk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">___________________________________</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CODE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">42,090 lbs.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WI</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">___________________________________</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CODE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">9,997,976 lbs.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ID and NV</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a> </div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 29, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">The use of animal by-products in a circular bioeconomy: Time for a TSE road map 3? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-use-of-animal-by-products-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-use-of-animal-by-products-in.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018- 0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 116 (Monday, June 17, 2019)] [Notices] [Pages 28001-28002] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2019-12654]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">[Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT </span>United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">United Kingdom - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">Total BSE Cases 181,137<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">General statistics on BSE cases in Great Britain </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total farms 36199 n/a</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total Cases 181137 n/a</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dairy Farms 22423 61.94</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Suckler Farms 10240 28.29</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mixed Farms 2136 5.90</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Not Recorded 1400 3.87</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dairy Cases 146123 80.67</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Suckler cases 22015 12.15</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mixed Cases 10637 5.87</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Not Recorded 2362 1.30</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Purchased Cases 59155 32.66</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Homebred Cases 120744 66.66</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Not Recorded 1238 0.68 Confirmed dairy herd incidence 62.1% </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Confirmed suckler herd incidence 17.8% </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Confirmed total herd incidence 38.7% </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Youngest confirmed case 20 Months</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oldest confirmed case 22 Years Data valid to 30 November 2022* </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*These figures will only be updated when new data is reported </div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122885/Overview_Of_Great_Britain_2022_11_30_V5.0.ods" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122885/Overview_Of_Great_Britain_2022_11_30_V5.0.ods</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Overview of BSE Cases in Great Britain</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122885/Overview_Of_Great_Britain_2022_11_30_V5.0.ods" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122885/Overview_Of_Great_Britain_2022_11_30_V5.0.ods</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Age and related statistics</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122892/AgeAndRelatedStats_2022_11_30_V6.0.ods" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122892/AgeAndRelatedStats_2022_11_30_V6.0.ods</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE cases born after the reinforced feed ban (BARB) in the UK</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122893/BARB_tables_2022_11_30.ods" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122893/BARB_tables_2022_11_30.ods</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Details These documents provide statistics on the number of cases of TSE disease found through the active and passive disease surveillance of cattle in the United Kingdom.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cases of TSE disease identified in cattle from passive surveillance in United Kingdom have been recorded since 1986. The UK carried out limited active surveillance in cattle from 1999 to 2001. The European Union active surveillance programme started in July 2001.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The UK carries out active disease surveillance for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. The testing programme includes cattle over 48 months of age which:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">die or are killed other than for human consumption (fallen cattle) are emergency slaughtered or show certain abnormalities at ante-mortem inspection These age thresholds apply to cattle born in the United Kingdom or in other EU member states except Bulgaria and Romania. For cattle born elsewhere the age thresholds are 24 months for fallen cattle or emergency slaughtered cattle, and 30 months for healthy fallen cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Passive disease surveillance takes place when an animal with clinical signs suspicious of a TSE disease is reported to Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), and further investigation determines whether the animal was affected by BSE or scrapie.</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cattle-tse-surveillance-statistics" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cattle-tse-surveillance-statistics</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">ODD to me, all these mad cow cases showing up about the same time???</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NOW before you go off and start repeating BSE TSE Prion science that is almost 50 years old, let's be perfectly clear what science is saying today, and especially what the WAHIS/WOAH/OIE et al are saying about the atypical BSE strains... OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?, what if?</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author item CASSMANN, ERIC - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item MOORE, SARA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin </span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: Frontiers in Veterinary Science Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/14/2019 Publication Date: 11/29/2019 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S.J., Smith, J.D., Greenlee, J.J. 2019. </span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues. </span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6:430. <span dir="ltr"><span dir="ltr">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430</span></span>. DOI: <span dir="ltr"><span dir="ltr">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430</span></span> </span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are protein misfolding diseases that are transmissible between animals. The outcome of prion infection is irreversible brain damage and death. Transmission can occur between animals of the same or different species, however, transmission between different species is usually less efficient due to the species barrier, which results from differences in the amino acid sequence of the prion protein between the donor and recipient species. The present work evaluated whether transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) can infect sheep. Our results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the TME agent and that the TME agent has similar properties to the agent of L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a food borne prion disease. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests similarities between the agent of TME and L-BSE. This experiment demonstrates the susceptibility of four different genotypes of sheep to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation. The four genotypes of sheep used in this experiment had polymorphisms corresponding to codons 136 and 171 of the prion gene: VV136QQ171, AV136QQ171, AA136QQ171, and AA136QR171. All intracranially inoculated sheep without comorbidities (15/15) developed clinical scrapie and had detectable PrPSc by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The mean incubation periods in TME infected sheep correlated with their relative genotypic susceptibility. There was peripheral distribution of PrPSc in the trigeminal ganglion and neuromuscular spindles; however, unlike classical scrapie and C-BSE in sheep, ovine TME did not accumulate in the lymphoid tissue. To rule out the presence of infectious, but proteinase K susceptible PrPSc, the lymph nodes of two sheep genotypes, VV136QQ171 and AA136QQ171, were bioassayed in transgenic ovinized mice. None of the mice (0/32) inoculated by the intraperitoneal route had detectable PrPSc by EIA. Interestingly, mice intracranially inoculated with RPLN tissue from a VV136QQ171 sheep were EIA positive (3/17) indicating that sheep inoculated with TME harbor infectivity in their lymph nodes. Western blot analysis demonstrated similarities in the migration patterns between ovine TME and the bovine TME inoculum. Overall, these results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME, and that the tissue distribution of PrPSc in TME infected sheep is distinct from classical scrapie.</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305</a><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665</a><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668</a><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Previous work has shown that the Stetsonville, WI outbreak of TME could have been precipitated by feeding mink a downer cow with atypical BSE; therefore, it very well may have originated from a cow with L-BSE. The agent of TME appears to remain stable, and it has a high transmission efficiency after a sequence of interspecies transmission events. Although C-BSE is the archetypal foodborne TSE, our findings indicate that L-BSE and bTME have greater transmission efficiencies in bovinized mice. Previous work has demonstrated that L-BSE also is more virulent than C-BSE in mice expressing the human prion protein [46, 55]. Although the documented incidence of L-BSE is low, the propensity of L-BSE and the TME agent to cross species barriers support the continued monitoring for atypical BSE.</span><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0</a></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;">***>This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.<***</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1985</span><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 13.3333px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip... </div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: helvetica; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=============== </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=============== </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">============== </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">1933-6896</span> printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...SEE;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">PAST US MAD COW CASES AND TRACEABILITY PROBLEMS, WHAT'S IT GOING TO TAKE?</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> AUG. 11, 2017</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>Assuming no other factors influenced the levels of correct diagnosis and that the numbers estimated for 1997 to 1999 were a true representation of the potential under-diagnosis of the entire epidemic up until 1999, then the total number of missed cases positive for BSE could have been in the region of 5,500.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA did not test possible mad cows</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By Steve Mitchell</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">United Press International</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published 6/8/2004 9:30 PM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WASHINGTON, June 8 (UPI) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture claims ittested 500 cows with signs of a brain disorder for mad cow disease last year, but agency documents obtained by United Press International show the agency tested only half that number.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS 2ND MAD COW THAT WAS COVERED UP, AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS, AND CALLS FROM TSE PRION SCIENTIST AROUND THE GLOBE, THIS 2ND MAD COW IN TEXAS WAS CONFIRMED</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THE USDA MAD COW FOLLIES POSITIVE TEST COVER UP</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">JOHANNS SECRET POSTIVE MAD COW TEST THAT WERE IGNORED</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OIG AND THE HONORABLE FONG CONFIRMS TEXAS MAD AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS 7 MONTHS LATER</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS MAD COW</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THEY DID FINALLY TEST AFTER SITTING 7+ MONTHS ON A SHELF WHILE GW BORE THE BSE MRR POLICY, i.e. legal trading of all strains of TSE. now understand, i confirmed this case 7 months earlier to the TAHC, and then, only after i contacted the Honorable Phyllis Fong and after an act of Congress, this animal was finally confirmed ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">During the course of the investigation, USDA removed and tested a total of 67 animals of interest from the farm where the index animal's herd originated. All of these animals tested negative for BSE. 200 adult animals of interest were determined to have left the index farm. Of these 200, APHIS officials determined that 143 had gone to slaughter, two were found alive (one was determined not to be of interest because of its age and the other tested negative), 34 are presumed dead, one is known dead and 20 have been classified as untraceable. In addition to the adult animals, APHIS was looking for two calves born to the index animal. Due to record keeping and identification issues, APHIS had to trace 213 calves. Of these 213 calves, 208 entered feeding and slaughter channels, four are presumed to have entered feeding and slaughter channels and one calf was untraceable.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20090424121101/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090424121101/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Executive Summary In June 2005, an inconclusive bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) sample from November 2004, that had originally been classified as negative on the immunohistochemistry test, was confirmed positive on SAF immunoblot (Western blot). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) identified the herd of origin for the index cow in Texas; that identification was confirmed by DNA analysis. USDA, in close cooperation with the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), established an incident command post (ICP) and began response activities according to USDA’s BSE Response Plan of September 2004. Response personnel removed at-risk cattle and cattle of interest (COI) from the index herd, euthanized them, and tested them for BSE; all were negative. USDA and the State extensively traced all at-risk cattle and COI that left the index herd. The majority of these animals entered rendering and/or slaughter channels well before the investigation began. USDA’s response to the Texas finding was thorough and effective.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Trace Herd 3 The owner of Trace Herd 3 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest. The herd was placed under hold order on 7/27/05. The herd inventory was conducted on 7/28/05. The animal of interest was not present within the herd, and the hold order was released on 7/28/05. The person who thought he sold the animal to the owner of Trace Herd 3 had no records and could not remember who else he might have sold the cow to. Additionally, a search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable because all leads were exhausted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Trace Herd 4 The owner of Trace Herd 4 was identified as having received one of the COI through an order buyer. Trace Herd 4 was placed under hold order on 7/29/05. A complete herd inventory was conducted on 8/22/05 and 8/23/05. There were 233 head of cattle that were examined individually by both State and Federal personnel for all man-made identification and brands. The animal of interest was not present within the herd. Several animals were reported to have died in the herd sometime after they arrived on the premises in April 2005. A final search of GDB records yielded no further results on the eartag of interest at either subsequent market sale or slaughter. With all leads having been exhausted, this animal of interest has been classified as untraceable. The hold order on Trace Herd 4 was released on 8/23/05.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Trace Herd 5 The owner of Trace Herd 5 was identified as having received two COI and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 5 is made up of 67 head of cattle in multiple pastures. During the course of the herd inventory, the owner located records that indicated that one of the COI, a known birth cohort, had been sold to Trace Herd 8 where she was subsequently found alive. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the other animal of interest was not found within the herd. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 5 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest and she was subsequently classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 5 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Trace Herd 6 The owner of Trace Herd 6 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. This herd is made up of 58 head of cattle on two pastures. A herd inventory was conducted and the animal of interest was not present within the herd. The owner of Trace Herd 6 had very limited records and was unable to provide further information on where the cow might have gone after he purchased her from the livestock market. A search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. Additionally, many of the animals presented for sale by the owner of the herd had been re-tagged at the market effectually losing the traceability of the history of that animal prior to re-tagging. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 6 was released on 8/3/05.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Trace Herd 7 The owner of Trace Herd 7 was identified as having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 7 contains 487 head of cattle on multiple pastures in multiple parts of the State, including a unit kept on an island. The island location is a particularly rough place to keep cattle and the owner claimed to have lost 22 head on the island in 2004 due to liver flukes. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the animal of interest was not found present within Trace Herd 7. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 7 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest. The cow was subsequently classified as untraceable. It is quite possible though that she may have died within the herd, especially if she belonged to the island unit. The hold order on Trace Herd 7 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060315165436/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060315165436/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080922232504/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080922232504/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL Washington, D.C. 20250 January 25, 2006 REPLY TO ATTN OF: 50601-10-KC TO: W. Ron DeHaven Administrator Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Barbara Masters Administrator Food Safety and Inspection Service ATTN: William J. Hudnall Deputy Administrator Marketing Regulatory Program Business Services William C. Smith Assistant Administrator Office of Program Evaluation, Enforcement, and Review FROM: Robert W. Young /s/ Assistant Inspector General for Audit SUBJECT: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III This report presents the results of our audit of the enhanced BSE surveillance program and controls over specified risk materials and advanced meat recovery products. Your written response to the official draft report, dated January 20, 2006, is included as exhibit G with excerpts of the response and the Office of Inspector General’s (OIG) position incorporated into the Findings and Recommendations section of the report, where applicable. We accept the management decisions for all recommendations. Please follow your agency’s internal procedures in forwarding documentation for final action to the Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO). We are providing a separate memorandum to the agencies and OCFO that provides specific information on the actions to be completed to achieve final action. We appreciate your timely response and the cooperation and assistance provided to our staff during the audit USDA/OIG-A/50601-10-KC/ Page i</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Executive Summary</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results in Brief This report evaluates elements of the interlocking safeguards in place to protect United States (U.S.) beef from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, widely known as BSE or "mad cow disease." Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), has led a multi-agency effort to monitor and prevent BSE from entering the food supply. After discovering a BSE-positive cow in December 2003, APHIS expanded its BSE surveillance program. To further protect the food supply, USDA banned materials identified as being at risk of carrying BSE (specified risk materials (SRM)), such as central nervous system tissue. As part of this effort, USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) required beef slaughter and processing facilities to incorporate controls for handling such materials into their operational plans. Onsite FSIS inspectors also inspect cattle for clinical signs in order to prevent diseased animals from being slaughtered for human consumption. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safeguards, we assessed APHIS’ implementation of the expanded surveillance program, as well as FSIS’ controls to prevent banned SRMs from entering the food supply.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In June 2004, APHIS implemented its expanded surveillance program; participation by industry in this surveillance program is voluntary. As of May 2005, over 350,000 animals were sampled and tested for BSE. To date, two animals tested positive for BSE; one tested positive after implementation of the expanded surveillance program.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA made significant efforts to implement the expanded BSE surveillance program. Much needed to be done in a short period of time to establish the necessary processes, controls, infrastructure, and networks to assist in this effort. In addition, extensive outreach and coordination was undertaken with other Federal, State, and local entities, private industry, and laboratory and veterinary networks. This report provides an assessment as to the progress USDA made in expanding its surveillance effort and the effectiveness of its controls and processes. This report also discusses the limitations of its program and data in assessing the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. herd.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">40 ELISA test procedures require two additional (duplicate) tests if the initial test is reactive, before final interpretation. If either of the duplicate tests is reactive, the test is deemed inconclusive.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">41 Protocol for BSE Contract Laboratories to Receive and Test Bovine Brain Samples and Report Results for BSE Surveillance Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), dated October 26, 2004.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">42 The NVSL conducted an ELISA test on the original material tested at the contract laboratory and on two new cuts from the sample tissue.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">43 A visual examination of brain tissue by a microscope.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">44 A localized pathological change in a bodily organ or tissue.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PLEASE SEE FLAMING EVIDENCE THAT THE USDA ET AL COVERED UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PAGE 43;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Section 2. Testing Protocols and Quality Assurance Controls</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FULL TEXT 130 PAGES</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080920075242/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080920075242/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20090626021608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090626021608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080921202102/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080921202102/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">October 31, 2002 Review of the Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States Conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health and Center for Computational Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University Final Report Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Office of Public Health and Science Prepared by RTI Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 RTI Project Number 07182.024</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, February 14, 2010</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2001</span> FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2001</span> FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">PLOS ONE Journal </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2001</span> BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2009–0095</span>] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, June 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">BSE REDBOOK</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Preliminary Notification</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">The director of NVSL is responsible for immediately notifying the APHIS, Veterinary Services (VS) deputy administrator when tests suggest a presumptive diagnosis of BSE. Once NVSL has made a presumptive diagnosis of BSE, APHIS and FSIS field activities will also be initiated. APHIS will receive notification (either confirming or not confirming NVSL's diagnosis) from the United Kingdom anywhere between 24 and 96 hours. (The international animal health community has recognized the United Kingdom's Central Veterinary Laboratory {CVL} as the world's reference laboratory for diagnosing BSE. Other countries, including Belgium, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Switzerland, have all sent samples to this lab to confirm their first case of BSE).</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">BSE Response Team</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">The BSE Response Team will complete the informational memorandum for the Secretary. The Team will prepare the letter to the Office of International Epizootics (OIE), the international animal health organization, for signature by the APHIS, VS Deputy Administrator. OIE requires that all countries submit official notification within 24 hours of confirming a diagnosis of BSE. The BSE Response Team and the office of the APHIS, VS Deputy Administrator would coordinate a teleconference to inform all APHIS regional directors and AVIC'S. The BSE Response Team and the office of the FSIS, OPHS Deputy Administrator would coordinate a teleconference to inform all regional and field FSIS offices. The BSE Response Team would coordinate a teleconference to notify other Federal agencies. The BSE Response Team would coordinate a teleconference to notify key industry/consumer representatives. The BSE Response Team and APHIS International Services would notify foreign embassies. The BSE Response Team would establish a toll-free 800 telephone line for industry representatives, reporters, and the public. The BSE Response Team would coordinate with APHIS Legislative and Public Affairs and USDA office of Communications to issue a press release the day the diagnosis is confirmed. The press release would announce a press conference to be held the morning after the diagnosis is confirmed......</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">THE END</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-138-126.ipset18.wt.net) </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Hunkering down in the APHIS BSE Situation Room... </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Date: February 14, 2000 at 9:04 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: hunkering down in the APHIS BSE Situation Room </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Date: Wed, 12 May 1999 01:55:54 -0800 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">From: tom Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">i am looking now a bizarre Oct 98 internal USDA publication describing a james bond-type US effort to control media should the long-anticipated first case of BSE in the US be admitted.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">'Players' on the 27 member BSE Response Team are to be flown in from all over the country to a BSE Headquarters 'situation room' apparently an underground bunker in Riverdale, Maryland under the command of the Assistant Secretary of Marketing.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Authentic press releases are already prepared and ready to go out after a few specifics have been filled in. They are spelled out in a separate document, the BSE Red Book, aka BSE Emergency Disease Guidelines.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Aphis' National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) activates team assembly. From the time a bovine brain sample is submitted, it takes 14-18 days to confirm a diagnosis of BSE. In the first 10-13 days, NVSL have enough information to determine the need for additional tests. If a provisional BSE diagnosis is made, the sample is 'hand-carried' (are they going to tell the airline and customs?) to the Central Veterinary Laboratory in England for confirmation, where they are expecting a 24 to 96 hour turn-around.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">I guess that means we can get the white tiger brain analyzed by Friday despite the 22 year delay to date. Maybe we could throw in a few cougar brains from NE Colorado too.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">A Team Member is designated to silently monitor this listserve and www.mad-cow.org (among others) -- for what, it doesn't say. The Freedom of Information Act request from the East Coast consumer group turned up numerous top-secret USDA downloads from that site and Dealler's.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">After 24 hours of secret briefings for 'select industry and trading partners' (to allow them to take positions on the commodities markets opposite the 'non-select' industry and trading partners?), a press conference will be held the next day.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">There are plans to trace the cow, its lineage, its herdmates, the renderer, traceout of product, buyout of herd, farm of origin, to get the state involved to quarantine the herd (pre-arranged for all 50 states), expectations for trade bans, notification of OIE within 24 hours, media 800 numbers, spokespersons and backups, notify CDC, FDA, NIH, and many other commendable activities. The Flow Chart is a sight to behold, I will try to scan it in tomorrow.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">In short, that cow is going to be toast by the time the public first hears about it.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">The Plan does not speak to the scenario in which the CVL says, yes, this is bovine spongiform encephalopathy all right but it is one of your strains, not ours. Invoking their Absence of Evidence is Evidence of Absence principle, there may be no perceived need for public disclosure in this case.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">USDA is caught completely unprepared if BSE first turns up in a US zoo animal. These animals could easily be diagnosed outside the "system" and be the subject of a publicity-seeking lab press release. I think this is a more likely scenario because the US has likely imported many thousands of zoo animals with advanced infections from Britain and France and there has been zero monitoring. Unlike with downer cows, anyone with the right colleagues can get ahold of a fallen zoo animal. Zoo animals enter the food chain in some cases after being rendered.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Another scenario would be some stock market speculator obtaining the Red Book and issuing a flurry of bogus but authentic-looking press releases that included bogus 800 and hacked USDA web links. The press here is so lazy and so accustomed to putting out public relation handouts as news that the objectives would be accomplished for a few hour (or days, depending on the Response Team's paralysis vis-a-vis off-flow chart events). Some people think a practise run for this happened in the Indiana case a year or two back.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">The first case of nvCJD in an American will also be a public relations fiasco. In the dim bulb of the public mind, any American with mad cow disease would have gotten it from eating meat here. USDA has no way to prove that the victim acquired it on a three week trip to England in 1987. This will sound lame even to the press. All CJD is synonymous with mad cow disease in the public perception; the more often the different kinds are explained, the more their suspicions are aroused. The first case of nvCJD in an American will simply validate what they already know and just be viewed as an overdue admission from the government.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">tom</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">___________________________________________________________</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-130-102.ipset10.wt.net) </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: When a case of B.S.E. is found in the U.S/Response to Disease outbreak...'redbook' </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Date: March 13, 2000 at 10:13 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">BSE Red Book 2.1-26</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">5.0 Response to Disease Outbreak</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full report of From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-130-102.ipset10.wt.net) Subject: When a case of B.S.E. is found in the U.S/Response to Disease outbreak...'redbook' Date: March 13, 2000 at 10:13 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, April 6, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WOAH OIE CHAPTER 11.4 . BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY Article 11.4.1. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/04/woah-oie-chapter-114-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/04/woah-oie-chapter-114-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD Price of Poker Goes Up</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The risk of CJD increases with age; the 2016–2020 average annual rate in the United States was about 5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 1999</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">US scientists develop a possible test for BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BMJ 1999; 319 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b (Published 13 November 1999)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:1312</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 November 1999</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">medically retired</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rapid Response:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Re: vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In reading the recent article in the BMJ about the potential BSE tests being developed in the U.S. and Bart Van Everbroeck reply. It does not surprize me, that the U.S. has been concealing vCJD. There have been people dying from CJD, with all the symptoms and pathological findings that resemble U.K. vCJD for some time. It just seems that when there is one found, they seem to change the clarical classification of the disease, to fit their agenda. I have several autopsies, stating kuru type amyloid plaques, one of the victims was 41 years of age. Also, my Mom died a most hideous death, Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Her symptoms resemble that of all the U.K. vCJD victims. She would jerk so bad at times, it would take 3 of us to hold her down, while she screamed "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this." 1st of symptoms to death, 10 weeks, she went blind in the first few weeks. But, then they told me that this was just another strain of sporadic CJD. They can call it what ever they want, but I know what I saw, and what she went through. Sporadic, simply means, they do not know.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">My neighbors Mom also died from CJD. She had been taking a nutritional supplement which contained the following;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. As I said, this woman taking these nutritional supplements, died from CJD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The particular batch of pills that was located, in which she was taking, was tested. From what I have heard, they came up negative, for the prion protein. But, in the same breath, they said their testing, may not have been strong enough to pick up the infectivity. Plus, she had been taking these type pills for years, so, could it have come from another batch?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is just a small piece of a very big puzzle. I have seen while deer hunting, deer, squirrels and birds, eating from cattle feed troughs where they feed cattle, the high protein cattle by products, at least up until Aug. 4, 1997.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">So why would it be so hard to believe that this is how they might become infected with a TSE. Or, even by potentially infected land. It's been well documented that it could be possible, from scrapie. Cats becoming infected with a TSE. Have you ever read the ingredients on the labels of cat and dog food? But, they do not put these tissues from these animals in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, hGH, hPG, blood products, heart valves, and the many more products that come from bovine, ovine, or porcine tissues and organs. So, as I said, this CWD would be a small piece of a very big puzzle. But, it is here, and it most likely has killed. You see, greed is what caused this catastrophe, rendering and feeding practices. But, once Pandora's box was opened, the potential routes of infection became endless.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">No BSE in the U.S.A.? I would not be so sure of that considering that since 1990;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 1990 the U.S. has raised 1,250,880,700 cattle;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 1990 the U.S. has ONLY checked 8,881 cattle brains for BSE, as of Oct. 4, 1999;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There are apprx. 100,000 DOWNER cattle annually in the U.S., that up until Aug. 4, 1997 went to the renders for feed;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Scrapie running rampant for years in the U.S., 950 infected FLOCKS, as of Aug. 1999;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our feeding and rendering practices have mirrored that of the U.K. for years, some say it was worse. Everything from the downer cattle, to those scrapie infected sheep, to any roadkill, including the city police horse and the circus elephant went to the renders for feed and other products for consumption. Then they only implemented a partial feed ban on Aug. 4, 1997, but pigs, chickens, dogs, and cats, and humans were exempt from that ban. So they can still feed pigs and chickens those potentially TSE tainted by-products, and then they can still feed those by-products back to the cows. I believe it was Dr. Joe Gibbs, that said, the prion protein, can survive the digestinal track. So you have stopped nothing. It was proven in Oprah Winfrey's trial, that Cactus Cattle feeders, sent neurologically ill cattle, some with encephalopathy stamped on the dead slips, were picked up and sent to the renders, along with sheep carcasses. Speaking of autopsies, I have a stack of them, from CJD victims. You would be surprised of the number of them, who ate cow brains, elk brains, deer brains, or hog brains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I believe all these TSE's are going to be related, and originally caused by the same greedy Industries, and they will be many. Not just the Renders, but you now see, that they are re-using medical devices that were meant for disposal. Some medical institutions do not follow proper auto- claving procedures (even Olympus has put out a medical warning on their endescopes about CJD, and the fact you cannot properly clean these instruments from TSE's), and this is just one product. Another route of infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Regardless what the Federal Government in the U.S. says. It's here, I have seen it, and the longer they keep sweeping it under the rug and denying the fact that we have a serious problem, one that could surpass aids (not now, but in the years to come, due to the incubation period), they will be responsible for the continued spreading of this deadly disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It's their move, it's CHECK, but once CHECKMATE has been called, how many thousands or millions, will be at risk or infected or even dead. You can't play around with these TSE's. I cannot stress that enough. They are only looking at body bags, and the fact the count is so low. But, then you have to look at the fact it is not a reportable disease in most states, mis-diagnosis, no autopsies performed. The fact that their one-in-a- million theory is a crude survey done about 5 years ago, that's a joke, under the above circumstances. A bad joke indeed........</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The truth will come, but how many more have to die such a hideous death. It's the Government's call, and they need to make a serious move, soon. This problem, potential epidemic, is not going away, by itself.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bacliff, Texas 77518 USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">flounder@wt.net</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Competing interests: No competing interests </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2000</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">02 January 2000 Terry S Singeltary retired</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rapid Response: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To be continued...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To the Editor: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a> </div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD) the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish search did not lead him to the smoking gun linking CWD to a similar disease in North American people, it did uncover a largely disappointing situation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary was greatly demoralised at the few attempts to monitor the occurrence of CJD and CWD in the USA. Only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal TSEs should be reportable nationwide and internationally, he complained in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 2003; 285: 733). I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85% plus of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route or source.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Until recently, CWD was thought to be confined to the wild in a small region in Colorado. But since early 2002, it has been reported in other areas, including Wisconsin, South Dakota, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Indeed, the occurrence of CWD in states that were not endemic previously increased concern about a widespread outbreak and possible transmission to people and cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To date, experimental studies have proven that the CWD agent can be transmitted to cattle by intracerebral inoculation and that it can cross the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to initiate infection in lymphoid tissue before invasion of the central nervous system. Yet the plausibility of CWD spreading to people has remained elusive.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Part of the problem seems to stem from the US surveillance system. CJD is only reported in those areas known to be endemic foci of CWD. Moreover, US authorities have been criticised for not having performed enough prionic tests in farm deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although in November last year the US Food and Drug Administration issued a directive to state public-health and agriculture officials prohibiting material from CWD-positive animals from being used as an ingredient in feed for any animal species, epidemiological control and research in the USA has been quite different from the situation in the UK and Europe regarding BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Getting data on TSEs in the USA from the government is like pulling teeth, Singeltary argues. You get it when they want you to have it, and only what they want you to have.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Norman Foster, director of the Cognitive Disorders Clinic at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), says that current surveillance of prion disease in people in the USA is inadequate to detect whether CWD is occurring in human beings; adding that, the cases that we know about are reassuring, because they do not suggest the appearance of a new variant of CJD in the USA or atypical features in patients that might be exposed to CWD. However, until we establish a system that identifies and analyses a high proportion of suspected prion disease cases we will not know for sure. The USA should develop a system modelled on that established in the UK, he points out.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ali Samii, a neurologist at Seattle VA Medical Center who recently reported the cases of three hunters two of whom were friends who died from pathologically confirmed CJD, says that at present there are insufficient data to claim transmission of CWD into humans; adding that [only] by asking [the questions of venison consumption and deer/elk hunting] in every case can we collect suspect cases and look into the plausibility of transmission further. Samii argues that by making both doctors and hunters more aware of the possibility of prions spreading through eating venison, doctors treating hunters with dementia can consider a possible prion disease, and doctors treating CJD patients will know to ask whether they ate venison.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CDC spokesman Ermias Belay says that the CDC will not be investigating the [Samii] cases because there is no evidence that the men ate CWD-infected meat. He notes that although the likelihood of CWD jumping the species barrier to infect humans cannot be ruled out 100% and that [we] cannot be 100% sure that CWD does not exist in humans& the data seeking evidence of CWD transmission to humans have been very limited. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">January 28, 2003; 60 (2) VIEWS & REVIEWS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published March 26, 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">26 March 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Pathological Protein: Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">by Philip Yam </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population''...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Revisiting Sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It’s not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. “I have my conspiracy theories,” admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation’s most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union’s Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow.org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">223</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people’s health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary has similar inclinations, but unlike these men, he doesn’t have the professional credentials behind him. He is an 11th-grade dropout, a machinist who retired because of a neck injury sustained at work. But you might not know that from the vast stores of information in his mind and on his hard drive. Over the years, he has provided unacknowledged help to reporters around the globe, passing on files to such big-time players as The New York Times, Newsweek, and USA Today. His networking with journalists, activists, and concerned citizens has helped medical authorities make contact with suspected CJD victims. He has kept scientists informed with his almost daily posting of news items and research abstracts on electronic newsgroups, including the bulletin board on www.vegsource.com and the BSE-listserv run out of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. His combative, blunt, opinionated style sometimes borders on obsessive ranting that earns praise from some officials and researchers but infuriates others—especially when he repeats his conviction that “the government has lied to us, the feed industry has lied to us—all over a buck.” As evidence, Singeltary cites the USDA’s testing approach, which targets downer cows and examined 19,900 of them in 2002. To him, the USDA should test 1 million cattle, because the incidence of BSE may be as low as one in a million, as it was in some European countries. That the U.S. does not, he thinks, is a sign that the government is really not interested in finding mad cows because of fears of an economic disaster.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary got into the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in 1997, just after his mother died of sporadic CJD. She had an especially aggressive version—the Heidenhain variant—that first causes the patient to go blind and then to deteriorate rapidly. She died just ten weeks after her symptoms began. Singeltary, who said he had watched his grandparents die of cancer, considered her death by CJD to be much, much worse: “It’s something you never forget.” Her uncontrollable muscle twitching became so bad “that it took three of us to hold her one time,” Singeltary recalled. “She did everything but levitate in bed and spin her head.” Doctors originally diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease, but a postmortem neuropathological exam demanded by Singeltary revealed the true nature of her death.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">224 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Classifying a disease as “sporadic” is another way for doctors to say they don’t know the cause. Normal prion proteins just turn rogue in the brain for no apparent reason. The term “sporadic” is often particularly hard for the victims’ families to accept, especially when the patient was previously in robust health. Maybe it was something in the water, they wonder, or in the air, or something they ate—the same questions CJD researchers tried to answer decades ago. The names “sporadic CJD” and “variant CJD” also confuse the public and raise suspicions that U.S. authorities are hiding something when they say there have been no native variant CJD cases in the country.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary suspected an environmental cause in his mother’s demise—a feeling reinforced a year later when a neighbor died of sporadic CJD. For years, the neighbor had been taking nutritional supplements that contained cow brain extracts. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health collected samples of the supplement, Singeltary recounted, and inoculated suspensions into mice. The mice remained healthy—which only means that those supplement samples tested were prion-free.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Scientists have made several attempts during the past few decades to find a connection between sporadic CJD and the environment. Often, these studies take the form of asking family members about CJD victims—their diet, occupation, medical history, hobbies, pets, and so forth—and comparing them with non-CJD subjects. Such case-control CJD studies have produced some intriguing—and sometimes contradictory—results. In 1985, Carleton Gajdusek and his NIH colleagues reported a correlation between CJD and eating a lot of roast pork, ham, hot dogs, and lamb, as well as rare meats and raw oysters.2 Yet they also recognized that the findings were preliminary and that more studies were needed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Following up, Robert Will of the U.K. National CJD Surveillance Unit and others pooled this data with those from two other case-control studies on CJD (one from Japan and one from the U.K.). In particular, they figured the so-called odds ratio—calculated by dividing the frequency of a possible factor in the patient group by the frequency of the factor in the control group. An odds ratio greater than 1 means that the factor may be significant. In their study, Will and his collaborators found an increase of CJD in people who have worked as health professionals (odds ratio of 1.5) and people who have had contact with cows</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Laying Odds 225</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1.7) and sheep (1.6). Unfortunately, those connections were not statistically significant: The numbers of pooled patients (117) and control subjects (333) were so small that the researchers felt the odds ratios needed to reach 2.5 to 8 (depending on the assumptions) before they could be deemed statistically significant. The only statistically significant correlations they found were between CJD and a family history of either CJD (19.1) or other psychotic disease (9.9), although the latter might simply be correlated because psychotic disease may be an early symptom of undiagnosed CJD.3 In contrast with earlier findings, the team concluded that there was no association between sporadic CJD and the consumption of organ meats, including brains (0.6).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although these case-control studies shed a certain amount of light on potential risk factors for CJD, it’s impossible to draw firm conclusions. Obtaining data that produces statistically meaningful results can be difficult because of the rarity of CJD and hence the shortage of subjects. Human memory is quite fragile, too, so patients’ families may not accurately recall the lifestyle and dietary habits of their loved ones over the course of a decade or more. Consequently, researchers must cope with data that probably contain significant biases. In a review paper on CJD, Joe Gibbs of the NIH and Richard T. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University concluded that “the absence of geographic differences in incidence is more convincing evidence against major dietary factors, since large populations eschew pork and some consume no meat or meat products.” A CJD study of lifelong vegetarians, they proposed, could produce some interesting data.4</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The inconclusive results of case-control studies do not completely rule out the environment as a possible cause of CJD. “Dr. Prusiner’s theory does fit much of the data of spontaneous generation of [malformed] PrP somewhere in the brain,” Will remarked—that is, the idea that sporadic CJD just happens by itself falls within the realm of the prion theory. Still, “it’s very odd, if you look at all the forms of human prion diseases there are, all of them are transmissible in the laboratory and could be due to some sort of infectious agent.”5 One of the great difficulties, he explained, is that “given that this is a disease of an extraordinarily long incubation period, are we really confident that we can exclude childhood exposure that is transmitted from person to person, as people move around? It’s difficult to be sure about that.” There might a “carrier state” that leaves people healthy yet still able to</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">226 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">infect others. If so, “you would never be able to identify what’s causing the spread of the disease,” concluded Will, who hasn’t stopped looking for a possible environmental link. He has some preliminary data based on studies that trace CJD victims’ lives well before the time symptoms began—up to 70 years; they suggest some degree of geographic clustering, but no obvious candidates for a source of infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Case for Undercounting</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The difficulty in establishing causal links in sporadic prion diseases—if there are any in the first place—underlines the importance of thorough surveillance. The U.K. has an active program, and when a victim of CJD is reported, one of Robert Will’s colleagues visits and questions the victim’s family. “No one has looked for CJD systematically in the U.S.,” the NIH’s Paul Brown noted. “Ever.”6 The U.S., through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has generally maintained a more passive system, collecting information from death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Because CJD is invariably fatal, mortality data is considered to be an effective means of tabulating cases. The CDC assessed the accuracy of such data by comparing the numbers with figures garnered through an active search in 1996: Teams covering five regions of the U.S. contacted the specialists involved and reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate information showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger. “That’s improving. Doctors are becoming more knowledgeable,” thanks to increased scientific and media attention given to prion diseases.7</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The active surveillance study of 1996, however, only looked at cases in which physicians attributed the deaths to CJD. Misdiagnosed patients or patients who never saw a neurologist were not tabulated— thus CJD may be grossly underreported. Many neurological ailments share symptoms, especially early on. According to various studies, autopsies have found that CJD is misdiagnosed as other ills, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, 5 to 13 percent of the time. The CDC finds that around 50,000Americans die from Alzheimer’s each year</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Laying Odds 227</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(about 4 million have the disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association). Therefore, one could argue that thousands of CJD cases are being missed. (On the flip side, CJD could be mistakenly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, but the number of CJD patients is so small that they wouldn’t dramatically skew the statistics for other neurological ills.)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In part to address the issue of misdiagnosis, CJD families have asked the CDC to place the disease on the national list of officially notifiable illnesses, which tends to include more contagious conditions such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and viral forms of encephalitis. Currently, only some states impose this requirement. CDC officials have discounted the utility of such an approach, arguing that it would duplicate the mortality data, which is more accurate than early diagnoses of CJD, anyway. Moreover, mandatory reporting of CJD cases does not necessarily guarantee the end to missed cases.8</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">One clue suggests that the passive system is undercounting CJD in the U.S.: racial difference. The number of black CJD victims is about 38 percent that of white victims. Rather than sporadic CJD being a onein-a-million lottery, it’s more like one-in-2.5-million for AfricanAmericans. Access to medical care might be one reason. Schonberger recounted that the CDC had asked other countries with substantial black populations to submit CJD figures for comparison but found that the surveillance in those countries was inadequate. “We haven’t been able to find any comparable literature on this issue, so it’s still up in the air,” Schonberger said. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease is more common among black people than whites, with an estimated higher prevalence ranging from 14 percent to almost 100 percent, according to a February 2002 report by the Alzheimer’s Association. Are some black CJD cases being misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. undercounts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population. As Schonberger pointed out, no doctor would misdiagnose a 30-year-old CJD patient as having Alzheimer’s. The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">THE PATHOLOGICAL PROTEIN by Philip Yam</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/s?k=THE+PATHOLOGICAL+PROTEIN&i=stripbooks&crid=LA5IKGMF6PI9&sprefix=the+pathological+protein%2Cstripbooks%2C96&ref=nb_sb_noss_1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/s?k=THE+PATHOLOGICAL+PROTEIN&i=stripbooks&crid=LA5IKGMF6PI9&sprefix=the+pathological+protein%2Cstripbooks%2C96&ref=nb_sb_noss_1</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary Submission SEAC 2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This was 22 years to the day Mom died from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. hvCJD, when i made this submission to SEAC and this was their reply to my questions of concern about cjd in the USA, my how things have changed...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2010</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Human Prion Diseases in the United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Robert C. Holman ,Ermias D. Belay,Krista Y. Christensen,Ryan A. Maddox,Arialdi M. Minino,Arianne M. Folkema,Dana L. Haberling,Teresa A. Hammett,Kenneth D. Kochanek,James J. Sejvar,Lawrence B. Schonberger</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published: January 1, 2010</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008521</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">re-Human Prion Diseases in the United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by flounder on 01 Jan 2010 at 18:11 GMT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I kindly disagree with your synopsis for the following reasons ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2014</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alzheimer's disease, iatrogenic transmission, what if?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full</a> </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Singeltary comment PLoS *** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease, that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease. Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals, transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that has not happened already.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, APRIL 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">Prion Disease on the Rise in the U.S., Now the question is, why?<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">''5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older.''<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/prion-disease-on-rise-in-us-now.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/prion-disease-on-rise-in-us-now.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NATIONAL PRION DISEASE PATHOLOGY SURVEILLANCE CENTER SURVEILLANCE TABLES OF CASES EXAMINED January 11th, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Tables of Cases Examined National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Updated quarterly. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Last updated on: January 11th, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Year Total Neuropath Referrals² Prion Disease Sporadic Genetic Iatrogenic vCJD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 1999 & earlier 383 232 202 27 3 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2000 145 102 90 12 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2001 209 118 110 8 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2002 241 144 124 18 2 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2003 259 160 137 21 2 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2004 315 180 163 16 0 1³ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2005 330 179 157 21 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2006 365 179 159 17 1 2⁴ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2007 374 210 191 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2008 384 221 205 16 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2009 397 231 210 20 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2010 402 246 218 28 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2011 392 238 214 24 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2012 413 244 221 23 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2013 416 258 223 34 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2014 355 208 185 21 1 1⁵ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2015 401 263 243 20 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2016 395 277 248 29 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2017 375 266 247 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2018 308 221 202 18 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2019 433 280 259 21 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2020 366 252 227 24 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2021 343 248 223 22 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2022 307 199 165 13 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> TOTAL 83086 51567 46238 4919 14 4 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Year CSF Only and RT-QuIC Positive10 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2015 241 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2016 360 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2017 406 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2018 431 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2019 538 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2020 494 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2021 516 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2022 492 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TOTAL 3478 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on the year of referral; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue was submitted; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4Disease acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5Disease possibly acquired in a Middle Eastern or Eastern European country; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">6Includes 25 cases in which the diagnosis is pending (1 from 2020, 2 from 2021 and 21 from 2022), and 20 inconclusive cases; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">7Includes 24 (3 from 2021 and 21 from 2022) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">8The sporadic cases include 4504 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 82 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 37 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">9Total does not include 301 Familial cases diagnosed by blood test only. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10Lists number of patients (deceased and alive) who have had a positive RT-QuIC and no neuropath examination. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For a downloadable PDF version of our quarterly table, please click the link below: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/surveillance/tables-cases-examined" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/surveillance/tables-cases-examined</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> NPDPSC Table of Cases Examined </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> © 2023 Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, Ohio 44106 216.368.2000 Legal Notice | Privacy Policy PATHOLOGY Campus Location: Wolstein Research Building 5129 2103 Cornell Road Cleveland, OH 44106 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Mailing Address: 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Phone: 216.368.3611 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Email: pathology@case.edu </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Tables of Cases Examined | Pathology | School of Medicine | Case Western Reserve University case.edu </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined1 (September 20, 2022) Year Total Neuropath Referrals2 Prion Disease Sporadic Familial iCJD vCJD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 1999 & earlier 383 232 202 27 3 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2000 145 102 90 12 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2001 209 118 110 8 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2002 241 144 124 18 2 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2003 259 160 137 21 2 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2004 315 180 163 16 0 13 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2005 328 179 157 21 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2006 365 179 159 17 1 24 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2007 374 210 191 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2008 384 221 205 16 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2009 397 231 210 20 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2010 401 246 218 28 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2011 392 238 214 24 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2012 413 244 221 23 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2013 416 258 223 34 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2014 355 208 185 21 1 15 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2015 401 263 243 20 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2016 395 277 248 29 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2017 375 266 247 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2018 308 221 202 18 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2019 434 281 259 22 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2020 365 252 227 24 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2021 343 248 223 22 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2022 213 124 98 9 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> TOTAL 82116 50827 45568 4889 14 4 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Year CSF Only & RT-QuIC Positive10 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2015 140 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2016 183 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2017 227 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2018 266 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2019 311 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2020 310 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2021 341 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2022 262 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> TOTAL 2040 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 1 Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on year of referral; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2 Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue and/or blood (in familial cases) were submitted; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 3 Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 4 Disease acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 5 Disease possibly acquired in a Middle Eastern or Eastern European country; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 6 Includes 28 cases in which the diagnosis is pending (1 from 2020, 3 from 2021 and 24 from 2022), and 20 inconclusive cases; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 7 Includes 20 (3 from 2021 and 17 from 2022) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 8 The sporadic cases include 4437 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 82 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 37 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 9 Total does not include 300 Familial cases diagnosed by blood only. 10 Lists number of patients (deceased and alive) who have had a positive RT-QuIC and no neuropath examination. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/sites/case.edu.pathology/files/2022-10/WebTable%20NPDPSC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/sites/case.edu.pathology/files/2022-10/WebTable%20NPDPSC.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 25, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">Canada Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance system (CJDSS) report steady rise in cases as of January 2023 and STILL NO CASES REPORTED OF VPSPr CJD</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/canada-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/canada-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://vpspr.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://vpspr.blogspot.com/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NATIONAL PRION DISEASE PATHOLOGY SURVEILLANCE CENTER SURVEILLANCE TABLES OF CASES EXAMINED January 11th, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2023/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2023/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday APRIL 05, 2022 </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ARS USDA Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Publication Date: 9/26/2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, APRIL 9, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/04/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/04/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEE A FEW HIGHLIGHTS;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission.'' ''These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for ''infection. ''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43].''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''This implies a high risk of exposure to this strain, e.g., through consumption or handling of infected carcasses, in contrast to rarer CWD strains, and therefore, an actual risk for human health.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Fecal shedding of infectious prions, if it occurs in humans, is particularly concerning because of potential human-to-human transmission and adaptation of hCWD.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Overall, our findings suggest that CWD surveillance in humans should encompass a wider spectrum of tissues/organs tested and include new criteria in the diagnosis of potential patients.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> PLEASE NOTE;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defned by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profle and the N-terminal cleavage site.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable. Here, humanized mice inoculated with CWD deer isolates had an atypical onset of the disease with myoclonus (93.75%), before presenting typical clinical signs, generating prions that presented with either atypical biochemical signature (#321 and #3063), shed in feces (#327), or were undetectable by the classical detection methods. The fact that we could not establish a strong correlation between disease manifestation in tg650 mice inoculated with Wisc-1- or 116AG-CWD and the presence of abnormal PrP (Western blot, IHC or RTQuIC) might be explained by the presence of heterogeneous prions in the brains of infected mice with diferent seeding properties in vitro. Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43].''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VPSPr, GSS, and CWD zoonosis, concerns there from, where did i hear this concern before?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1.<span class="ydpa24aeda2yiv5907531852ydpb8ef08cdyiv5377121917ydp513b7d12yiv3850207199Apple-tab-span" style="outline: currentcolor; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, APRIL 07, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Case report: Two clusters of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases within 1 year in West Michigan <***</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, APRIL 11, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Texas TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered in Deer Breeding Facilities in Frio and Hamilton Counties </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-tahc-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-tahc-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MARCH 21, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD seven new cases three separate deer-breeding facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales counties 471 confirmed to date </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/texas-cwd-seven-new-cases-three.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/texas-cwd-seven-new-cases-three.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, APRIL 27, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS REPUBLICAN SB 1372 TAXPAYERS TO PAY FOR GAME FARMS CWD DEPOPULATION </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-republican-sb-1372-taxpayers-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-republican-sb-1372-taxpayers-to.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 83 / Monday, May 1, 2023 / Notices </div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">see full submission;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-850397835396621412023-04-29T14:10:00.002-05:002023-05-04T14:38:47.461-05:00Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</span></p><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 83 / Monday, May 1, 2023 / Notices </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA. ACTION: Revision to and extension of approval of an information collection; comment request.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SUMMARY: In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, this notice announces the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s intention to request a revision to and extension of approval of an information collection associated with National Veterinary Services Laboratories diagnostic support for the bovine spongiform encephalopathy surveillance program. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DATES: We will consider all comments that we receive on or before June 30, 2023.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by either of the following methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to www.regulations.gov. Enter APHIS– 2023–0027 in the Search field. Select the Documents tab, then select the Comment button in the list of documents.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Postal Mail/Commercial Delivery: Send your comment to Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027, Regulatory Analysis and Development, PPD, APHIS, Station 3A–03.8, 4700 River Road, Unit 118, Riverdale, MD 20737–1238.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Supporting documents and any comments we receive on this docket may be viewed at www.regulations.gov or in our reading room, which is located in Room 1620 of the USDA South Building, 14th Street and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC. Normal reading room hours are 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, except holidays. To be sure someone is there to help you, please call (202) 799–7039 before coming. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For information on the regulations to prevent the introduction of bovine spongiform encephalopathy into the United States, contact Dr. Christina Loiacono, Coordinator, National Animal Health Laboratory Network, Veterinary Services, APHIS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Road, Ames, IA 50010; (515) 231–2515; christina.m.loiacono@usda.gov. For information on the information collection process, contact Mr. Joseph Moxey, APHIS’ Paperwork Reduction Act Coordinator, at (301) 851–2483; joseph.moxey@usda.gov.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program. OMB Control Number: 0579–0409. Type of Request: Revision to and extension of approval of an information collection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract: Under the Animal Health Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 8301 et seq.), the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is authorized, among other things, to carry out activities to detect, control, and eradicate pests and diseases of livestock within the United States. APHIS’ National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) safeguard U.S. animal health and contribute to public health by ensuring that timely and accurate laboratory support is provided by their nationwide animal health diagnostic system.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">USDA complies with the standard set by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance. This compliance is critical for maintaining our BSE-risk status with the WOAH. Our BSE surveillance program requires information collection activities, such as completing the USDA BSE Surveillance Submission form and the USDA BSE Surveillance Data Collection form. We are asking the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to approve our use of these information collection activities, as described, for an additional 3 years.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; e.g., permitting electronic submission of responses.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Estimate of burden: The public burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 0.159 hours per response.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Respondents: Slaughter establishments, offsite collection facilities for condemned slaughter cattle, rendering 3D/4D facilities, State animal health personnel, veterinary diagnostic laboratories, and accredited veterinarians.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Estimated annual number of respondents: 178.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Estimated annual number of responses per respondent: 121.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Estimated annual number of responses: 21,568.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Estimated total annual burden on respondents: 3,421 hours. (Due to averaging, the total annual burden hours may not equal the product of the annual number of responses multiplied by the reporting burden per response.)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">All responses to this notice will be summarized and included in the request for OMB approval. All comments will also become a matter of public record. Done in Washington, DC, this 24th day of April 2023.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Michael Watson, Acting Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. [FR Doc. 2023–09140 Filed 4–28–23; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 3410–34–P</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-05-01/pdf/2023-09140.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-05-01/pdf/2023-09140.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">AGENCY:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ACTION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Revision to and extension of approval of an information collection; comment request.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SUMMARY:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, this notice announces the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's intention to request a revision to and extension of approval of an information collection associated with National Veterinary Services Laboratories diagnostic support for the bovine spongiform encephalopathy surveillance program.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DATES:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We will consider all comments that we receive on or before June 30, 2023.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ADDRESSES:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">You may submit comments by either of the following methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Federal eRulemaking Portal:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Go to </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">www.regulations.gov.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Enter APHIS–2023–0027 in the Search field. Select the Documents tab, then select the Comment button in the list of documents.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Postal Mail/Commercial Delivery:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Send your comment to Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027, Regulatory Analysis and Development, PPD, APHIS, Station 3A–03.8, 4700 River Road, Unit 118, Riverdale, MD 20737–1238.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Supporting documents and any comments we receive on this docket may be viewed at </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">www.regulations.gov</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">or in our reading room, which is located in Room 1620 of the USDA South Building, 14th Street and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC. Normal reading room hours are 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, except holidays. To be sure someone is there to help you, please call (202) 799–7039 before coming.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">For information on the regulations to prevent the introduction of bovine spongiform encephalopathy into the United States, contact Dr. Christina Loiacono, Coordinator, National Animal Health Laboratory Network, Veterinary Services, APHIS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Road, Ames, IA 50010; (515) 231–2515; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">christina.m.loiacono@usda.gov.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">For information on the information collection process, contact Mr. Joseph Moxey, APHIS' Paperwork Reduction Act Coordinator, at (301) 851–2483; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">joseph.moxey@usda.gov.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">OMB Control Number:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">0579–0409.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Type of Request:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Revision to and extension of approval of an information collection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Under the Animal Health Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 8301 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">et seq.), the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is authorized, among other things, to carry out activities to detect, control, and eradicate pests and diseases of livestock within the United States. APHIS' National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) safeguard U.S. animal health and contribute to public health by ensuring that timely and accurate laboratory support is provided by their nationwide animal health diagnostic system.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">USDA complies with the standard set by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance. This compliance is critical for maintaining our BSE-risk status with the WOAH. Our BSE surveillance program requires information collection activities, such as completing the USDA BSE Surveillance Submission form and the USDA BSE Surveillance Data Collection form.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We are asking the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to approve our use of these information collection activities, as described, for an additional 3 years.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">e.g.,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">permitting electronic submission of responses.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Estimate of burden:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The public burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 0.159 hours per response.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Respondents:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Slaughter establishments, offsite collection facilities for condemned slaughter cattle, rendering 3D/4D facilities, State animal health personnel, veterinary diagnostic laboratories, and accredited veterinarians.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Estimated annual number of respondents:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">178.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Estimated annual number of responses per respondent:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">121.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Estimated annual number of responses:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21,568.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Estimated total annual burden on respondents:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3,421 hours. (Due to averaging, the total annual burden hours may not equal the product of the annual number of responses multiplied by the reporting burden per response.)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">All responses to this notice will be summarized and included in the request for OMB approval. All comments will also become a matter of public record.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Done in Washington, DC, this 24th day of April 2023.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Michael Watson,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acting Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[FR Doc. 2023–09140 Filed 4–28–23; 8:45 am]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BILLING CODE 3410–34–P</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/05/01/2023-09140/notice-of-request-for-revision-to-and-extension-of-approval-of-an-information-collection-national" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/05/01/2023-09140/notice-of-request-for-revision-to-and-extension-of-approval-of-an-information-collection-national</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see full submission;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Greetings again APHIS et al, </div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">I would kindly like to again, post my concern or urgency, on why said information is so critical, and why the 3 year extension is so critical, especially today, with the recent mad cow cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands all atypical BSE cases, and the fact the OIE is so concerned with the recent science about atypical L-type BSE and atypical H-type BSE, both of which can transmit orally, (see OIE BSE atypical in my reference materials), new outbreak of a new Prion disease in a new livestock species, i.e. the camel. The fact Chronic Wasted Disease CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, is spreading across the USA, with no stopping it in the near future, now with 10 different strains, a spillover into cattle or sheep would be devastating, and the ramifications of human zoonosis there from, has great concern throughout the scientific community. The fact that the USA BSE feed ban was and is a joke today (see why, with the fact that CWD positive deer could enter the food/feed chain for other ruminants and what the DEFRA says), how the BSE surveillance and testing has failed us so terribly bad to date, by testing only 25k bovines a year for BSE, you will not find BSE until it's too late, again. THIS is all why INFORMATION COLLECTION is so vital for BSE and all human and animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease.</div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">''The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:''</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; ...end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div>The question should be, what will the burden be, if WE DON'T COLLECT SAID INFORMATIONS ON BSE, and we find ourselves again facing a BSE epidemic? </div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">I want to bring your attention too, and emphasize;</div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and...</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">I remember that infamous TEXAS MAD COW that instead of a 48 turnaround at Weybridge, said suspect positive, was declared NEGATIVE, until an Act of Congress and the Honorable Phyllis Fong overrode Texas negative test, sent that BSE sample to Weybridge, and 6 MONTHS LATER ON A 48 HOUR TURNAROUND (BSE REDBOOKS), that BSE sample was CONFIRMED POSITIVE (see history in my references).</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Let's not kid ourselves, the BSE ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANE efforts way back was a total failure, that's why it was shut down, too many atypical BSE cases were showing up. </div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some <span style="outline: none;">28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023. </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo. </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">THE world was set back to square one with the BSE Minimal Risk Regions, from the BSE GBRs. </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">WE must enhance our BSE Surveillance and BSE Testing, and the <span style="outline: none;">FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN must be revised to include Cervid by-products and SRM, and it should be made MANDATORY, AND THIS SHOULD BE WELL DOCUMENTED with information collection.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical...</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Singeltary References</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">DEFRA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;"> </span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410. Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410 PMCID: PMC7446902 PMID: 32817706 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nathaniel D. Denkers, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing,#1 Clare E. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,#2 Kristen A. Davenport, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing,3 Davin M. Henderson, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology,1 Erin E. McNulty, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Amy V. Nalls, Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Candace K. Mathiason, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,1 and Edward A. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing1,* Byron Caughey, Editor Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been corrected. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">See PLoS One. 2021 June 10; 16(6): e0253356. Associated Data Data Availability Statement </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogenesis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic. </div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Received 27 July 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISCUSSION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P04.27</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmzas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Lwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study 'BSE in primates' supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">1.3. Determination of the Minimal Infectious BSE Dose in Non-human Primates</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In a concerted European effort involving 5 laboratories including ours, the BSE-macaque model was then used to evaluate the minimal amount of BSE-infected material necessary to induce vCJD in primates. Results so far show that 5g of infectious BSE cattle brain is sufficient to induce the disease in all recipient animals by the oral route, with 500 mg yielding an incomplete attack rate10,11). The ID50 of BSE cattle brain is 200 mg for cattle12). These results suggest a low species barrier between cattle and non-human primates.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Corinne Ida Lasmzas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frdric Auvr, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sals, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 01 mg 001 mg</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PrPres biochemical detection</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published online January 27, 2005</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it EVER would be foolish, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN, the SRM REMOVAL, THE BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAMS, THEY FAILED ALL OF THEM TERRIBLY IMO, AND BY CONTINUING TO INSIST ON TESTING 25K CATTLE FOR BSE IS A DISASTER WATING TO HAPPEND IMO!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thank You, terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf Monday, December 5, 2022 Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">PUBLIC SUBMISSION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Use of Electronic Identification Eartags as Official Identification in Cattle and Bison APHIS-2021-0020-0001 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Mar 21, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0020-0999" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0020-0999</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SEE ADDITIONAL COMMENTS IN ATTACHMENT;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2. WE have a new Prion disease outbreak, in a new Livestock species, in Africa, and apparently, it's fairly large.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Monday, November 14, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Prion Diseases in Dromedary Camels (CPD) 2022 Review </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">3. PIGS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Title: Prion infectivity detected in swine challenged with chronic wasting disease via the intracerebral or oral route</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kunkle, Robert item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 4/4/2016 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of North American cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. In the US, feeding of ruminant by-products to ruminants is prohibited, but feeding of ruminant materials to swine, mink, and poultry still occurs. In addition, scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses by feral pigs presents a potential risk for CWD exposure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following oral or intracranial experimental challenge. At 8 weeks of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). At death a complete necropsy examination was performed, including testing of tissues for misfolded prion protein (PrPcwd) by western blotting (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). None of the pigs developed clinical signs consistent with prion disease. Four >6 month intracranially challenged pigs (survival times 45-73 mpc) were positive by ELISA, two were also positive by WB, and one was positive by IHC. One >6 month orally challenged pig (64 mpc) was positive by ELISA. To further investigate the potential for infectivity, brain tissue from selected pigs was bioassayed in mice expressing porcine PRNP. Tissue from the two WB-positive >6 month intracranially challenged pigs produced positive bioassay results, albeit with low attack rates and variable incubation periods. Interestingly, bioassay of material from the longest surviving >6 month orally challenged pig (72 mpc), which was negative for PrPcwd by all other tests, produced a positive bioassay result. Bioassay of material from additional animals is currently underway. This study demonstrates that pigs can serve as potential hosts for CWD, although with low attack rates and scant PrPcwd accumulation. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Detection of infectivity in orally challenged pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity, even though affected pigs do not develop overt clinical signs or readily detectable PrPcwd.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see full report;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2017 Annual Report</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Objectives</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Objective 1: Investigate the mechanisms of protein misfolding in prion disease, including the genetic determinants of misfolding of the prion protein and the environmental influences on protein misfolding as it relates to prion diseases. Subobjective 1.A: Investigate the differences in the unfolded state of wild-type and disease associated prion proteins to better understand the mechanism of misfolding in genetic prion disease. Subobjective 1.B: Investigate the influence of metal ions on the misfolding of the prion protein in vitro to determine if environmental exposure to metal ions may alter disease progression. Objective 2: Investigate the pathobiology of prion strains in natural hosts, including the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission and the pathobiology of atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Subobjective 2.A: Investigate the pathobiology of atypical TSEs. Subobjective 2.B: Investigate the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission. Objective 3: Investigate sampling methodologies for antemortem detection of prion disease, including the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals and the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Subobjective 3.A: Investigate the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals. Subobjective 3.B: Investigate the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Approach</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The studies will focus on three animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites of protein folding and misfolding as it relates to prion disease, accumulation of misfolded protein in the host, routes of infection, and ante mortem diagnostics with an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of infection. Techniques used will include spectroscopic monitoring of protein folding/misfolding, clinical exams, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced knowledge gained from this work will help understand the underlying mechanisms of prion disease and mitigate the potential for unrecognized epidemic expansions of these diseases in populations of animals that could either directly or indirectly affect food animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Progress Report</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">All 8 project plan milestones for FY17 were fully met. Research efforts directed toward meeting objective 1 of our project plan center around the production of recombinant prion protein from either bacteria or mammalian tissue culture systems and collection of thermodynamic data on the folding of the recombinant prion protein produced. Both bacterial and mammalian expression systems have been established. Thermodynamic data addressing the denatured state of wild-type and a disease associated variant of bovine prion protein has been collected and a manuscript is in preparation. In research pertaining to objective 2, all studies have been initiated and animals are under observation for the development of clinical signs. The animal studies for this objective are long term and will continue until onset of clinical signs. In vitro studies planned in parallel to the animals studies have similarly been initiated and are ongoing. Objective 3 of the project plan focuses on the detection of disease associated prion protein in body fluids and feces collected from a time course study of chronic wasting disease inoculated animals. At this time samples are being collected as planned and methods for analysis are under development.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Accomplishments</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Showed that swine are potential hosts for the scrapie agent. A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in swine, but the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine by experimental routes. Swine are thought to have a robust species barrier when exposed to the naturally occurring prion diseases of other species, but the susceptibility of swine to the agent of sheep scrapie has not been thoroughly tested. ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. Developed a method for amplification and discrimination of the 3 forms of BSE in cattle. The prion protein (PrP) is a protein that is the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The disease process involves conversion of the normal cellular PrP to a pathogenic misfolded conformation. This conversion process can be recreated in the lab using a misfolding amplification process known as real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). RT-QuIC allows the detection of minute amounts of the abnormal infectious form of the prion protein by inducing misfolding in a supplied substrate. Although RT-QuIC has been successfully used to detect pathogenic PrP with substrates from a variety of host species, prior to this work bovine prion protein had not been proven for its practical uses for RT-QuIC. We demonstrated that prions from transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and BSE-infected cattle can be detected with using bovine prion proteins with RT-QuIC, and developed an RT-QuIC based approach to discriminate different forms of BSE. This rapid and robust method, both to detect and discriminate BSE types, is of importance as the economic implications for different types of BSE vary greatly.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Review Publications</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">4. RACCOONS, Beavers, Rodents, Mountain Lions, Pumas, Wolves<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Paulina Sotoa,b, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143 PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Volume 28, Number 4—April 2022 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Increased Attack Rates and Decreased Incubation Periods in Raccoons with Chronic Wasting Disease Passaged through Meadow Voles</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">S. Jo Moore, Christina M. Carlson, Jay R. Schneider, Christopher J. Johnson, and Justin J. GreenleeComments to Author Author affiliations: US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA (S.J. Moore, J.J. Greenlee); US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (C.M. Carlson, J.R. Schneider, C.J. Johnson).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring neurodegenerative disease of cervids. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) have previously been shown to be susceptible to the CWD agent. To investigate the potential for transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer to voles and subsequently to raccoons, we intracranially inoculated raccoons with brain homogenate from a CWD-affected white-tailed deer (CWDWtd) or derivatives of this isolate after it had been passaged through voles 1 or 5 times. We found that passage of the CWDWtd isolate through voles led to a change in the biologic behavior of the CWD agent, including increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons. A better understanding of the dynamics of cross-species transmission of CWD prions can provide insights into how these infectious proteins evolve in new hosts.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases of free-ranging animals do not exist in isolation. Meadow voles and raccoons are widespread in North America, and their habitat ranges overlap with those of CWD-affected white-tailed deer and other cervids. Therefore, a substantial potential for exposure of these or other off-target species to CWD infectivity in the environment exists. We have demonstrated that CWDWtd from a GS96 white-tailed deer transmitted readily to raccoons. Passage of this isolate through voles followed by intracranial inoculation of raccoons with vole-derived inoculum resulted in disease with different biologic characteristics and neuropathology than the original CWDWtd isolate. These results provide strong evidence for the emergence of a novel strain of CWD after passage in meadow voles and raccoons. Therefore, interspecies transmission of CWD prions between cervids and noncervid species that share the same habitat might represent a confounding factor in CWD-management programs. In addition, passage of CWD prions through off-target species might represent a source of novel CWD strains with unknown biologic characteristics, including zoonotic potential. Characterization of the biologic behavior of CWD isolates after cross-species transmission will help us develop more effective management strategies for CWD-affected populations.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Susceptibility of Beavers to Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Allen Herbst 1 2 3, Serene Wohlgemuth 2 4, Jing Yang 2 4, Andrew R Castle 2 4, Diana Martinez Moreno 2 5, Alicia Otero 6, Judd M Aiken 2 3, David Westaway 2 4, Debbie McKenzie 2 5</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMID: 35625395 PMCID: PMC9137852 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050667</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious, fatal, neurodegenerative prion disease of cervids. The expanding geographical range and rising prevalence of CWD are increasing the risk of pathogen transfer and spillover of CWD to non-cervid sympatric species. As beavers have close contact with environmental and food sources of CWD infectivity, we hypothesized that they may be susceptible to CWD prions. We evaluated the susceptibility of beavers to prion diseases by challenging transgenic mice expressing beaver prion protein (tgBeaver) with five strains of CWD, four isolates of rodent-adapted prions and one strain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. All CWD strains transmitted to the tgBeaver mice, with attack rates highest from moose CWD and the 116AG and H95+ strains of deer CWD. Mouse-, rat-, and especially hamster-adapted prions were also transmitted with complete attack rates and short incubation periods. We conclude that the beaver prion protein is an excellent substrate for sustaining prion replication and that beavers are at risk for CWD pathogen transfer and spillover.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Keywords: beavers; chronic wasting disease; prions; wildlife diseases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625395/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625395/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, MARCH 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Mountain lions, Wolves, Coyotes, could help stop the spread of CWD TSE Prion in deer, WHERE STUPID MEETS THE ROAD! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">5. RODENTS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Susceptibility of Several North American Rodents That Are Sympatric with Cervid CWD Epidemics</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Authors: Dennis M. Heisey dheisey@usgs.gov, Natalie A. Mickelsen, Jay R. Schneider, Christopher J. Johnson, Chad J. Johnson, Julia A. Langenberg, Philip N. Bochsler, Delwyn P. Keane, Daniel J. BarrAUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00560-09" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly contagious always fatal neurodegenerative disease that is currently known to naturally infect only species of the deer family, Cervidae. CWD epidemics are occurring in free-ranging cervids at several locations in North America, and other wildlife species are certainly being exposed to infectious material. To assess the potential for transmission, we intracerebrally inoculated four species of epidemic-sympatric rodents with CWD. Transmission was efficient in all species; the onset of disease was faster in the two vole species than the two Peromyscus spp. The results for inocula prepared from CWD-positive deer with or without CWD-resistant genotypes were similar. Survival times were substantially shortened upon second passage, demonstrating adaptation. Unlike all other known prion protein sequences for cricetid rodents that possess asparagine at position 170, our red-backed voles expressed serine and refute previous suggestions that a serine in this position substantially reduces susceptibility to CWD. Given the scavenging habits of these rodent species, the apparent persistence of CWD prions in the environment, and the inevitable exposure of these rodents to CWD prions, our intracerebral challenge results indicate that further investigation of the possibility of natural transmission is warranted.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In light of our findings, the possibility of natural transmission to rodents cannot be dismissed. This is concerning because of a TSE's ability to change its properties and host affinities after being passaged (4). Cannibalism and scavenging are common among small rodents, and small rodents are a very important food source for many predators and scavengers. Small rodent tissue also enters the domestic livestock and human food chain by accidental inclusion in grain and forage. Further investigation of these species as potential hosts, bridge species, and reservoirs of CWD is warranted. Even in its natural cervid hosts, the mechanisms of natural transmission and infection of CWD are not well understood. However, the ability to support amplification of PrPd would seem to be a prerequisite, which all of our rodent species have demonstrated. We have initiated studies to examine the susceptibility of these rodent species via more natural routes of infection.</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/reader/10.1128/JVI.00560-09" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/reader/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00560-09" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">***In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research, however, suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008). It is apparent, though, that CWD is affecting wild and farmed cervid populations in endemic areas with some deer populations decreasing as a result. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">price of prion poker goes up for cwd to cattle; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Monday, April 04, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle ***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">repeating our same failures, over and over again...<span style="outline: none;">8. 21 CFR Part 589.2000</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">8. 21 CFR Part 589.2000 Failed Mad Cow Feed Ban in USA (these are just a few examples of 100s i have filed...terry)</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">###</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">###</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) None</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">###</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">___________________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">42,090 lbs.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WI</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">___________________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">9,997,976 lbs.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ID and NV</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a> </div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 29, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">The use of animal by-products in a circular bioeconomy: Time for a TSE road map 3? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-use-of-animal-by-products-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-use-of-animal-by-products-in.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018- 0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 116 (Monday, June 17, 2019)] [Notices] [Pages 28001-28002] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2019-12654]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none; text-align: justify;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT </span>United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">United Kingdom - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">Total BSE Cases 181,137<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">General statistics on BSE cases in Great Britain </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Total farms 36199 n/a</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Total Cases 181137 n/a</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dairy Farms 22423 61.94</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Suckler Farms 10240 28.29</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mixed Farms 2136 5.90</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Not Recorded 1400 3.87</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dairy Cases 146123 80.67</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Suckler cases 22015 12.15</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mixed Cases 10637 5.87</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Not Recorded 2362 1.30</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Purchased Cases 59155 32.66</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Homebred Cases 120744 66.66</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Not Recorded 1238 0.68 Confirmed dairy herd incidence 62.1% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Confirmed suckler herd incidence 17.8% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Confirmed total herd incidence 38.7% </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Youngest confirmed case 20 Months</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Oldest confirmed case 22 Years Data valid to 30 November 2022* </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*These figures will only be updated when new data is reported </div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122885/Overview_Of_Great_Britain_2022_11_30_V5.0.ods" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122885/Overview_Of_Great_Britain_2022_11_30_V5.0.ods</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Overview of BSE Cases in Great Britain</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122885/Overview_Of_Great_Britain_2022_11_30_V5.0.ods" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122885/Overview_Of_Great_Britain_2022_11_30_V5.0.ods</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Age and related statistics</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122892/AgeAndRelatedStats_2022_11_30_V6.0.ods" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122892/AgeAndRelatedStats_2022_11_30_V6.0.ods</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE cases born after the reinforced feed ban (BARB) in the UK</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122893/BARB_tables_2022_11_30.ods" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1122893/BARB_tables_2022_11_30.ods</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Details These documents provide statistics on the number of cases of TSE disease found through the active and passive disease surveillance of cattle in the United Kingdom.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cases of TSE disease identified in cattle from passive surveillance in United Kingdom have been recorded since 1986. The UK carried out limited active surveillance in cattle from 1999 to 2001. The European Union active surveillance programme started in July 2001.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The UK carries out active disease surveillance for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. The testing programme includes cattle over 48 months of age which:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">die or are killed other than for human consumption (fallen cattle) are emergency slaughtered or show certain abnormalities at ante-mortem inspection These age thresholds apply to cattle born in the United Kingdom or in other EU member states except Bulgaria and Romania. For cattle born elsewhere the age thresholds are 24 months for fallen cattle or emergency slaughtered cattle, and 30 months for healthy fallen cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Passive disease surveillance takes place when an animal with clinical signs suspicious of a TSE disease is reported to Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), and further investigation determines whether the animal was affected by BSE or scrapie.</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cattle-tse-surveillance-statistics" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cattle-tse-surveillance-statistics</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">ODD to me, all these mad cow cases showing up about the same time???</div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NOW before you go off and start repeating BSE TSE Prion science that is almost 50 years old, let's be perfectly clear what science is saying today, and especially what the WAHIS/WOAH/OIE et al are saying about the atypical BSE strains... OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none;"><div style="font-family: helvetica; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">1933-6896</span> printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...SEE;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">PAST US MAD COW CASES AND TRACEABILITY PROBLEMS, WHAT'S IT GOING TO TAKE?</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"> AUG. 11, 2017</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***>Assuming no other factors influenced the levels of correct diagnosis and that the numbers estimated for 1997 to 1999 were a true representation of the potential under-diagnosis of the entire epidemic up until 1999, then the total number of missed cases positive for BSE could have been in the region of 5,500.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">USDA did not test possible mad cows</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">By Steve Mitchell</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">United Press International</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published 6/8/2004 9:30 PM</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WASHINGTON, June 8 (UPI) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture claims ittested 500 cows with signs of a brain disorder for mad cow disease last year, but agency documents obtained by United Press International show the agency tested only half that number.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TEXAS 2ND MAD COW THAT WAS COVERED UP, AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS, AND CALLS FROM TSE PRION SCIENTIST AROUND THE GLOBE, THIS 2ND MAD COW IN TEXAS WAS CONFIRMED</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE USDA MAD COW FOLLIES POSITIVE TEST COVER UP</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">JOHANNS SECRET POSTIVE MAD COW TEST THAT WERE IGNORED</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">OIG AND THE HONORABLE FONG CONFIRMS TEXAS MAD AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS 7 MONTHS LATER</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TEXAS MAD COW</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THEY DID FINALLY TEST AFTER SITTING 7+ MONTHS ON A SHELF WHILE GW BORE THE BSE MRR POLICY, i.e. legal trading of all strains of TSE. now understand, i confirmed this case 7 months earlier to the TAHC, and then, only after i contacted the Honorable Phyllis Fong and after an act of Congress, this animal was finally confirmed ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">During the course of the investigation, USDA removed and tested a total of 67 animals of interest from the farm where the index animal's herd originated. All of these animals tested negative for BSE. 200 adult animals of interest were determined to have left the index farm. Of these 200, APHIS officials determined that 143 had gone to slaughter, two were found alive (one was determined not to be of interest because of its age and the other tested negative), 34 are presumed dead, one is known dead and 20 have been classified as untraceable. In addition to the adult animals, APHIS was looking for two calves born to the index animal. Due to record keeping and identification issues, APHIS had to trace 213 calves. Of these 213 calves, 208 entered feeding and slaughter channels, four are presumed to have entered feeding and slaughter channels and one calf was untraceable.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20090424121101/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090424121101/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Executive Summary In June 2005, an inconclusive bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) sample from November 2004, that had originally been classified as negative on the immunohistochemistry test, was confirmed positive on SAF immunoblot (Western blot). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) identified the herd of origin for the index cow in Texas; that identification was confirmed by DNA analysis. USDA, in close cooperation with the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), established an incident command post (ICP) and began response activities according to USDA’s BSE Response Plan of September 2004. Response personnel removed at-risk cattle and cattle of interest (COI) from the index herd, euthanized them, and tested them for BSE; all were negative. USDA and the State extensively traced all at-risk cattle and COI that left the index herd. The majority of these animals entered rendering and/or slaughter channels well before the investigation began. USDA’s response to the Texas finding was thorough and effective.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trace Herd 3 The owner of Trace Herd 3 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest. The herd was placed under hold order on 7/27/05. The herd inventory was conducted on 7/28/05. The animal of interest was not present within the herd, and the hold order was released on 7/28/05. The person who thought he sold the animal to the owner of Trace Herd 3 had no records and could not remember who else he might have sold the cow to. Additionally, a search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable because all leads were exhausted.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trace Herd 4 The owner of Trace Herd 4 was identified as having received one of the COI through an order buyer. Trace Herd 4 was placed under hold order on 7/29/05. A complete herd inventory was conducted on 8/22/05 and 8/23/05. There were 233 head of cattle that were examined individually by both State and Federal personnel for all man-made identification and brands. The animal of interest was not present within the herd. Several animals were reported to have died in the herd sometime after they arrived on the premises in April 2005. A final search of GDB records yielded no further results on the eartag of interest at either subsequent market sale or slaughter. With all leads having been exhausted, this animal of interest has been classified as untraceable. The hold order on Trace Herd 4 was released on 8/23/05.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trace Herd 5 The owner of Trace Herd 5 was identified as having received two COI and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 5 is made up of 67 head of cattle in multiple pastures. During the course of the herd inventory, the owner located records that indicated that one of the COI, a known birth cohort, had been sold to Trace Herd 8 where she was subsequently found alive. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the other animal of interest was not found within the herd. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 5 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest and she was subsequently classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 5 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trace Herd 6 The owner of Trace Herd 6 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. This herd is made up of 58 head of cattle on two pastures. A herd inventory was conducted and the animal of interest was not present within the herd. The owner of Trace Herd 6 had very limited records and was unable to provide further information on where the cow might have gone after he purchased her from the livestock market. A search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. Additionally, many of the animals presented for sale by the owner of the herd had been re-tagged at the market effectually losing the traceability of the history of that animal prior to re-tagging. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 6 was released on 8/3/05.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trace Herd 7 The owner of Trace Herd 7 was identified as having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 7 contains 487 head of cattle on multiple pastures in multiple parts of the State, including a unit kept on an island. The island location is a particularly rough place to keep cattle and the owner claimed to have lost 22 head on the island in 2004 due to liver flukes. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the animal of interest was not found present within Trace Herd 7. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 7 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest. The cow was subsequently classified as untraceable. It is quite possible though that she may have died within the herd, especially if she belonged to the island unit. The hold order on Trace Herd 7 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060315165436/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060315165436/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080922232504/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080922232504/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL Washington, D.C. 20250 January 25, 2006 REPLY TO ATTN OF: 50601-10-KC TO: W. Ron DeHaven Administrator Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Barbara Masters Administrator Food Safety and Inspection Service ATTN: William J. Hudnall Deputy Administrator Marketing Regulatory Program Business Services William C. Smith Assistant Administrator Office of Program Evaluation, Enforcement, and Review FROM: Robert W. Young /s/ Assistant Inspector General for Audit SUBJECT: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III This report presents the results of our audit of the enhanced BSE surveillance program and controls over specified risk materials and advanced meat recovery products. Your written response to the official draft report, dated January 20, 2006, is included as exhibit G with excerpts of the response and the Office of Inspector General’s (OIG) position incorporated into the Findings and Recommendations section of the report, where applicable. We accept the management decisions for all recommendations. Please follow your agency’s internal procedures in forwarding documentation for final action to the Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO). We are providing a separate memorandum to the agencies and OCFO that provides specific information on the actions to be completed to achieve final action. We appreciate your timely response and the cooperation and assistance provided to our staff during the audit USDA/OIG-A/50601-10-KC/ Page i</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Executive Summary</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results in Brief This report evaluates elements of the interlocking safeguards in place to protect United States (U.S.) beef from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, widely known as BSE or "mad cow disease." Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), has led a multi-agency effort to monitor and prevent BSE from entering the food supply. After discovering a BSE-positive cow in December 2003, APHIS expanded its BSE surveillance program. To further protect the food supply, USDA banned materials identified as being at risk of carrying BSE (specified risk materials (SRM)), such as central nervous system tissue. As part of this effort, USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) required beef slaughter and processing facilities to incorporate controls for handling such materials into their operational plans. Onsite FSIS inspectors also inspect cattle for clinical signs in order to prevent diseased animals from being slaughtered for human consumption. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safeguards, we assessed APHIS’ implementation of the expanded surveillance program, as well as FSIS’ controls to prevent banned SRMs from entering the food supply.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In June 2004, APHIS implemented its expanded surveillance program; participation by industry in this surveillance program is voluntary. As of May 2005, over 350,000 animals were sampled and tested for BSE. To date, two animals tested positive for BSE; one tested positive after implementation of the expanded surveillance program.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">USDA made significant efforts to implement the expanded BSE surveillance program. Much needed to be done in a short period of time to establish the necessary processes, controls, infrastructure, and networks to assist in this effort. In addition, extensive outreach and coordination was undertaken with other Federal, State, and local entities, private industry, and laboratory and veterinary networks. This report provides an assessment as to the progress USDA made in expanding its surveillance effort and the effectiveness of its controls and processes. This report also discusses the limitations of its program and data in assessing the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. herd.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">40 ELISA test procedures require two additional (duplicate) tests if the initial test is reactive, before final interpretation. If either of the duplicate tests is reactive, the test is deemed inconclusive.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">41 Protocol for BSE Contract Laboratories to Receive and Test Bovine Brain Samples and Report Results for BSE Surveillance Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), dated October 26, 2004.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">42 The NVSL conducted an ELISA test on the original material tested at the contract laboratory and on two new cuts from the sample tissue.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">43 A visual examination of brain tissue by a microscope.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">44 A localized pathological change in a bodily organ or tissue.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PLEASE SEE FLAMING EVIDENCE THAT THE USDA ET AL COVERED UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PAGE 43;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Section 2. Testing Protocols and Quality Assurance Controls</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FULL TEXT 130 PAGES</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080920075242/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080920075242/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20090626021608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090626021608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080921202102/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080921202102/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">October 31, 2002 Review of the Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States Conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health and Center for Computational Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University Final Report Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Office of Public Health and Science Prepared by RTI Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 RTI Project Number 07182.024</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sunday, February 14, 2010</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">589.2001</span> FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">589.2001</span> FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">PLOS ONE Journal </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">589.2001</span> BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2009–0095</span>] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Monday, June 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BSE REDBOOK</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Preliminary Notification</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">The director of NVSL is responsible for immediately notifying the APHIS, Veterinary Services (VS) deputy administrator when tests suggest a presumptive diagnosis of BSE. Once NVSL has made a presumptive diagnosis of BSE, APHIS and FSIS field activities will also be initiated. APHIS will receive notification (either confirming or not confirming NVSL's diagnosis) from the United Kingdom anywhere between 24 and 96 hours. (The international animal health community has recognized the United Kingdom's Central Veterinary Laboratory {CVL} as the world's reference laboratory for diagnosing BSE. Other countries, including Belgium, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Switzerland, have all sent samples to this lab to confirm their first case of BSE).</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BSE Response Team</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">The BSE Response Team will complete the informational memorandum for the Secretary. The Team will prepare the letter to the Office of International Epizootics (OIE), the international animal health organization, for signature by the APHIS, VS Deputy Administrator. OIE requires that all countries submit official notification within 24 hours of confirming a diagnosis of BSE. The BSE Response Team and the office of the APHIS, VS Deputy Administrator would coordinate a teleconference to inform all APHIS regional directors and AVIC'S. The BSE Response Team and the office of the FSIS, OPHS Deputy Administrator would coordinate a teleconference to inform all regional and field FSIS offices. The BSE Response Team would coordinate a teleconference to notify other Federal agencies. The BSE Response Team would coordinate a teleconference to notify key industry/consumer representatives. The BSE Response Team and APHIS International Services would notify foreign embassies. The BSE Response Team would establish a toll-free 800 telephone line for industry representatives, reporters, and the public. The BSE Response Team would coordinate with APHIS Legislative and Public Affairs and USDA office of Communications to issue a press release the day the diagnosis is confirmed. The press release would announce a press conference to be held the morning after the diagnosis is confirmed......</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">THE END</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-138-126.ipset18.wt.net) </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Subject: Hunkering down in the APHIS BSE Situation Room... </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Date: February 14, 2000 at 9:04 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Subject: hunkering down in the APHIS BSE Situation Room </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Date: Wed, 12 May 1999 01:55:54 -0800 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">From: tom Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">i am looking now a bizarre Oct 98 internal USDA publication describing a james bond-type US effort to control media should the long-anticipated first case of BSE in the US be admitted.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">'Players' on the 27 member BSE Response Team are to be flown in from all over the country to a BSE Headquarters 'situation room' apparently an underground bunker in Riverdale, Maryland under the command of the Assistant Secretary of Marketing.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Authentic press releases are already prepared and ready to go out after a few specifics have been filled in. They are spelled out in a separate document, the BSE Red Book, aka BSE Emergency Disease Guidelines.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Aphis' National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) activates team assembly. From the time a bovine brain sample is submitted, it takes 14-18 days to confirm a diagnosis of BSE. In the first 10-13 days, NVSL have enough information to determine the need for additional tests. If a provisional BSE diagnosis is made, the sample is 'hand-carried' (are they going to tell the airline and customs?) to the Central Veterinary Laboratory in England for confirmation, where they are expecting a 24 to 96 hour turn-around.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">I guess that means we can get the white tiger brain analyzed by Friday despite the 22 year delay to date. Maybe we could throw in a few cougar brains from NE Colorado too.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">A Team Member is designated to silently monitor this listserve and www.mad-cow.org (among others) -- for what, it doesn't say. The Freedom of Information Act request from the East Coast consumer group turned up numerous top-secret USDA downloads from that site and Dealler's.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">After 24 hours of secret briefings for 'select industry and trading partners' (to allow them to take positions on the commodities markets opposite the 'non-select' industry and trading partners?), a press conference will be held the next day.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">There are plans to trace the cow, its lineage, its herdmates, the renderer, traceout of product, buyout of herd, farm of origin, to get the state involved to quarantine the herd (pre-arranged for all 50 states), expectations for trade bans, notification of OIE within 24 hours, media 800 numbers, spokespersons and backups, notify CDC, FDA, NIH, and many other commendable activities. The Flow Chart is a sight to behold, I will try to scan it in tomorrow.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">In short, that cow is going to be toast by the time the public first hears about it.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">The Plan does not speak to the scenario in which the CVL says, yes, this is bovine spongiform encephalopathy all right but it is one of your strains, not ours. Invoking their Absence of Evidence is Evidence of Absence principle, there may be no perceived need for public disclosure in this case.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USDA is caught completely unprepared if BSE first turns up in a US zoo animal. These animals could easily be diagnosed outside the "system" and be the subject of a publicity-seeking lab press release. I think this is a more likely scenario because the US has likely imported many thousands of zoo animals with advanced infections from Britain and France and there has been zero monitoring. Unlike with downer cows, anyone with the right colleagues can get ahold of a fallen zoo animal. Zoo animals enter the food chain in some cases after being rendered.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Another scenario would be some stock market speculator obtaining the Red Book and issuing a flurry of bogus but authentic-looking press releases that included bogus 800 and hacked USDA web links. The press here is so lazy and so accustomed to putting out public relation handouts as news that the objectives would be accomplished for a few hour (or days, depending on the Response Team's paralysis vis-a-vis off-flow chart events). Some people think a practise run for this happened in the Indiana case a year or two back.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">The first case of nvCJD in an American will also be a public relations fiasco. In the dim bulb of the public mind, any American with mad cow disease would have gotten it from eating meat here. USDA has no way to prove that the victim acquired it on a three week trip to England in 1987. This will sound lame even to the press. All CJD is synonymous with mad cow disease in the public perception; the more often the different kinds are explained, the more their suspicions are aroused. The first case of nvCJD in an American will simply validate what they already know and just be viewed as an overdue admission from the government.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">tom</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">___________________________________________________________</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-130-102.ipset10.wt.net) </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Subject: When a case of B.S.E. is found in the U.S/Response to Disease outbreak...'redbook' </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Date: March 13, 2000 at 10:13 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BSE Red Book 2.1-26</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">5.0 Response to Disease Outbreak</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">snip...see full report of From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-130-102.ipset10.wt.net) Subject: When a case of B.S.E. is found in the U.S/Response to Disease outbreak...'redbook' Date: March 13, 2000 at 10:13 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Thursday, April 6, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WOAH OIE CHAPTER 11.4 . BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY Article 11.4.1. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/04/woah-oie-chapter-114-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/04/woah-oie-chapter-114-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The risk of CJD increases with age; the 2016–2020 average annual rate in the United States was about 5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 1999</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">US scientists develop a possible test for BSE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BMJ 1999; 319 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b (Published 13 November 1999)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:1312</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 November 1999</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">medically retired</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rapid Response:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Re: vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In reading the recent article in the BMJ about the potential BSE tests being developed in the U.S. and Bart Van Everbroeck reply. It does not surprize me, that the U.S. has been concealing vCJD. There have been people dying from CJD, with all the symptoms and pathological findings that resemble U.K. vCJD for some time. It just seems that when there is one found, they seem to change the clarical classification of the disease, to fit their agenda. I have several autopsies, stating kuru type amyloid plaques, one of the victims was 41 years of age. Also, my Mom died a most hideous death, Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Her symptoms resemble that of all the U.K. vCJD victims. She would jerk so bad at times, it would take 3 of us to hold her down, while she screamed "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this." 1st of symptoms to death, 10 weeks, she went blind in the first few weeks. But, then they told me that this was just another strain of sporadic CJD. They can call it what ever they want, but I know what I saw, and what she went through. Sporadic, simply means, they do not know.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">My neighbors Mom also died from CJD. She had been taking a nutritional supplement which contained the following;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. As I said, this woman taking these nutritional supplements, died from CJD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The particular batch of pills that was located, in which she was taking, was tested. From what I have heard, they came up negative, for the prion protein. But, in the same breath, they said their testing, may not have been strong enough to pick up the infectivity. Plus, she had been taking these type pills for years, so, could it have come from another batch?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD is just a small piece of a very big puzzle. I have seen while deer hunting, deer, squirrels and birds, eating from cattle feed troughs where they feed cattle, the high protein cattle by products, at least up until Aug. 4, 1997.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">So why would it be so hard to believe that this is how they might become infected with a TSE. Or, even by potentially infected land. It's been well documented that it could be possible, from scrapie. Cats becoming infected with a TSE. Have you ever read the ingredients on the labels of cat and dog food? But, they do not put these tissues from these animals in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, hGH, hPG, blood products, heart valves, and the many more products that come from bovine, ovine, or porcine tissues and organs. So, as I said, this CWD would be a small piece of a very big puzzle. But, it is here, and it most likely has killed. You see, greed is what caused this catastrophe, rendering and feeding practices. But, once Pandora's box was opened, the potential routes of infection became endless.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">No BSE in the U.S.A.? I would not be so sure of that considering that since 1990;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Since 1990 the U.S. has raised 1,250,880,700 cattle;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Since 1990 the U.S. has ONLY checked 8,881 cattle brains for BSE, as of Oct. 4, 1999;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There are apprx. 100,000 DOWNER cattle annually in the U.S., that up until Aug. 4, 1997 went to the renders for feed;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Scrapie running rampant for years in the U.S., 950 infected FLOCKS, as of Aug. 1999;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our feeding and rendering practices have mirrored that of the U.K. for years, some say it was worse. Everything from the downer cattle, to those scrapie infected sheep, to any roadkill, including the city police horse and the circus elephant went to the renders for feed and other products for consumption. Then they only implemented a partial feed ban on Aug. 4, 1997, but pigs, chickens, dogs, and cats, and humans were exempt from that ban. So they can still feed pigs and chickens those potentially TSE tainted by-products, and then they can still feed those by-products back to the cows. I believe it was Dr. Joe Gibbs, that said, the prion protein, can survive the digestinal track. So you have stopped nothing. It was proven in Oprah Winfrey's trial, that Cactus Cattle feeders, sent neurologically ill cattle, some with encephalopathy stamped on the dead slips, were picked up and sent to the renders, along with sheep carcasses. Speaking of autopsies, I have a stack of them, from CJD victims. You would be surprised of the number of them, who ate cow brains, elk brains, deer brains, or hog brains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I believe all these TSE's are going to be related, and originally caused by the same greedy Industries, and they will be many. Not just the Renders, but you now see, that they are re-using medical devices that were meant for disposal. Some medical institutions do not follow proper auto- claving procedures (even Olympus has put out a medical warning on their endescopes about CJD, and the fact you cannot properly clean these instruments from TSE's), and this is just one product. Another route of infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Regardless what the Federal Government in the U.S. says. It's here, I have seen it, and the longer they keep sweeping it under the rug and denying the fact that we have a serious problem, one that could surpass aids (not now, but in the years to come, due to the incubation period), they will be responsible for the continued spreading of this deadly disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It's their move, it's CHECK, but once CHECKMATE has been called, how many thousands or millions, will be at risk or infected or even dead. You can't play around with these TSE's. I cannot stress that enough. They are only looking at body bags, and the fact the count is so low. But, then you have to look at the fact it is not a reportable disease in most states, mis-diagnosis, no autopsies performed. The fact that their one-in-a- million theory is a crude survey done about 5 years ago, that's a joke, under the above circumstances. A bad joke indeed........</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The truth will come, but how many more have to die such a hideous death. It's the Government's call, and they need to make a serious move, soon. This problem, potential epidemic, is not going away, by itself.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bacliff, Texas 77518 USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">flounder@wt.net</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Competing interests: No competing interests </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2000</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">02 January 2000 Terry S Singeltary retired</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rapid Response: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To be continued...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2001</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To the Editor: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD) the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish search did not lead him to the smoking gun linking CWD to a similar disease in North American people, it did uncover a largely disappointing situation.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary was greatly demoralised at the few attempts to monitor the occurrence of CJD and CWD in the USA. Only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal TSEs should be reportable nationwide and internationally, he complained in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 2003; 285: 733). I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85% plus of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route or source.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Until recently, CWD was thought to be confined to the wild in a small region in Colorado. But since early 2002, it has been reported in other areas, including Wisconsin, South Dakota, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Indeed, the occurrence of CWD in states that were not endemic previously increased concern about a widespread outbreak and possible transmission to people and cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To date, experimental studies have proven that the CWD agent can be transmitted to cattle by intracerebral inoculation and that it can cross the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to initiate infection in lymphoid tissue before invasion of the central nervous system. Yet the plausibility of CWD spreading to people has remained elusive.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Part of the problem seems to stem from the US surveillance system. CJD is only reported in those areas known to be endemic foci of CWD. Moreover, US authorities have been criticised for not having performed enough prionic tests in farm deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Although in November last year the US Food and Drug Administration issued a directive to state public-health and agriculture officials prohibiting material from CWD-positive animals from being used as an ingredient in feed for any animal species, epidemiological control and research in the USA has been quite different from the situation in the UK and Europe regarding BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Getting data on TSEs in the USA from the government is like pulling teeth, Singeltary argues. You get it when they want you to have it, and only what they want you to have.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Norman Foster, director of the Cognitive Disorders Clinic at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), says that current surveillance of prion disease in people in the USA is inadequate to detect whether CWD is occurring in human beings; adding that, the cases that we know about are reassuring, because they do not suggest the appearance of a new variant of CJD in the USA or atypical features in patients that might be exposed to CWD. However, until we establish a system that identifies and analyses a high proportion of suspected prion disease cases we will not know for sure. The USA should develop a system modelled on that established in the UK, he points out.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ali Samii, a neurologist at Seattle VA Medical Center who recently reported the cases of three hunters two of whom were friends who died from pathologically confirmed CJD, says that at present there are insufficient data to claim transmission of CWD into humans; adding that [only] by asking [the questions of venison consumption and deer/elk hunting] in every case can we collect suspect cases and look into the plausibility of transmission further. Samii argues that by making both doctors and hunters more aware of the possibility of prions spreading through eating venison, doctors treating hunters with dementia can consider a possible prion disease, and doctors treating CJD patients will know to ask whether they ate venison.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CDC spokesman Ermias Belay says that the CDC will not be investigating the [Samii] cases because there is no evidence that the men ate CWD-infected meat. He notes that although the likelihood of CWD jumping the species barrier to infect humans cannot be ruled out 100% and that [we] cannot be 100% sure that CWD does not exist in humans& the data seeking evidence of CWD transmission to humans have been very limited. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">January 28, 2003; 60 (2) VIEWS & REVIEWS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published March 26, 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">26 March 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">The Pathological Protein: Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">by Philip Yam </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population''...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Revisiting Sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It’s not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. “I have my conspiracy theories,” admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation’s most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union’s Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow.org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">223</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people’s health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary has similar inclinations, but unlike these men, he doesn’t have the professional credentials behind him. He is an 11th-grade dropout, a machinist who retired because of a neck injury sustained at work. But you might not know that from the vast stores of information in his mind and on his hard drive. Over the years, he has provided unacknowledged help to reporters around the globe, passing on files to such big-time players as The New York Times, Newsweek, and USA Today. His networking with journalists, activists, and concerned citizens has helped medical authorities make contact with suspected CJD victims. He has kept scientists informed with his almost daily posting of news items and research abstracts on electronic newsgroups, including the bulletin board on www.vegsource.com and the BSE-listserv run out of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. His combative, blunt, opinionated style sometimes borders on obsessive ranting that earns praise from some officials and researchers but infuriates others—especially when he repeats his conviction that “the government has lied to us, the feed industry has lied to us—all over a buck.” As evidence, Singeltary cites the USDA’s testing approach, which targets downer cows and examined 19,900 of them in 2002. To him, the USDA should test 1 million cattle, because the incidence of BSE may be as low as one in a million, as it was in some European countries. That the U.S. does not, he thinks, is a sign that the government is really not interested in finding mad cows because of fears of an economic disaster.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary got into the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in 1997, just after his mother died of sporadic CJD. She had an especially aggressive version—the Heidenhain variant—that first causes the patient to go blind and then to deteriorate rapidly. She died just ten weeks after her symptoms began. Singeltary, who said he had watched his grandparents die of cancer, considered her death by CJD to be much, much worse: “It’s something you never forget.” Her uncontrollable muscle twitching became so bad “that it took three of us to hold her one time,” Singeltary recalled. “She did everything but levitate in bed and spin her head.” Doctors originally diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease, but a postmortem neuropathological exam demanded by Singeltary revealed the true nature of her death.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">224 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Classifying a disease as “sporadic” is another way for doctors to say they don’t know the cause. Normal prion proteins just turn rogue in the brain for no apparent reason. The term “sporadic” is often particularly hard for the victims’ families to accept, especially when the patient was previously in robust health. Maybe it was something in the water, they wonder, or in the air, or something they ate—the same questions CJD researchers tried to answer decades ago. The names “sporadic CJD” and “variant CJD” also confuse the public and raise suspicions that U.S. authorities are hiding something when they say there have been no native variant CJD cases in the country.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary suspected an environmental cause in his mother’s demise—a feeling reinforced a year later when a neighbor died of sporadic CJD. For years, the neighbor had been taking nutritional supplements that contained cow brain extracts. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health collected samples of the supplement, Singeltary recounted, and inoculated suspensions into mice. The mice remained healthy—which only means that those supplement samples tested were prion-free.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Scientists have made several attempts during the past few decades to find a connection between sporadic CJD and the environment. Often, these studies take the form of asking family members about CJD victims—their diet, occupation, medical history, hobbies, pets, and so forth—and comparing them with non-CJD subjects. Such case-control CJD studies have produced some intriguing—and sometimes contradictory—results. In 1985, Carleton Gajdusek and his NIH colleagues reported a correlation between CJD and eating a lot of roast pork, ham, hot dogs, and lamb, as well as rare meats and raw oysters.2 Yet they also recognized that the findings were preliminary and that more studies were needed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Following up, Robert Will of the U.K. National CJD Surveillance Unit and others pooled this data with those from two other case-control studies on CJD (one from Japan and one from the U.K.). In particular, they figured the so-called odds ratio—calculated by dividing the frequency of a possible factor in the patient group by the frequency of the factor in the control group. An odds ratio greater than 1 means that the factor may be significant. In their study, Will and his collaborators found an increase of CJD in people who have worked as health professionals (odds ratio of 1.5) and people who have had contact with cows</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Laying Odds 225</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1.7) and sheep (1.6). Unfortunately, those connections were not statistically significant: The numbers of pooled patients (117) and control subjects (333) were so small that the researchers felt the odds ratios needed to reach 2.5 to 8 (depending on the assumptions) before they could be deemed statistically significant. The only statistically significant correlations they found were between CJD and a family history of either CJD (19.1) or other psychotic disease (9.9), although the latter might simply be correlated because psychotic disease may be an early symptom of undiagnosed CJD.3 In contrast with earlier findings, the team concluded that there was no association between sporadic CJD and the consumption of organ meats, including brains (0.6).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Although these case-control studies shed a certain amount of light on potential risk factors for CJD, it’s impossible to draw firm conclusions. Obtaining data that produces statistically meaningful results can be difficult because of the rarity of CJD and hence the shortage of subjects. Human memory is quite fragile, too, so patients’ families may not accurately recall the lifestyle and dietary habits of their loved ones over the course of a decade or more. Consequently, researchers must cope with data that probably contain significant biases. In a review paper on CJD, Joe Gibbs of the NIH and Richard T. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University concluded that “the absence of geographic differences in incidence is more convincing evidence against major dietary factors, since large populations eschew pork and some consume no meat or meat products.” A CJD study of lifelong vegetarians, they proposed, could produce some interesting data.4</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The inconclusive results of case-control studies do not completely rule out the environment as a possible cause of CJD. “Dr. Prusiner’s theory does fit much of the data of spontaneous generation of [malformed] PrP somewhere in the brain,” Will remarked—that is, the idea that sporadic CJD just happens by itself falls within the realm of the prion theory. Still, “it’s very odd, if you look at all the forms of human prion diseases there are, all of them are transmissible in the laboratory and could be due to some sort of infectious agent.”5 One of the great difficulties, he explained, is that “given that this is a disease of an extraordinarily long incubation period, are we really confident that we can exclude childhood exposure that is transmitted from person to person, as people move around? It’s difficult to be sure about that.” There might a “carrier state” that leaves people healthy yet still able to</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">226 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">infect others. If so, “you would never be able to identify what’s causing the spread of the disease,” concluded Will, who hasn’t stopped looking for a possible environmental link. He has some preliminary data based on studies that trace CJD victims’ lives well before the time symptoms began—up to 70 years; they suggest some degree of geographic clustering, but no obvious candidates for a source of infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A Case for Undercounting</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The difficulty in establishing causal links in sporadic prion diseases—if there are any in the first place—underlines the importance of thorough surveillance. The U.K. has an active program, and when a victim of CJD is reported, one of Robert Will’s colleagues visits and questions the victim’s family. “No one has looked for CJD systematically in the U.S.,” the NIH’s Paul Brown noted. “Ever.”6 The U.S., through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has generally maintained a more passive system, collecting information from death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Because CJD is invariably fatal, mortality data is considered to be an effective means of tabulating cases. The CDC assessed the accuracy of such data by comparing the numbers with figures garnered through an active search in 1996: Teams covering five regions of the U.S. contacted the specialists involved and reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate information showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger. “That’s improving. Doctors are becoming more knowledgeable,” thanks to increased scientific and media attention given to prion diseases.7</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The active surveillance study of 1996, however, only looked at cases in which physicians attributed the deaths to CJD. Misdiagnosed patients or patients who never saw a neurologist were not tabulated— thus CJD may be grossly underreported. Many neurological ailments share symptoms, especially early on. According to various studies, autopsies have found that CJD is misdiagnosed as other ills, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, 5 to 13 percent of the time. The CDC finds that around 50,000Americans die from Alzheimer’s each year</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Laying Odds 227</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(about 4 million have the disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association). Therefore, one could argue that thousands of CJD cases are being missed. (On the flip side, CJD could be mistakenly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, but the number of CJD patients is so small that they wouldn’t dramatically skew the statistics for other neurological ills.)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In part to address the issue of misdiagnosis, CJD families have asked the CDC to place the disease on the national list of officially notifiable illnesses, which tends to include more contagious conditions such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and viral forms of encephalitis. Currently, only some states impose this requirement. CDC officials have discounted the utility of such an approach, arguing that it would duplicate the mortality data, which is more accurate than early diagnoses of CJD, anyway. Moreover, mandatory reporting of CJD cases does not necessarily guarantee the end to missed cases.8</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">One clue suggests that the passive system is undercounting CJD in the U.S.: racial difference. The number of black CJD victims is about 38 percent that of white victims. Rather than sporadic CJD being a onein-a-million lottery, it’s more like one-in-2.5-million for AfricanAmericans. Access to medical care might be one reason. Schonberger recounted that the CDC had asked other countries with substantial black populations to submit CJD figures for comparison but found that the surveillance in those countries was inadequate. “We haven’t been able to find any comparable literature on this issue, so it’s still up in the air,” Schonberger said. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease is more common among black people than whites, with an estimated higher prevalence ranging from 14 percent to almost 100 percent, according to a February 2002 report by the Alzheimer’s Association. Are some black CJD cases being misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. undercounts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population. As Schonberger pointed out, no doctor would misdiagnose a 30-year-old CJD patient as having Alzheimer’s. The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">THE PATHOLOGICAL PROTEIN by Philip Yam</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/s?k=THE+PATHOLOGICAL+PROTEIN&i=stripbooks&crid=LA5IKGMF6PI9&sprefix=the+pathological+protein%2Cstripbooks%2C96&ref=nb_sb_noss_1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/s?k=THE+PATHOLOGICAL+PROTEIN&i=stripbooks&crid=LA5IKGMF6PI9&sprefix=the+pathological+protein%2Cstripbooks%2C96&ref=nb_sb_noss_1</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary Submission SEAC 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This was 22 years to the day Mom died from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. hvCJD, when i made this submission to SEAC and this was their reply to my questions of concern about cjd in the USA, my how things have changed...terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2009</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2010</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Human Prion Diseases in the United States</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Robert C. Holman ,Ermias D. Belay,Krista Y. Christensen,Ryan A. Maddox,Arialdi M. Minino,Arianne M. Folkema,Dana L. Haberling,Teresa A. Hammett,Kenneth D. Kochanek,James J. Sejvar,Lawrence B. Schonberger</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published: January 1, 2010</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008521</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">re-Human Prion Diseases in the United States</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Posted by flounder on 01 Jan 2010 at 18:11 GMT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I kindly disagree with your synopsis for the following reasons ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2014</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Alzheimer's disease, iatrogenic transmission, what if?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">*** Singeltary comment PLoS *** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease, that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease. Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals, transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that has not happened already.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">MONDAY, APRIL 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">Prion Disease on the Rise in the U.S., Now the question is, why?<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">''5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older.''<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/prion-disease-on-rise-in-us-now.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/prion-disease-on-rise-in-us-now.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">NATIONAL PRION DISEASE PATHOLOGY SURVEILLANCE CENTER SURVEILLANCE TABLES OF CASES EXAMINED January 11th, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Tables of Cases Examined National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Updated quarterly. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Last updated on: January 11th, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Year Total Neuropath Referrals² Prion Disease Sporadic Genetic Iatrogenic vCJD </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 1999 & earlier 383 232 202 27 3 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2000 145 102 90 12 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2001 209 118 110 8 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2002 241 144 124 18 2 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2003 259 160 137 21 2 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2004 315 180 163 16 0 1³ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2005 330 179 157 21 1 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2006 365 179 159 17 1 2⁴ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2007 374 210 191 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2008 384 221 205 16 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2009 397 231 210 20 1 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2010 402 246 218 28 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2011 392 238 214 24 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2012 413 244 221 23 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2013 416 258 223 34 1 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2014 355 208 185 21 1 1⁵ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2015 401 263 243 20 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2016 395 277 248 29 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2017 375 266 247 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2018 308 221 202 18 1 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2019 433 280 259 21 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2020 366 252 227 24 1 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2021 343 248 223 22 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2022 307 199 165 13 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> TOTAL 83086 51567 46238 4919 14 4 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Year CSF Only and RT-QuIC Positive10 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2015 241 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2016 360 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2017 406 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2018 431 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2019 538 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2020 494 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2021 516 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2022 492 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TOTAL 3478 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on the year of referral; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue was submitted; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4Disease acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">5Disease possibly acquired in a Middle Eastern or Eastern European country; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">6Includes 25 cases in which the diagnosis is pending (1 from 2020, 2 from 2021 and 21 from 2022), and 20 inconclusive cases; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">7Includes 24 (3 from 2021 and 21 from 2022) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">8The sporadic cases include 4504 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 82 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 37 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">9Total does not include 301 Familial cases diagnosed by blood test only. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10Lists number of patients (deceased and alive) who have had a positive RT-QuIC and no neuropath examination. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">For a downloadable PDF version of our quarterly table, please click the link below: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/surveillance/tables-cases-examined" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/surveillance/tables-cases-examined</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> NPDPSC Table of Cases Examined </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> © 2023 Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, Ohio 44106 216.368.2000 Legal Notice | Privacy Policy PATHOLOGY Campus Location: Wolstein Research Building 5129 2103 Cornell Road Cleveland, OH 44106 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Mailing Address: 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Phone: 216.368.3611 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Email: pathology@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Tables of Cases Examined | Pathology | School of Medicine | Case Western Reserve University case.edu </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined1 (September 20, 2022) Year Total Neuropath Referrals2 Prion Disease Sporadic Familial iCJD vCJD </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 1999 & earlier 383 232 202 27 3 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2000 145 102 90 12 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2001 209 118 110 8 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2002 241 144 124 18 2 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2003 259 160 137 21 2 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2004 315 180 163 16 0 13 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2005 328 179 157 21 1 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2006 365 179 159 17 1 24 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2007 374 210 191 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2008 384 221 205 16 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2009 397 231 210 20 1 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2010 401 246 218 28 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2011 392 238 214 24 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2012 413 244 221 23 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2013 416 258 223 34 1 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2014 355 208 185 21 1 15 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2015 401 263 243 20 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2016 395 277 248 29 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2017 375 266 247 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2018 308 221 202 18 1 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2019 434 281 259 22 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2020 365 252 227 24 1 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2021 343 248 223 22 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2022 213 124 98 9 0 0 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> TOTAL 82116 50827 45568 4889 14 4 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Year CSF Only & RT-QuIC Positive10 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2015 140 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2016 183 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2017 227 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2018 266 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2019 311 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2020 310 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2021 341 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2022 262 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> TOTAL 2040 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 1 Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on year of referral; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 2 Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue and/or blood (in familial cases) were submitted; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 3 Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 4 Disease acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 5 Disease possibly acquired in a Middle Eastern or Eastern European country; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 6 Includes 28 cases in which the diagnosis is pending (1 from 2020, 3 from 2021 and 24 from 2022), and 20 inconclusive cases; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 7 Includes 20 (3 from 2021 and 17 from 2022) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 8 The sporadic cases include 4437 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 82 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 37 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> 9 Total does not include 300 Familial cases diagnosed by blood only. 10 Lists number of patients (deceased and alive) who have had a positive RT-QuIC and no neuropath examination. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/sites/case.edu.pathology/files/2022-10/WebTable%20NPDPSC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/sites/case.edu.pathology/files/2022-10/WebTable%20NPDPSC.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 25, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">Canada Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance system (CJDSS) report steady rise in cases as of January 2023 and STILL NO CASES REPORTED OF VPSPr CJD</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/canada-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/canada-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><a href="https://vpspr.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://vpspr.blogspot.com/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NATIONAL PRION DISEASE PATHOLOGY SURVEILLANCE CENTER SURVEILLANCE TABLES OF CASES EXAMINED January 11th, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2023/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2023/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;">Tuesday APRIL 05, 2022 </span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">ARS USDA Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Publication Date: 9/26/2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">SUNDAY, APRIL 9, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/04/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/04/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SEE A FEW HIGHLIGHTS;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission.'' ''These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for ''infection. ''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43].''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''This implies a high risk of exposure to this strain, e.g., through consumption or handling of infected carcasses, in contrast to rarer CWD strains, and therefore, an actual risk for human health.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Fecal shedding of infectious prions, if it occurs in humans, is particularly concerning because of potential human-to-human transmission and adaptation of hCWD.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Overall, our findings suggest that CWD surveillance in humans should encompass a wider spectrum of tissues/organs tested and include new criteria in the diagnosis of potential patients.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> PLEASE NOTE;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defned by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profle and the N-terminal cleavage site.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable. Here, humanized mice inoculated with CWD deer isolates had an atypical onset of the disease with myoclonus (93.75%), before presenting typical clinical signs, generating prions that presented with either atypical biochemical signature (#321 and #3063), shed in feces (#327), or were undetectable by the classical detection methods. The fact that we could not establish a strong correlation between disease manifestation in tg650 mice inoculated with Wisc-1- or 116AG-CWD and the presence of abnormal PrP (Western blot, IHC or RTQuIC) might be explained by the presence of heterogeneous prions in the brains of infected mice with diferent seeding properties in vitro. Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43].''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VPSPr, GSS, and CWD zoonosis, concerns there from, where did i hear this concern before?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1.<span class="ydpb8ef08cdyiv5377121917ydp513b7d12yiv3850207199Apple-tab-span" style="outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, APRIL 07, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> Case report: Two clusters of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases within 1 year in West Michigan <***</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">TUESDAY, APRIL 11, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Texas TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered in Deer Breeding Facilities in Frio and Hamilton Counties </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-tahc-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-tahc-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">TUESDAY, MARCH 21, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Texas CWD seven new cases three separate deer-breeding facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales counties 471 confirmed to date </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/texas-cwd-seven-new-cases-three.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/texas-cwd-seven-new-cases-three.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, APRIL 27, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TEXAS REPUBLICAN SB 1372 TAXPAYERS TO PAY FOR GAME FARMS CWD DEPOPULATION </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-republican-sb-1372-taxpayers-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-republican-sb-1372-taxpayers-to.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-89954630351668271812023-04-22T14:00:00.004-05:002023-04-22T14:00:36.633-05:00Discrimination of Classical and Atypical BSE by a Distinct Immunohistochemical PrPSc Profile<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Discrimination of Classical and Atypical BSE by a Distinct Immunohistochemical PrPSc Profile.</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fast C1, Graham C2, Kaatz M3, Santiago-Mateo K2, Kaatz T2, MacPherson K3, Balkema-Buschmann A1, Ziegler U1, Groschup MH1, Czub S2 Author information</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 20 Feb 2023, 12(2):353</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020353 PMID: 36839625 PMCID: PMC9965285</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Free to read & use</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) belongs to the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and is associated with the accumulation of a pathological isoform of the host-encoded glycoprotein, designated prion protein (PrPSc). Classical BSE (C-type) and two atypical BSE forms (L- and H-type) are known, and can be discriminated by biochemical characteristics. The goal of our study was to identify type-specific PrPSc profiles by using Immunohistochemistry. In our study, brain samples from 21 cattle, intracerebrally inoculated with C-, H-, and L-type BSE, were used. In addition, the corresponding samples from three orally C-type BSE infected animals were also included. From all animals, a lesion and PrPSc-profiles of six brain regions were determined. The lesion profile and the neuroanatomical distribution of PrPSc was highly consistent between the groups, but the immunohistochemical analysis revealed a distinct PrPSc profile for the different BSE-types, which included both the topographic and cellular pattern of PrPSc. This qualitative and quantitative analysis of PrPSc affected structures sheds new light into the pathogenesis of the different BSE types. Furthermore, immunohistochemical characterization is supported as an additional diagnostic tool in BSE surveillance programs, especially when only formalin-fixed tissue samples are available.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Introduction</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are a complex group of chronic fatal neurodegenerative disorders, which include genetic, infectious, and sporadic diseases in several species, including humans. In all TSEs the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC) is converted into a stable, partially protease-resistant pathological isoform (PrPSc), which accumulates over time and is the diagnostic disease marker detectable by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and biochemically [1].</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In contrast to scrapie in sheep, the prototype of all TSE, which has been known since more than 270 years [2], bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), was not diagnosed until 1986 [3]. This so-called classical BSE (“C-type”) originated from oral uptake of infectious feedstuff and, during the BSE epidemic, affected more than 185.000 clinically and fatally diseased cattle worldwide [4]. In 1997, the zoonotic nature of C-type BSE, causing variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease, was described [5].</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The active BSE surveillance program in the European Union revealed two additional atypical BSE types in 2004, the so-called “H-type” in France [6] and an “L-type” BSE in Italy [7]. Pathological, molecular, and biological phenotypes of these unusual BSE types differ from C-type BSE, and in particular the molecular signature has been welldescribed and is used for TSE classification [6–8]. Atypical BSE occurs worldwide in older cattle (average age at detection 12.05 years) and numbers of detected animals seem to be unchanging, with 1–2 cases per million in tested bovines over eight years of age [9,10]. These epidemiological data led to the hypothesis that atypical BSE belongs to the group of spontaneously arising TSEs [9].</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs are characterized pathologically by degenerative changes in grey matter, including spongiform changes of neuropil, vacuoles within neuronal perikarya, and an astrocytic response. The detection of amyloid plaques is variable and depends on the TSE form [11]. While vacuolar lesion profiles in the brains of conventional mice inoculated with different TSE strains have been successfully used for strain typing purposes [5,12], lesion profiles in natural scrapie cases in sheep are highly variable and influenced not only by the host genotype but also by other yet-unknown factors [13–15]. Interestingly, for C-type BSE, several studies from different countries indicate a highly stable strain [16–20]. Unfortunately, almost all atypical BSE cases are fallen stock, therefore suitable material for performing a lesion profile is rather limited and the few results are insufficient for a comparative study [7,21–23]. On the other hand, the results of intracerebral studies are difficult to compare, because these studies frequently included different disease time points, at which the animals were sacrificed and different brain regions were used for analysis, in addition to being interpreted by various readers. Nevertheless, there is evidence of differences in the distribution of lesions between BSE types in specific brain regions, e.g., forebrain or cerebellum [24–31] (see literature review in supplemental Table S1).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">General characteristic for all TSEs is the massive accumulation of PrPSc in the central nervous system of clinically diseased animals. Over the years, differences in the neuroanatomical distribution, as well as the existence of several morphological PrPSc types, had been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, the most variable in classical scrapie cases [32]. These patterns include cell-membrane/extracellular PrPSc types, i.e., neuropilassociated (linear, fine, or coarse particulate, coalescing, perineuronal), glial-cell associated (stellate, perivacuolar, subpial, subependymal, perivascular), ependymal-cell associated (supraependymal) and endothelium associated (vascular plaques) PrPSc depositions. Extracellular plaque-like accumulations of PrPSc have also been described. Furthermore, intracellular accumulation has also been reported with intraneuronal, intra-astrocytic, and intraglial accumulations [32,33]. These patterns are considered to be linked to cell tropism and PrPSc processing and had been useful in characterizing scrapie strains in the natural hosts [34–36].</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition, transgenic mice and bank voles inoculated with TSE isolates are increasingly being subjected to PrPSc profiling to characterize TSE strains [37–39]. PrPSc profiles of different brain regions have already been described for all BSE types [7,8,19,22–31,40–47], but a systematic comparison between these studies is even more complicated than for the lesion profile because of the numerous variables (i.e., PrPSc types, available brain regions, grading, readers); moreover, the published results also contradict each other (see literature review in Supplemental Tables S2 and S3). However, there are indications that some differences in the PrPSc profile, particularly in the cerebrum and cerebellum, may exist [7,24,29,30].</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 144 atypical BSE cases have been confirmed worldwide since 2001, and the yearly numbers of reported H- and L-type BSE cases have been stable over the years [10]. These statistics indicate that atypical BSE will not decline over the years, as was the case with C-type BSE. Atypical BSE is able to cross the species barrier to several experimentally challenged animals and an aetiological relationship between atypical and C-type BSE is still not finally clarified [9]. Therefore, in 2013, Regulation (EC) No. 999/2001 was amended, requiring that the BSE type be identified in BSE-confirmed samples in the European Union and elsewhere. This discriminatory testing relies solely on the molecular signature of the BSE types, which includes the determination of the protease-resistant size and the glycosylation pattern of PrPSc [6–8]. However, these techniques are not established in all National Reference Laboratories, and the availability of native reference material of atypical BSE is scarce and rapidly declining. Moreover, situations may arise where native material is not available (current or retrospective) or biochemical analysis yields unclear results. An additional tool to distinguish the case in question is then very helpful. Therefore, we report here a comparative systematic histopathological and immunohistochemical study of the brains of intracerebral C-, H-, and L-type BSE-infected cattle. For comparison, we included orally with C-type BSE infected animals. The results presented clearly indicate the discriminatory potential of tissue samples fixed in formalin, which will be useful to support future BSE classification efforts, in particular in cases where no frozen material is available.</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Materials and Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All animals used in this study showed clinical signs of BSE and have been confirmed as BSE-positive by IHC and/or immunoblot. In Table 1, the most important details of the animal experiments are summarized.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 1. Details of cattle intracerebrally inoculated at the FLI/Germany and CFIA/Canada with C-, H- and L-type BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">5. Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our systematic examination of the PrPSc profiles of the C-, H-, and L-type BSE showed clear qualitative differences in a selection of neuroanatomical structures, which includes all parts of the brain and can easily be used for an additional discriminatory purpose. In brief:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• C-type BSE showed the most variable PrPSc profile with a distinct tendency for a stellate pattern, which is particularly obvious in the multifocal distribution pattern found in the cerebellar cortex. In addition, hypoglossal nucleus revealed clear intraneuronal PrPSc accumulation, the central parts of the hippocampal hilus were massively affected even with unique plaque-like formations, and in the molecular layer of the cerebrum, PrPSc accumulations seemed to be associated with Cajal horizontal cells, forming a tape-like pattern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• H-type BSE showed a characteristic strong intramicroglial PrPSc accumulation pattern throughout the brain, which is mostly associated with a fine particular staining reaction of the neuropil. In the hypoglossal nucleus an intraneuronal staining reaction was obvious, while in the hilus of the hippocampus, PrPSc accumulation was mostly confined to peripheral neuronal cells. Moreover, in the molecular layer of cerebrum, a PrPSc tape-like pattern is evident.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• L-type BSE revealed a mostly fine particulate and diffuse PrPSc accumulation in the neuropil in the molecular layers of the cerebellum and cerebrum. In the cerebrum, large plaque-like formations were frequently found, and in the granular layer of cerebellum, a unique perineuronal staining reaction was visible, while an intraneuronal PrPSc deposition in hypoglossal nucleus was missing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It has to be kept in mind that most BSE cases are diagnosed in fallen stock animals, and whole brains will only be available in exceptional cases for further studies. Further studies should therefore focus on the liability of the discrimination scheme presented, using available samples from field cases. In any case, however, considering our results and in agreement with previous studies [30], we highly recommend including not only brainstem but also cerebellum in routine surveillance sampling. As demonstrated by the long-standing sampling procedure for the detection of TSE in small ruminants, this can be readily done through the Foramen magnum and could be used as an additional diagnostic tool to support the differentiation of BSE types.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/pathogens12020353/s1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/pathogens12020353/s1</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table S1: Lesion profiles in different brain regions of C-, H- and L-type BSE infected cattle (literature review); Table S2: PrPSc profiles in brainstem described in literature for C-, H- and L-type BSE infected cattle (literature review); Table S3: PrPSc profiles in different brain regions described in literature for C-, H- and L-type BSE infected cattle (literature review); Figure S1: Schematic overview of the brain regions examined; Figure S2: Most important immunohistochemical reaction pattern used for conducting the PrPSc profiles; Figure S3: Lesion profiles of cattle intracerebrally infected with C-, H- and L-type BSE and comparison of lesion profiles of intracerebrally and orally infected groups; Figure S4: Comparison of the general amount of PrPSc accumulation in intracerebral infected C-, H- and L-type BSE cases and in oral versus intracerebral infected C-type BSE cases.</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see full text;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC9965285&blobtype=pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC9965285&blobtype=pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">i would kindly like to elaborate on risk factors for feed from atypical BSE, and the infamous 'spontaneous' theory, please;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">This so-called classical BSE (“C-type”) originated from oral uptake of infectious feedstuff and, during the BSE epidemic, affected more than 185.000 clinically and fatally diseased cattle worldwide [4]. In 1997, the zoonotic nature of C-type BSE, causing variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease, was described [5].</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical BSE occurs worldwide in older cattle (average age at detection 12.05 years) and numbers of detected animals seem to be unchanging, with 1–2 cases per million in tested bovines over eight years of age [9,10]. These epidemiological data led to the hypothesis that atypical BSE belongs to the group of spontaneously arising TSEs [9].</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">end...</div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1st, let's discuss the SPONTANEOUS ATYPICAL H-TYPE BSE OUTBREAK IN FRANCE.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">FRANCE Farmers fear new ‘mad cow’ scare<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">March 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">POSSIBLE mad cow disease has been found on a farm in Ardennes and farmers fear beef sales will be hard hit if the disease is confirmed. If confirmed, it would be the first case of Bovine spongiform encephalitis in France since 2004. The transmissible neurodegenerative disease kills cattle and has been linked to the incurable variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, which destroys brain tissue.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">There were more than 185,000 confirmed cases of BSE in Europe and especially the UK in the 1980s and 90s and more than four million cattle were killed and burned. It was thought to have been caused by animal feed that contained the remains of infected animals. The UK has had 177 confirmed cases of the human vCJD since the mid-1980s.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Vets at a rendering plant discovered traces of what they suspected was BSE in a Salers cow sent to the knackers yard after dying on a farm near Rethel in Ardennes in north-eastern France. Animals which die on farms are deemed unfit for consumption and sent to the knackers for inspection to find the cause of death. Now samples have been sent to the official European BSE reference laboratory in the UK for confirmation of the disease and the farmer’s 400 other animals have been quarantined.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Confirmation will take up to 10 days and all animals in contact with the cow will be slaughtered, along with those from the same birth line as inheritance is the only known method of transmission. Staff from the Direction Générale de l'Alimentation are already tracing these animals but made it clear that not all animals on linked farms would be killed. Farmers across the industry have been hard hit by falling incomes and have launched widescale protests demanding action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">This new threat, coming just months after France won back its "negligible risk" rating for BSE could put the beef sector in great difficulty if it returns to the “controlled risk” status. Countries such as South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam and Singapore lifted their embargo on French beef after it became negligible risk. The possible effects of more BSE cases were shown in the UK, where domestic beef sales fell 40% in the 1990s and sales were banned across the EU, led by France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Salers cattle photo: Fabien1309 CC BY-SA 3.0 -</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.connexionfrance.com/Mad-cow-BSE-Ardennes-Rethel-17864-view-article.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.connexionfrance.com/Mad-cow-BSE-Ardennes-Rethel-17864-view-article.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">***so 20 cases of atypical BSE in France, compared to the remaining 40 cases in the remaining 12 Countries, divided by the remaining 12 Countries, about 3+ cases per country, besides Frances 20 cases. you cannot explain this away with any spontaneous BSe. ...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, October 5, 2014</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">France stops BSE testing for Mad Cow Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, June 05, 2008</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Review on the epidemiology and dynamics of BSE epidemics</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Vet. Res. (2008) 39:15 www.vetres.org DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007053 c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2008 Review article</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">And last but not least, similarities of PrPres between Htype BSE and human prion diseases like CJD or GSS have been put forward [10], as well as between L-type BSE and CJD [17]. These findings raise questions about the origin and inter species transmission of these prion diseases that were discovered through the BSE active surveillance.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cases of atypical BSE have only been found in countries having implemented large active surveillance programs. As of 1st September 2007, 36 cases (16 H, 20 L) have been described all over the world in cattle: Belgium (1 L) [23], Canada (1 H)15, Denmark (1 L)16, France (8 H, 6 L)17, Germany (1 H, 1 L) [13], Italy (3 L)18, Japan (1 L) [71], Netherlands (1 H, 2 L)19, Poland (1 H, 6 L)20, Sweden (1 H)21, United Kingdom (1 H)22, and USA (2 H)23. Another H-type case has been found in a 19 year old miniature zebu in a zoological park in Switzerland [56]. It is noteworthy that atypical cases have been found in countries that did not experience classical BSE so far, like Sweden, or in which only few cases of classical BSE have been found, like Canada or the USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">And last but not least, similarities of PrPres between Htype BSE and human prion diseases like CJD or GSS have been put forward [10], as well as between L-type BSE and CJD [17]. These findings raise questions about the origin and inter species transmission of these prion diseases that were discovered through the BSE active surveillance.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">full text 18 pages ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.vetres.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/vetres/pdf/2008/04/v07232.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.vetres.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/vetres/pdf/2008/04/v07232.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">lot of spontaneous mutations of atypical BSE in France? no? Feed? </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2ND, WHAT HAS THE OIE ET AL SAID ABOUT ATYPICAL BSE NOW;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">''As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.'' </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">''the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.''</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REFERENCES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none !important;">IT is imperative that the USA puts forth immediately a MANDATORY National Animal Identification System and Country Of Origin Labeling System, for the sake of livestock industry and the consumers that consume their products...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: helvetica; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold longe incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div></div></div></div>2023</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">United Kingdom - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type 2023/03/08</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: helvetica; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1933-6896</span> printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...SEE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MARCH 19, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abandoned factory ‘undoubtedly’ contains dormant Mad Cow Disease that could threaten humans, Thruxted Mill, Queniborough CJD<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2023/03/abandoned-factory-undoubtedly-contains.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2023/03/abandoned-factory-undoubtedly-contains.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;"> </span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410. Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410 PMCID: PMC7446902 PMID: 32817706 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nathaniel D. Denkers, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing,#1 Clare E. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,#2 Kristen A. Davenport, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing,3 Davin M. Henderson, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology,1 Erin E. McNulty, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Amy V. Nalls, Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Candace K. Mathiason, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,1 and Edward A. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing1,* Byron Caughey, Editor Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been corrected. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See PLoS One. 2021 June 10; 16(6): e0253356. Associated Data Data Availability Statement </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogenesis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic. </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received 27 July 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISCUSSION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P04.27</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmzas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Lwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study 'BSE in primates' supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">1.3. Determination of the Minimal Infectious BSE Dose in Non-human Primates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In a concerted European effort involving 5 laboratories including ours, the BSE-macaque model was then used to evaluate the minimal amount of BSE-infected material necessary to induce vCJD in primates. Results so far show that 5g of infectious BSE cattle brain is sufficient to induce the disease in all recipient animals by the oral route, with 500 mg yielding an incomplete attack rate10,11). The ID50 of BSE cattle brain is 200 mg for cattle12). These results suggest a low species barrier between cattle and non-human primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Corinne Ida Lasmzas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frdric Auvr, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sals, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 01 mg 001 mg</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrPres biochemical detection</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published online January 27, 2005</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it EVER would be foolish, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN, the SRM REMOVAL, THE BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAMS, THEY FAILED ALL OF THEM TERRIBLY IMO, AND BY CONTINUING TO INSIST ON TESTING 25K CATTLE FOR BSE IS A DISASTER WATING TO HAPPEND IMO!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank You, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf Monday, December 5, 2022 Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PUBLIC SUBMISSION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Use of Electronic Identification Eartags as Official Identification in Cattle and Bison APHIS-2021-0020-0001 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Mar 21, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0020-0999" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0020-0999</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEE ADDITIONAL COMMENTS IN ATTACHMENT;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2. WE have a new Prion disease outbreak, in a new Livestock species, in Africa, and apparently, it's fairly large.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 14, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Prion Diseases in Dromedary Camels (CPD) 2022 Review </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">3. PIGS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Prion infectivity detected in swine challenged with chronic wasting disease via the intracerebral or oral route</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kunkle, Robert item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 4/4/2016 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of North American cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. In the US, feeding of ruminant by-products to ruminants is prohibited, but feeding of ruminant materials to swine, mink, and poultry still occurs. In addition, scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses by feral pigs presents a potential risk for CWD exposure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following oral or intracranial experimental challenge. At 8 weeks of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). At death a complete necropsy examination was performed, including testing of tissues for misfolded prion protein (PrPcwd) by western blotting (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). None of the pigs developed clinical signs consistent with prion disease. Four >6 month intracranially challenged pigs (survival times 45-73 mpc) were positive by ELISA, two were also positive by WB, and one was positive by IHC. One >6 month orally challenged pig (64 mpc) was positive by ELISA. To further investigate the potential for infectivity, brain tissue from selected pigs was bioassayed in mice expressing porcine PRNP. Tissue from the two WB-positive >6 month intracranially challenged pigs produced positive bioassay results, albeit with low attack rates and variable incubation periods. Interestingly, bioassay of material from the longest surviving >6 month orally challenged pig (72 mpc), which was negative for PrPcwd by all other tests, produced a positive bioassay result. Bioassay of material from additional animals is currently underway. This study demonstrates that pigs can serve as potential hosts for CWD, although with low attack rates and scant PrPcwd accumulation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of infectivity in orally challenged pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity, even though affected pigs do not develop overt clinical signs or readily detectable PrPcwd.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full report;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017 Annual Report</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objectives</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objective 1: Investigate the mechanisms of protein misfolding in prion disease, including the genetic determinants of misfolding of the prion protein and the environmental influences on protein misfolding as it relates to prion diseases. Subobjective 1.A: Investigate the differences in the unfolded state of wild-type and disease associated prion proteins to better understand the mechanism of misfolding in genetic prion disease. Subobjective 1.B: Investigate the influence of metal ions on the misfolding of the prion protein in vitro to determine if environmental exposure to metal ions may alter disease progression. Objective 2: Investigate the pathobiology of prion strains in natural hosts, including the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission and the pathobiology of atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Subobjective 2.A: Investigate the pathobiology of atypical TSEs. Subobjective 2.B: Investigate the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission. Objective 3: Investigate sampling methodologies for antemortem detection of prion disease, including the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals and the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Subobjective 3.A: Investigate the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals. Subobjective 3.B: Investigate the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Approach</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The studies will focus on three animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites of protein folding and misfolding as it relates to prion disease, accumulation of misfolded protein in the host, routes of infection, and ante mortem diagnostics with an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of infection. Techniques used will include spectroscopic monitoring of protein folding/misfolding, clinical exams, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced knowledge gained from this work will help understand the underlying mechanisms of prion disease and mitigate the potential for unrecognized epidemic expansions of these diseases in populations of animals that could either directly or indirectly affect food animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Progress Report</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All 8 project plan milestones for FY17 were fully met. Research efforts directed toward meeting objective 1 of our project plan center around the production of recombinant prion protein from either bacteria or mammalian tissue culture systems and collection of thermodynamic data on the folding of the recombinant prion protein produced. Both bacterial and mammalian expression systems have been established. Thermodynamic data addressing the denatured state of wild-type and a disease associated variant of bovine prion protein has been collected and a manuscript is in preparation. In research pertaining to objective 2, all studies have been initiated and animals are under observation for the development of clinical signs. The animal studies for this objective are long term and will continue until onset of clinical signs. In vitro studies planned in parallel to the animals studies have similarly been initiated and are ongoing. Objective 3 of the project plan focuses on the detection of disease associated prion protein in body fluids and feces collected from a time course study of chronic wasting disease inoculated animals. At this time samples are being collected as planned and methods for analysis are under development.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Accomplishments</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Showed that swine are potential hosts for the scrapie agent. A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in swine, but the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine by experimental routes. Swine are thought to have a robust species barrier when exposed to the naturally occurring prion diseases of other species, but the susceptibility of swine to the agent of sheep scrapie has not been thoroughly tested. ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Developed a method for amplification and discrimination of the 3 forms of BSE in cattle. The prion protein (PrP) is a protein that is the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The disease process involves conversion of the normal cellular PrP to a pathogenic misfolded conformation. This conversion process can be recreated in the lab using a misfolding amplification process known as real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). RT-QuIC allows the detection of minute amounts of the abnormal infectious form of the prion protein by inducing misfolding in a supplied substrate. Although RT-QuIC has been successfully used to detect pathogenic PrP with substrates from a variety of host species, prior to this work bovine prion protein had not been proven for its practical uses for RT-QuIC. We demonstrated that prions from transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and BSE-infected cattle can be detected with using bovine prion proteins with RT-QuIC, and developed an RT-QuIC based approach to discriminate different forms of BSE. This rapid and robust method, both to detect and discriminate BSE types, is of importance as the economic implications for different types of BSE vary greatly.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Review Publications</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">4. RACCOONS, Beavers, Rodents, Mountain Lions, Pumas, Wolves<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Sotoa,b, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143 PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 28, Number 4—April 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Increased Attack Rates and Decreased Incubation Periods in Raccoons with Chronic Wasting Disease Passaged through Meadow Voles</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">S. Jo Moore, Christina M. Carlson, Jay R. Schneider, Christopher J. Johnson, and Justin J. GreenleeComments to Author Author affiliations: US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA (S.J. Moore, J.J. Greenlee); US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (C.M. Carlson, J.R. Schneider, C.J. Johnson).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring neurodegenerative disease of cervids. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) have previously been shown to be susceptible to the CWD agent. To investigate the potential for transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer to voles and subsequently to raccoons, we intracranially inoculated raccoons with brain homogenate from a CWD-affected white-tailed deer (CWDWtd) or derivatives of this isolate after it had been passaged through voles 1 or 5 times. We found that passage of the CWDWtd isolate through voles led to a change in the biologic behavior of the CWD agent, including increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons. A better understanding of the dynamics of cross-species transmission of CWD prions can provide insights into how these infectious proteins evolve in new hosts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that include chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in cattle, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Kuru in humans. As of January 2020, CWD has been reported in free-ranging and farmed cervids in 26 states in the United States and 3 provinces in Canada (1). CWD-affected cervids shed infectious prions into their environment during both the preclinical and clinical stages of disease (2–8), and infectivity persists in soil (9–13), on the surface of contaminated plant leaves and roots (14), and in association with mineral licks (15). Environmental contamination with CWD prions represents a source of infectious material to which noncervid wildlife species, including raccoons and other small mammals, can be exposed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We previously reported the transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) and elk to raccoons through experimental intracranial inoculation (16). Raccoons are able to propagate CWD prions from white-tailed deer and elk but with low attack rates (25%) and with disease-associated prion protein distribution restricted to the brain (16).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overlap of raccoon and meadow vole distributions and chronic wasting disease epidemics, North America. A) Light purple shading indicates raccoon distribution; B) light teal shading indicates meadow vole distribution. Dark green areas and dark purple (A) and teal (B) overlays show known locations of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging cervids (as of March 2020). Figure 1. Overlap of raccoon and meadow vole distributions and chronic wasting disease epidemics, North America. A) Light purple shading indicates raccoon distribution; B) light teal shading indicates meadow vole distribution. Dark...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Successful transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer to 4 species of native North America rodents has been reported previously, and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were found to be the most susceptible species (17). Meadow voles are known to opportunistically scavenge carcasses and engage in cannibalistic behavior (18), providing a plausible route for exposure to CWD and the possibility of continued disease transmission. Small rodents are a food source for predators and scavengers, including raccoons, and meadow voles and raccoons inhabit overlapping geographic ranges that also overlap with locations undergoing cervid CWD epidemics (Figure 1). Therefore, the potential for direct exposure of meadow voles and raccoons to CWD infectivity in the environment exists. Indeed, studies in Wisconsin have shown that raccoons are present at deer carcasses and gut piles with a high frequency (19). In addition, because raccoons are mesopredators and scavengers, there is the potential for secondary exposure of raccoons through consumption of contaminated rodents.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To examine the potential for noncervid species to support CWD transmission, we intracranially inoculated raccoons with the agent of CWD from a white-tailed deer or with derivatives of the same inoculum after it had been passaged through meadow voles 1 or 5 times. In this study, we report the successful transmission of the agent of CWD from a white-tailed deer and vole-passaged CWD to raccoons through experimental intracranial inoculation. Our findings suggest passage of the CWD agent through voles results in a CWD agent with altered phenotypic properties.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion diseases of free-ranging animals do not exist in isolation. Meadow voles and raccoons are widespread in North America, and their habitat ranges overlap with those of CWD-affected white-tailed deer and other cervids. Therefore, a substantial potential for exposure of these or other off-target species to CWD infectivity in the environment exists. We have demonstrated that CWDWtd from a GS96 white-tailed deer transmitted readily to raccoons. Passage of this isolate through voles followed by intracranial inoculation of raccoons with vole-derived inoculum resulted in disease with different biologic characteristics and neuropathology than the original CWDWtd isolate. These results provide strong evidence for the emergence of a novel strain of CWD after passage in meadow voles and raccoons. Therefore, interspecies transmission of CWD prions between cervids and noncervid species that share the same habitat might represent a confounding factor in CWD-management programs. In addition, passage of CWD prions through off-target species might represent a source of novel CWD strains with unknown biologic characteristics, including zoonotic potential. Characterization of the biologic behavior of CWD isolates after cross-species transmission will help us develop more effective management strategies for CWD-affected populations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Susceptibility of Beavers to Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Allen Herbst 1 2 3, Serene Wohlgemuth 2 4, Jing Yang 2 4, Andrew R Castle 2 4, Diana Martinez Moreno 2 5, Alicia Otero 6, Judd M Aiken 2 3, David Westaway 2 4, Debbie McKenzie 2 5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 35625395 PMCID: PMC9137852 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050667</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious, fatal, neurodegenerative prion disease of cervids. The expanding geographical range and rising prevalence of CWD are increasing the risk of pathogen transfer and spillover of CWD to non-cervid sympatric species. As beavers have close contact with environmental and food sources of CWD infectivity, we hypothesized that they may be susceptible to CWD prions. We evaluated the susceptibility of beavers to prion diseases by challenging transgenic mice expressing beaver prion protein (tgBeaver) with five strains of CWD, four isolates of rodent-adapted prions and one strain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. All CWD strains transmitted to the tgBeaver mice, with attack rates highest from moose CWD and the 116AG and H95+ strains of deer CWD. Mouse-, rat-, and especially hamster-adapted prions were also transmitted with complete attack rates and short incubation periods. We conclude that the beaver prion protein is an excellent substrate for sustaining prion replication and that beavers are at risk for CWD pathogen transfer and spillover.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords: beavers; chronic wasting disease; prions; wildlife diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625395/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625395/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, MARCH 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Mountain lions, Wolves, Coyotes, could help stop the spread of CWD TSE Prion in deer, WHERE STUPID MEETS THE ROAD! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">5. RODENTS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Susceptibility of Several North American Rodents That Are Sympatric with Cervid CWD Epidemics</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors: Dennis M. Heisey dheisey@usgs.gov, Natalie A. Mickelsen, Jay R. Schneider, Christopher J. Johnson, Chad J. Johnson, Julia A. Langenberg, Philip N. Bochsler, Delwyn P. Keane, Daniel J. BarrAUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly contagious always fatal neurodegenerative disease that is currently known to naturally infect only species of the deer family, Cervidae. CWD epidemics are occurring in free-ranging cervids at several locations in North America, and other wildlife species are certainly being exposed to infectious material. To assess the potential for transmission, we intracerebrally inoculated four species of epidemic-sympatric rodents with CWD. Transmission was efficient in all species; the onset of disease was faster in the two vole species than the two Peromyscus spp. The results for inocula prepared from CWD-positive deer with or without CWD-resistant genotypes were similar. Survival times were substantially shortened upon second passage, demonstrating adaptation. Unlike all other known prion protein sequences for cricetid rodents that possess asparagine at position 170, our red-backed voles expressed serine and refute previous suggestions that a serine in this position substantially reduces susceptibility to CWD. Given the scavenging habits of these rodent species, the apparent persistence of CWD prions in the environment, and the inevitable exposure of these rodents to CWD prions, our intracerebral challenge results indicate that further investigation of the possibility of natural transmission is warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of our findings, the possibility of natural transmission to rodents cannot be dismissed. This is concerning because of a TSE's ability to change its properties and host affinities after being passaged (4). Cannibalism and scavenging are common among small rodents, and small rodents are a very important food source for many predators and scavengers. Small rodent tissue also enters the domestic livestock and human food chain by accidental inclusion in grain and forage. Further investigation of these species as potential hosts, bridge species, and reservoirs of CWD is warranted. Even in its natural cervid hosts, the mechanisms of natural transmission and infection of CWD are not well understood. However, the ability to support amplification of PrPd would seem to be a prerequisite, which all of our rodent species have demonstrated. We have initiated studies to examine the susceptibility of these rodent species via more natural routes of infection.</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/reader/10.1128/JVI.00560-09" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/reader/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00560-09" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</a></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">6. INSECTS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">mSphere . 2021 Aug 25;6(4):e0051521. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00515-21. Epub 2021 Aug 4. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evaluation of Winter Ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) Collected from North American Elk (Cervus canadensis) in an Area of Chronic Wasting Disease Endemicity for Evidence of PrPCWD Amplification Using Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Assay N J Haley 1, D M Henderson 2, K Senior 1, M Miller 1, R Donner 1 Affiliations expand PMID: 34346708 PMCID: PMC8386475 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00515-21 Free PMC article </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a progressive and fatal spongiform encephalopathy of deer and elk species, caused by a misfolded variant of the normal prion protein. Horizontal transmission of the misfolded CWD prion between animals is thought to occur through shedding in saliva and other forms of excreta. The role of blood in CWD transmission is less clear, though infectivity has been demonstrated in various blood fractions. Blood-feeding insects, including ticks, are known vectors for a range of bacterial and viral infections in animals and humans, though to date, there has been no evidence for their involvement in prion disease transmission. In the present study, we evaluated winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) collected from 136 North American elk (Cervus canadensis) in an area where CWD is endemic for evidence of CWD prion amplification using the real-time quaking-induced conversion assay (RT-QuIC). Although 30 elk were found to be CWD positive (22%) postmortem, amplifiable prions were found in just a single tick collected from an elk in advanced stages of CWD infection, with some evidence for prions in ticks collected from elk in mid-stage infection. These findings suggest that further investigation of ticks as reservoirs for prion disease may be warranted. IMPORTANCE This study reports the first finding of detectable levels of prions linked to chronic wasting disease in a tick collected from a clinically infected elk. Using the real-time quaking-induced conversion assay (RT-QuIC), "suspect" samples were also identified; these suspect ticks were more likely to have been collected from CWD-positive elk, though suspect amplification was also observed in ticks collected from CWD-negative elk. Observed levels were at the lower end of our detection limits, though our findings suggest that additional research evaluating ticks collected from animals in late-stage disease may be warranted to further evaluate the role of ticks as potential vectors of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords: RT-QuIC; chronic wasting disease; elk; prion; tick; tick-borne pathogens.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34346708/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34346708/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 21, 2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Parelaphostrongylus (Brainworm) Infection in Deer and Elk and the potential for CWD TSE prion consumption and spreading there from ? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I brought up a concern for a worm long ago, that gets in the brains of cervids, and then the worm gets excreted via feces, and then deer forage and eat that worm. if the host cervid of this worm has CWD, could this later transmit CWD?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I was concerned about this long ago, still am. I was curious what any else might think about this potential mode of transmission with cwd ?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/12/parelaphostrongylus-brainworm-infection.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/12/parelaphostrongylus-brainworm-infection.html</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">7. MILK</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 May; 17(5): 848–854.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">doi: 10.3201/eid1705.101654</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC3321785</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 21529394</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marion M. Simmons, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">corresponding author S. Jo Moore,1 Timm Konold, Lisa Thurston, Linda A. Terry, Leigh Thorne, Richard Lockey, Chris Vickery, Stephen A.C. Hawkins, Melanie J. Chaplin, and John Spiropoulos</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To investigate the possibility of oral transmission of atypical scrapie in sheep and determine the distribution of infectivity in the animals’ peripheral tissues, we challenged neonatal lambs orally with atypical scrapie; they were then killed at 12 or 24 months. Screening test results were negative for disease-specific prion protein in all but 2 recipients; they had positive results for examination of brain, but negative for peripheral tissues. Infectivity of brain, distal ileum, and spleen from all animals was assessed in mouse bioassays; positive results were obtained from tissues that had negative results on screening. These findings demonstrate that atypical scrapie can be transmitted orally and indicate that it has the potential for natural transmission and iatrogenic spread through animal feed. Detection of infectivity in tissues negative by current surveillance methods indicates that diagnostic sensitivity is suboptimal for atypical scrapie, and potentially infectious material may be able to pass into the human food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GOAT MILK</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BMC Vet Res . 2017 May 4;13(1):122. doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1036-1.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Codon 141 polymorphisms of the ovine prion protein gene affect the phenotype of classical scrapie transmitted from goats to sheep</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Timm Konold 1, Laura J Phelan 2, Ben R Donnachie 3, Melanie J Chaplin 3, Saira Cawthraw 4, Lorenzo González 5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 28472956 PMCID: PMC5418773 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1036-1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background: A study to investigate transmission of classical scrapie via goat milk was carried out in sheep: firstly, lambs were challenged orally with goat scrapie brain homogenate to confirm transmission of scrapie from goats to sheep. In the second study phase, milk from scrapie-infected goats was fed to lambs. Lambs were selected according to their prion protein gene (PRNP) genotype, which was either VRQ/VRQ or ARQ/ARQ, with or without additional polymorphisms at codon 141 (FF141, LF141 or LL141) of the ovine PRNP. This report describes the clinical, pathological and molecular phenotype of goat scrapie in those sheep that progressed to clinical end-stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Ten sheep (six VRQ/VRQ and four ARQ/ARQ, of which three FF141 and one LL141) challenged with one of two scrapie brain homogenates, and six pairs of sheep (ARQ, of which five LL141 and seven LF141) fed milk from six different goats, developed clinical disease, which was characterised by a pruritic (all VRQ/VRQ and LL141 sheep) or a non-pruritic form (all LF141 and FF141 sheep). Immunohistochemical (IHC) examination revealed that the pattern of intra- and extracellular accumulation of disease-associated prion protein in the brain was also dependent on PRNP polymorphisms at codon 141, which was similar in VRQ and LL141 sheep but different from LF141 and FF141 sheep. The influence of codon 141 was also seen in discriminatory Western blot (WB), with LF141 and FF141 sheep showing a bovine spongiform encephalopathy-like profile (diminished reactivity with P4 antibody) on brain tissue. However, discriminatory WB in lymphoid tissues, and IHC pattern and profile both in lymphoid and brain tissue was consistent with classical scrapie in all sheep.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study provided further evidence that the clinical presentation and the pathological and molecular phenotypes of scrapie in sheep are influenced by PRNP polymorphisms, particularly at codon 141. Differences in the truncation of disease-associated prion protein between LL141 sheep and those carrying the F141 allele may be responsible for these observations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords: Clinical picture; Codon 141; Goat; Immunohistochemistry; PRNP genotype; Prion protein; Scrapie; Sheep; Transmission; Western immunoblot.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28472956/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28472956/</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8. 21 CFR Part 589.2000 Failed Mad Cow Feed Ban in USA (these are just a few examples of 100s i have filed...terry)</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">___________________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">42,090 lbs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WI</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">___________________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9,997,976 lbs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ID and NV</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"> Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 30, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Why is USDA "only" testing 25,000 samples a year?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/why-is-usda-only-testing-25000-samples.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/why-is-usda-only-testing-25000-samples.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE, Scrapie, CWD, Testing and Surveillance 2022 A Review of History </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-63988371677174148192023-02-01T16:03:00.001-06:002023-02-01T16:03:24.234-06:00Atypical BSE variant found in cattle in South Holland<p> </p><div dir="ltr"><div><h1 class="ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400news" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.23318; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.67em;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Atypical BSE variant found in cattle in South Holland</span></h1><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #535353; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33333; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Atypical BSE variant found in cattle in South Holland<br /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #535353; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33333; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #535353; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33333; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">News item | </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">01-02-2023 | </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">5:13 pm</span></span></div><div style="color: #535353; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33333; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div class="ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400intro" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px;"><p style="line-height: 1.40466; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A positive case of BSE ('Mad Cow Disease') was found this week in the cadaver of an 8-year-old cow in South Holland. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) has investigated which variant of BSE it concerns. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The result of WBVR indicates that this is an atypical variant.</span></span></p></div><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Atypical cases of BSE occur sporadically in older cows, a type of 'old-age BSE'. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The last time this occurred in the Netherlands was 2011. Scientists believe that the atypical variants can arise spontaneously. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">So far, four atypical cases have been identified in the Netherlands.</span></span></p><blockquote style="background: rgb(243, 243, 243); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; clear: both; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; width: 768px;"><p style="line-height: 1.38272; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Minister Piet Adema: </span><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">It is really shocking when you hear that a cow has tested positive for BSE, because we have not had a BSE case for a long time. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">I am relieved that this is now the so-called 'atypical variant', which means that the consequences are mainly limited to the company in question. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">It is of course very bad for the livestock farmer in question. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">13 cattle that are related to this cow because they are descendants or have been raised together will be taken away to be killed and tested. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This case has been resolved with these measures. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Food safety is not at risk. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">It is good to note that our monitoring system for BSE does work.</span></span></em></p></blockquote><h2 style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.38732;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Continuation</span></h2><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The company of the holder of the positive case is immediately blocked. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) has carried out source and contact research in which the offspring of this cow younger than 2 years old are killed and tested. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">In order to perform BSE tests on brain material, the animal must first be killed. </span></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The NVWA's source and contact investigation showed that the infected bovine had five offspring, one of which is still alive on the same farm. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This bovine is less than 2 years old. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This one is killed and tested. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The remaining four offspring are older than two years, making it unlikely that transmission from mother to these calves could have taken place. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">They therefore pose no risk to public health.</span></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">All cattle born on the same farm as the infected bovine within twelve months before or after the birth of this bovine will also be killed and tested, as well as all bovines that were kept together with this infected bovine in their first year of life. and who, according to the study, received the same potentially contaminated feed during that period.</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A total of 13 cattle have been tracked down and are being transported to be killed and tested. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">As a result, the products of these animals do not enter the food chain and therefore pose no risk to food safety. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The measures will be implemented as soon as possible.</span></span></p><h2 style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.38732;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">What is BSE?</span></h2><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)) is a fatal disease that occurs in cattle affecting the central nervous system. It is also a zoonosis that can cause the deadly brain disease variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob in humans. Infection can occur through consumption of infected cattle. There is therefore a European monitoring program in which all cadavers in certain risk groups are tested for the presence of BSE.The bovine that has now been found positive has been traced through this active surveillance.</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">There are two variants: the atypical variant, which is now the case, and the 'classic variant', which led to the BSE crisis in Europe in the 1980s. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Reuse of animal proteins in animal feed was an important cause of the spread of classical BSE. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This was followed by a ban on the use of certain types of processed animal proteins in animal feed for cattle.</span></span></p><div class="ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400block ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400docs-pubs ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400results" style="clear: both; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; list-style: none !important;"><h2 style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(225, 225, 225); line-height: 1.38732;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Documents</span></h2><ul class="ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400common" style="list-style: none !important; padding: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 28px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><a class="ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400publication" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund" rel="nofollow" style="color: #01689b; display: block; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: relative;" target="_blank"><h3 style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 28px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Letter to parliament on final result BSE-positive cattle</span></h3><p style="color: black; line-height: 1.33333; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Minister Adema (LNV) informs the House of Representatives about the final test result of a bovine with Bovine Spongiforme ...</span></p><p class="ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400meta" style="color: #535353; line-height: 1.6875; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Parliamentary Paper: Letter to Parliament | </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">01-02-2023</span></span></p></a></li></ul><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">google language translated, so could be errors...terry</div><div><br /></div><div>Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit</div><div><br /></div><div>> Retouradres Pastbus 20401 2500 EK Den Haag</div><div><br /></div><div>Directoraat-generaal Agro</div><div><br /></div><div>De Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer</div><div><br /></div><div>der Staten Generaal Bezoekadres : Bezuidenhoutseweg 73 Prinses Irenestraat 6 2594 AC Den Haag</div><div><br /></div><div>2595 BD DEN HAAG Postadres</div><div><br /></div><div>Postbus 20401 2500 EK Den Haag</div><div><br /></div><div>Overheidsidentificatienr 00000001858272854000</div><div><br /></div><div>T 070 379 8911 (algemeen) F 070 378 6100 (algemeen) www. rijksoverheid.nl/Inv</div><div><br /></div><div>, Ons kenmerk Datum 1 februari 2023 DGA-DAD / 26214888</div><div><br /></div><div>Betreft Bevestiging uitslag BSE positief rund Geachte Voorzitter,</div><div><br /></div><div>Zoals toegezegd in mijn brief van 1 februari 2023 informeer ik u, mede namens de minister van VWS, over de definitieve testuitslag naar aanleiding van het aantreffen van Bovine Spongiforme Encephalopathie (BSE) bij een kadaver van een achtjarige koe afkomstig van een bedrijf in Zuid-Holland.</div><div><br /></div><div>Zoals ik in mijn vorige brief heb gemeld, heeft Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) onderzocht welke variant van BSE het betreft. Het resultaat van WBVR geeft aan dat het hier een atypische variant betreft.</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypische gevallen van BSE komen sporadisch voor bij oudere koeien, een soort “ouderdoms BSE”. En dat geldt ook voor deze positief geteste achtjarige koe. Wetenschappers denken dat de atypische varianten spontaan kunnen ontstaan. In Nederland zijn tot nu toe vier atypische gevallen vastgesteld van de 88 gevallen die in Nederland zijn geconstateerd sinds 1997. In de afgelopen vijf jaar zijn er in de ‘EU’ drie meldingen geweest van een atypische BSE-besmetting; in 2021 twee meldingen (Duitsland en Italié) en in 2017 één melding (Zwitserland).</div><div><br /></div><div>In het geval van een atypische BSE worden onderstaande maatregelen genomen conform Europese regelgeving:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. De nakomelingen <2 jaar worden gedood en getest!. Uit het bron- en contactonderzoek van de NVWA is gebleken dat het besmette rund vijf nakomelingen heeft gekregen, waarvan er nog één op hetzelfde bedrijf in leven is. Dit rund is jonger dan 2 jaar. De overige vier nakomelingen waren ouder dan twee jaar, waardoor het niet waarschijnlijk is dat overdracht van moeder op deze kalveren heeft kunnen plaatsvinden. Zij vormen een verwaarloosbaar risico voor de volksgezondheid.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Het geboortecohort wordt gedood en getest. Dat zijn alle runderen die op hetzelfde bedrijf als het besmette rund binnen twaalf maanden voor of na de geboorte van het besmette rund zijn geboren. In dit geval bestaat het geboortecohort uit vier runderen, waarvan drie op hetzelfde bedrijf aanwezig zijn en één rund op een ander bedrijf.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Het voedercohort wordt gedood en getest. Dat zijn alle runderen die in hun eerste levensjaar samen met het besmette rund in haar eerste</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Om BSE testen te kunnen doen op hersenmateriaal moet het dier eerst gedaod worden.</div><div><br /></div><div>Pagina 1 van 2 Directoraat-generaal Agro</div><div><br /></div><div>Ons kenmerk</div><div><br /></div><div>levensjaar zijn gehouden in hetzelfde bedrijf en die blijkens onderzoek in DGA-DAD/ 26214888</div><div><br /></div><div>die periode hetzelfde potentieel besmette voeder gekregen hebben. In dit geval bestaat het voedercohort uit elf runderen. Drie van deze runderen behoren ook tot het geboortecohort.</div><div><br /></div><div>Met het doden, testen en afvoeren voor destructie van deze 13 runderen wordt de positieve besmetting met de atypische variant afgehandeld conform Europese regelgeving. Hiermee komen de producten van deze dieren niet in de voedselketen en zijn daarmee geen risico voor de volksgezondheid. Deze maatregelen worden zo spoedig mogelijk afgehandeld door de NVWA die hierbij de regie voert. Tot die tijd blijft het betreffende bedrijf geblokkeerd.</div><div><br /></div><div>Hieruit blijkt het belang van een goede monitor in het totaal pakket van maatregelen die genomen worden voor de preventie en bestrijding van BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Piet Adema Minister van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit</div><div><br /></div><div>Pagina 2 van 2</div><div><br /></div><div>Regarding Confirmation result BSE positive round Geachte Voorzitter,</div><div><br /></div><div>Zoals toegezegd in mijn brief van 1 februari 2023 informer ik u, mede namens the minister of VWS, over the definitive test results when necessary encounter of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathie (BSE) in a carcass an eight-year-old cow from a company in Zuid-Holland.</div><div><br /></div><div>As I said in my previous brief, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) investigated which variant of BSE was involved. The result won WBVR indicates that this is an atypical variant.</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical cases of BSE occur sporadically in older cows, een soort "old age BSE". A dat also applies to this positively tested eight-year-old cow. Wetenschappers think that the atypical variant can spontaneously arise. In The Netherlands zijn tot nu toe vier atypische gävlen settet van de de 88 gävlen die in Nederland zijn geconstateerd since 1997. In the last five years zijn is in de 'EU' drie melding geweest van een atypische BSE besmetning; in 2021 twee the message (Germany and Italy) and in 2017 one message (Switzerland).</div><div><br /></div><div>In the event of an atypical BSE, the following measures are taken according to European regulations:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. De nakomelingen <2 jaar worden gedood en getest!. Out het the bridge contactonderzoek van de NVWA is gebleken dat het besmetste rund vijf the nakomelingen heeft gerecht, of which there is still one on the same company life is ice. Around here is younger than 2 years. The rest devote the offspring waren ouder dan twee jaar, so het niet waarschijn is dat the transfer of mother to this calf has been able to take place. Zij vormen een verwaarloosbaar risico voor de volksgezondheid.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. The birth cohort is tested. Dat zijn alle rounderen die op the same company as the infected rund binnen twaalf maaden voor of na de geboorte van het besmeste rund zijn geboren. In dit geval bestat het birthcohort uit vier rounderen, waaran drie op semeldabe bedrijf aanwezig zijn en een round op een ander bedrijf.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. The feeding cohort is tested. Dat zijn alle rounderen die in her first life year samen met het besmetste round in haar eerste</div><div><br /></div><div>1 If the BSE test te kunnen doen op hersenmaterial moet het dier eerst gedaod worden.</div><div><br /></div><div>Page 1 of 2 Directorate General Agro</div><div><br /></div><div>Our reference</div><div><br /></div><div>year of life have been held in the same company and according to research in DGA-DAD/ 26214888</div><div><br /></div><div>received the same potentially contaminated feed during that period. In this case, the feed cohort consists of eleven cattle. Three of these cattle also belong to the birth cohort.</div><div><br /></div><div>With the killing, testing and removal for destruction of these 13 cattle, the positive infection with the atypical variant handled in accordance with European regulations. This means that the products of these animals do not end up in the food chain and are therefore not a risk to public health. This one measures will be dealt with as soon as possible by the NVWA, which is hereby responsible for the directs. Until then, the company in question will remain blocked.</div><div><br /></div><div>This shows the importance of a good monitor in the total package of measures taken for the prevention and control of BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Peter Adema Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality</div><div><br /></div><div>Page 2 of 2 </div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div>Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality</div><div><br /></div><div>Directorate-General for Agriculture</div><div><br /></div><div>To the Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Author PS IN DECISION</div><div><br /></div><div>Date February 1, 2023</div><div><br /></div><div>Feature Nn ota memorandum accompanying letter to Parliament BSE positively tested cattle |</div><div><br /></div><div>Attachments) 1</div><div><br /></div><div>Initial route</div><div><br /></div><div>a mua [5 le</div><div><br /></div><div>Cause</div><div><br /></div><div>On Monday 30 January a bovine tested positive for Bovine Spongiforme Encephalopathy (BSE), also known as 'mad cow disease'. As in your previous letter of 1 February to the House of Representatives, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) investigated which variant of BSE it concerns this infected cow.</div><div><br /></div><div>The result of WBVR indicates that this is an atypical variant.</div><div><br /></div><div>Advised decision</div><div><br /></div><div>To inform the House about the situation, please see the enclosed letter to Parliament sign.</div><div><br /></div><div>Key points</div><div><br /></div><div>e The letter informs the House of the outcome of the investigation and about the measures taken/to be taken.</div><div><br /></div><div>Page 1 of 1</div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/beleidsnotas/2023/02/01/beslisnota-bij-kamerbrief-bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/beslisnota-bij-kamerbrief-bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/beleidsnotas/2023/02/01/beslisnota-bij-kamerbrief-bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/beslisnota-bij-kamerbrief-bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><ul style="line-height: 1.33333; list-style: none !important; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 28px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><a class="ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydpaebab239publication" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund" rel="nofollow" style="color: #01496d; display: block; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; outline: rgb(0, 0, 0) dashed 2px; position: relative; z-index: 1010;" target="_blank"><span style="min-height: 1px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Letter to parliament on final result BSE-positive cattle</span></span></a><span class="ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydpaebab239meta" style="color: #535353; display: block; line-height: 1.6875; margin: 0px; width: 368px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Parliamentary Paper: Letter to Parliament | </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">01-02-2023</span></span></span></li></ul></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bse-positief-getest-rund/bse-positief-getest-rund.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bse-positief-getest-rund/bse-positief-getest-rund.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div></div></div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">NETHERLANDS LAST REPORTS OF BSE OIE</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Recurrence of an eradicated disease 2011/01/04 2011/01/21</span><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/991</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Recurrence of an eradicated disease 2010/10/06 2010/10/20</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/945" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/945</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Recurrence of an eradicated disease 2010/08/28 2010/09/09 </div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/922" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/922</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">PLEASE NOTE, OIE ET AL HAVE NOW WARNED THAT FEEDING OF ATYPICAL STRAINS OF BSE TO CATTLE RISK TRANSMISSION OF ATYPICAL BSE...SEE; </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div>***>The current situation does not pose a serious threat to public health, the ministry said.</div><div><br /></div><div>atypical L type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div>atypical H type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''</div><div><br /></div><div>-------- Original Message --------</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: re-BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2002 10:23:43 -0000</div><div><br /></div><div>From: "Asante, Emmanuel A" e.asante@ic.ac.uk</div><div><br /></div><div>To: "'flounder@wt.net'" flounder@wt.net</div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Terry,</div><div><br /></div><div>I have been asked by Professor Collinge to respond to your request. I am a Senior Scientist in the MRC Prion Unit and the lead author on the paper. I have attached a pdf copy of the paper for your attention.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you for your interest in the paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>In respect of your first question, the simple answer is, ***yes. As you will find in the paper, we have managed to associate the alternate phenotype to type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. It is too early to be able to claim any further sub-classification in respect of Heidenhain variant CJD or Vicky Rimmer's version. It will take further studies, which are on-going, to establish if there are sub-types to our initial finding which we are now reporting. The main point of the paper is that, as well as leading to the expected new variant CJD phenotype, BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc.</div><div><br /></div><div>I hope reading the paper will enlighten you more on the subject. If I can be of any further assistance please to not hesitate to ask. Best wishes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Asante</div><div><br /></div><div><<Asante et al 2002.pdf>></div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Emmanuel A Asante MRC Prion Unit & Neurogenetics Dept. Imperial College School of Medicine (St. Mary's) Norfolk Place, LONDON W2 1PG Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 3794 Fax: +44 (0)20 7706 3272 email: e.asante@ic.ac.uk (until 9/12/02) New e-mail: e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk (active from now)</div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.'' </div><div><br /></div><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573 </div><div><br /></div><div>Netherlands BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.woah.org/en/?s=&_search=BOVINE+SPONGIFORM+ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE, OIE ET AL HAVE NOW WARNED THAT FEEDING OF ATYPICAL STRAINS OF BSE TO CATTLE RISK TRANSMISSION OF ATYPICAL BSE...SEE; </div><div><br /></div><div>WOAH Members Official BSE Risk Status Map Last Updated May 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/05/bse-world-eng.png</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/#ui-id-2</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br /></div><div>see full report;</div><div><br /></div><div>REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY RISK ASSESSMENT AND SURVEILLANCE</div><div><br /></div><div>Paris, 18-21 March 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below.</div><div><br /></div><div>With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>In contrast, there have not been any substantiated reports of the successful oral transmission of H-BSE in cattle. Initial reports from Dudas et al., 2014 based on RT-QuIC pointed to the possibility of oral transmission following a very high dose (100 grams of brain material), although the individual did not display clinical signs and the findings from standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays were all negative. Investigations are ongoing in an attempt to clarify these findings.</div><div><br /></div><div>Although significant uncertainty remains regarding the origin of C-BSE, several studies involving the serial passage of H-BSE and L-BSE in transgenic and wild-type mice have revealed their potential to lead to the emergence of a C-BSE-like phenotype (Baron et al., 2011; Torres et al., 2011; Bencsik et al., 2013) or other novel strains (Masujin et al., 2016). Whether or not one or both of these atypical strains led to the emergence of C-BSE remains speculative; however, the similarities between transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), first reported in the USA in 1947 (Hartsough and Burger, 1965), and L-BSE indicate that TME may have been a surrogate indicator for the presence of L-BSE in cattle populations in those countries such as the USA, Canada, Germany, Finland and Russia where outbreaks of TME had been reported decades before C-BSE was first recognised in the United Kingdom in 1986 (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968; Marsh et al., 1991; McKenzie et al., 1996; Baron et al., 2007; Comoy et al., 2013). Although TME was originally thought to have occurred as a result of feeding mink with scrapie infected sheep carcases, oral challenge studies did not confirm this (Marsh et al., 1991). Importantly, in an outbreak reported in the USA in 1985, mink had never been fed sheep products; instead they had been fed on products derived from dead and sick dairy cattle (March et al., 1991). Similarly, from an outbreak in Canada in 1963, mink had reportedly been fed with products derived from cattle but not sheep (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968).</div><div><br /></div><div>Although, as discussed above, the passage of H-BSE or L-BSE has been proposed as a possible explanation for the origin of C-BSE, transformation of L-BSE or H-BSE to C-BSE has not been observed so far in transmission studies in cattle. That being said, it is likely that, compared to various rodent models, an insufficient number of passages have been undertaken.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is worth noting that sheep and goats are susceptible to L-BSE following intracerebral inoculation without lymphoid involvement in most individuals (Simmons et al., 2016; Gielbert et al., 2018; Vallino-Costassa et al., 2018). As discussed by Houston and Andreoletti (2018), C-BSE appears to increase in virulence for humans if it is first passaged in sheep. Whether or not this is the same for atypical strains remains to be determined.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>***> Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div><br /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br /></div><div>Hiroyuki Okada, corresponding author Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Morikazu Imamura, Kohtaro Miyazawa, Yuichi Matsuura, Kentaro Masujin, Yuichi Murayama, and Takashi Yokoyama Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract To determine oral transmissibility of the L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, we orally inoculated 16 calves with brain homogenates of the agent. Only 1 animal, given a high dose, showed signs and died at 88 months. These results suggest low risk for oral transmission of the L-BSE agent among cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>Keywords: atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle, L-type, prion, oral transmission, L-BSE, prions and related diseases, zoonoses The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle is thought to be caused by oral infection through consumption of feed containing the BSE agent (prion). Since 2003, different neuropathologic and molecular phenotypes of BSE have been identified as causing ≈110 cases of atypical BSE worldwide, mainly in aged cattle. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of atypical BSE are not yet fully understood, atypical BSE prions possibly cause sporadic cases of BSE (1).</div><div><br /></div><div>The L-type BSE (L-BSE) prion has been experimentally transmitted to cattle by intracerebral challenge, and the incubation period was is shorter than that for classical BSE (C-BSE) prions (2–6). The origin of transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-raised mink is thought to be caused by ingestion of L-BSE–infected material (7). Although L-BSE has been orally transmitted to mouse lemurs (8), it remains to be established whether L-BSE can be transmitted to cattle by oral infection. We therefore investigated the transmissibility of L-BSE by the oral route and tissue distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) in cattle. All experiments involving animals were performed with the approval of the Animal Ethical Committee and the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute of Animal Health (approval nos. 07–88 and 08–010).</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>The neuroanatomical PrPSc distribution pattern of orally challenged cattle differed somewhat from that described in cattle naturally and intracerebrally challenged with L-BSE (2–6,11,13,14), The conspicuous differences between the case we report and cases of natural and experimental infection are 1) higher amounts of PrPSc in the caudal medulla oblongata and the spinal cord coupled with that in the thalamus and the more rostral brainstem and 2) relatively low amounts of PrPSc in the cerebral cortices and the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, fewer PrPSc deposits in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve may indicate that the parasympathetic retrogressive neuroinvasion pathway does not contribute to transport of the L-BSE prion from the gut to the brain, which is in contrast to the vagus-associated transport of the agent in C-BSE (15). PrPSc accumulation in the extracerebral tissues may be a result of centrifugal trafficking of the L-BSE prion from the central nervous system along somatic or autonomic nerve fibers rather than centripetal propagation of the agent (4,6,9). Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical H-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. </div><div><br /></div><div>The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge.</div><div><br /></div><div> Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div><div><br /></div><div>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div><div><br /></div><div>Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div><div><br /></div><div>At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div><div><br /></div><div>Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div><div><br /></div><div>Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div><div><br /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div>Spatial analysis of BSE cases in the Netherlands</div><div><br /></div><div>Lourens Heres, Dick J Brus & Thomas J Hagenaars </div><div><br /></div><div>BMC Veterinary Research volume 4, Article number: 21 (2008) Cite this article</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract Background</div><div><br /></div><div>In many of the European countries affected by Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), case clustering patterns have been observed. Most of these patterns have been interpreted in terms of heterogeneities in exposure of cattle to the BSE agent. Here we investigate whether spatial clustering is present in the Dutch BSE case data.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results</div><div><br /></div><div>We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. When testing all birth cohorts together, only one significant cluster was detected. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion</div><div><br /></div><div>Significant spatial case clustering is present in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The spatial clusters of BSE cases are most likely due to time-dependent heterogeneities in exposure related to feed production.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion</div><div><br /></div><div>We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old [24, 25]. As a result of the infection at a young age, temporal changes in BSE exposure are seen most clearly by comparing cohort-wise incidence levels. The fact that each of the three significant clusters in the cohort-based analysis occurs in a different birth cohort, suggests that the causes of the enhanced infection levels each occurred within a limited time frame of at most about a year.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the Introduction we discussed the possible mechanisms that may produce clustering of BSE cases. The candidate mechanisms that could underlie the observed spatial clusters in the Netherlands are feeding practice and on-farm cross-contamination, and heterogeneities in rendering and feed processing. Local recycling is not likely as the number of rendering plants in the Netherlands was as low as two and each of these supplied nationwide to feed producers. Population heterogeneity is unlikely because in previous work [1] neither genetic differences between regions have been found nor differences in management. Population heterogeneity as a cause of spatial clustering is also unlikely in view of the limited time frame in which the causes of the clusters seem to have been present.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the same previous work, the factor "group of feed producers" was found to be a significant risk factor in a non-temporal, non-spatial analysis of case-control data [1]. Based on this previous result we therefore interpret the observed clustering to be at least in part due to regional differences in feed production. As the information from the previous study suggested, the feed-production heterogeneities have most likely arisen due to both origin of MBM and production on mixed production lines. Feed producers were different in their sourcing of MBM and the use of mixed or dedicated production lines. Separation of production lines was not obligatory up until 1999 (Table 4), and both producers A and K have used mixed production lines up until then. Variation in feeding practice (i.e. between-farm variation in the per-animal feed uptake) is a less likely mechanism to have contributed to the clustering, as the amount of feed fed was not significantly associated with BSE in the previous study. Furthermore, a contribution due to on-farm cross-contamination as a consequence of mixed farming has not been detected. Indications against such a contribution are the fact that the 1997 cluster is in an area with small numbers of pigs and the observation that the southern part of the Netherlands with dense populations of pigs has a relatively small number of BSE cases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Also in some other European countries where spatial clusters of BSE have been found, the most likely mechanisms were suggested to be related to exposure heterogeneity [4, 10–19, 23]. The feature of different spatial clustering occurring in different birth cohorts has also been observed elsewhere in Europe [10, 12, 14, 15]. In Switzerland, France and Great Britain it was difficult to distinguish effects due to feed processing differences from those arising from differences in feeding practices between mixed farms and farms with only ruminants, because typically feed producers with mixed production lines and mixed farms were spatially correlated. In a recent analysis of Swiss data for the period after the introduction of a ban on MBM in cattle feed, Schwermer et al. [31] found evidence of spatial association between BSE cases and feed producers where cattle feed was found MBM positive by cross-contamination. Cross-contamination in the feed-production process was also implicated in a recent study by Paul et al. [23], in which a spatial analysis of the French feed industry and BSE case data showed that BSE risk in France after a ban on MBM in ruminant feed is spatially linked to the use of MBM in non-ruminant feed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion</div><div><br /></div><div>We have identified three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. In a former study the factor "group of feed producers" was found to be a significant risk factor in a non-temporal, non-spatial analysis of case-control data [1</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21</a></div><div><br /></div><div>J Neurol. 2007 July; 254(7): 958–960. Published online 2007 April 21. doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0360-3. PMCID: PMC2779429</div><div><br /></div><div>Copyright © Steinkopff-Verlag 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>The first case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the Netherlands</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779429/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779429/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Eurosurveillance, Volume 11, Issue 26, 29 June 2006 Articles C van Duijn1, H Ruijs2, A Timen2</div><div><br /></div><div>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation style for this article: van Duijn C, Ruijs H, Timen A.</div><div><br /></div><div>Second probable case of vCJD in the Netherlands.</div><div><br /></div><div>Euro Surveill. 2006;11(26):pii=2991.</div><div><br /></div><div>Available online: <a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Date of submission:</div><div><br /></div><div>Second probable case of vCJD in the Netherlands</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991</a></div><div><br /></div><div>TO DATE, 3 CASES OF nvCJD have been documented in the Netherlands ;</div><div><br /></div><div>vCJD cases Worldwide (Netherlands = 3 cases nvCJD documented to date August 2010)</div><div><br /></div><div>Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Alive Total</div><div><br /></div><div>Netherlands 1 1 1 3</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%204.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%204.htm</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Total Cases of Sporadic CJD (Deaths)</div><div><br /></div><div>Sporadic CJD: Definite and probable cases</div><div><br /></div><div>Country 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total</div><div><br /></div><div>Netherlands 12 18 8 14 18 17 19 10 14 18 12 20 20 22 15 16 11 264</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%203.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%203.htm</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">WOAH Members Official BSE Risk Status Map Last Updated May 2022</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/05/bse-world-eng.png" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/05/bse-world-eng.png</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/#ui-id-2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/#ui-id-2</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><table class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nopadding ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1291px;"><tbody><tr><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2emphasizedgroup" style="background-color: #f7f9fe; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><table class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-90 ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nopadding" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1151.09px;"><tbody><tr><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Subject:</b></td><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;ec3f3796.1101" rel="nofollow" style="color: #378acc;" target="_blank">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, atypical BSE (L-type). Netherlands Information received on 21/01/2011</a></div><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;"><br /></div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>From:</b></td><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">"Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder9@VERIZON.NET></div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Reply To:</b></td><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@LISTS.AEGEE.ORG></div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Date:</b></td><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">Sat, 22 Jan 2011 22:51:56 -0600</div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Content-Type:</b></td><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">multipart/alternative</div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Parts/Attachments:</b></td><td class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A3=ind1101&L=BSE-L&E=quoted-printable&P=1082383&B=------%3D_NextPart_000_02D1_01CBBA86.F84C11F0&T=text%2Fplain;%20charset=iso-8859-1&X=OF8502AC9C02895B812&Y=flounder9%40verizon.net&header=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #378acc;" target="_blank">text/plain</a> (3105 bytes) , <a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A3=ind1101&L=BSE-L&E=quoted-printable&P=1085731&B=------%3D_NextPart_000_02D1_01CBBA86.F84C11F0&T=text%2Fhtml;%20charset=iso-8859-1&XSS=3&X=OF8502AC9C02895B812&Y=flounder9%40verizon.net&header=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #378acc;" target="_blank">text/html</a> (6 kB)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Netherlands</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Information received on 21/01/2011 from Dr Christianne Bruschke, Chief Veterinary Officer , Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Hague, Netherlands</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Summary</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Report type Immediate notification (Final report) Start date 04/01/2011 Date of first confirmation of the event 11/01/2011 Report date 21/01/2011 Date submitted to OIE 21/01/2011 Date event resolved 11/01/2011 Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease Date of previous occurrence 15/10/2010 Manifestation of disease Clinical disease Causal agent Bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent Nature of diagnosis Laboratory (basic) This event pertains to the whole country</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">New outbreaksOutbreak 1 Lippenhuizen, FRIESLAND Date of start of the outbreak 04/01/2011 Outbreak status Resolved (11/01/2011) Epidemiological unit Farm Affected animals Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Cattle 119 1 0 1 0</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Summary of outbreaks Total outbreaks: 1 Outbreak statistics Species Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 0.84% 0.00% 0.00% 0.84%</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">EpidemiologySource of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection Unknown or inconclusive</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Epidemiological comments Result of a monitoring sample taken at a rendering plant. The animal was euthanized by a veterinary practitioner. There are no animals alive belonging to the birth cohort and the feed cohort and there are no animals alive belonging to the off-spring younger than 2 years. This is a case of atypical BSE (L-type).</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Control measuresMeasures applied Modified stamping out No vaccination No treatment of affected animals</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Measures to be applied No other measures</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Diagnostic test resultsLaboratory name and type Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Tests and results Species Test Test date Result Cattle immunohistochemical test 11/01/2011 Positive Cattle western blotting 11/01/2011 Positive</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Future ReportingThe event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Map of outbreak locations</span></div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span> </div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=10152" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=10152</a></span></div><div style="font-family: New;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span> </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: New;"><h2 class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69date-header" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; font-size: 11.7px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 2010</h2><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69date-posts" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif";"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-outer"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69hentry ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><h3 class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-title ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dutch report positive test for mad cow disease</h3><div><br /></div><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-header"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-body ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247">Subject: Dutch report positive test for mad cow disease<br /><br />Dutch report positive test for mad cow disease<br /><br />AMSTERDAM, Sept 3 Fri Sep 3, 2010 7:00am EDT<br /><br />AMSTERDAM, Sept 3 (Reuters) - A 10-year-old cow in the Netherlands has tested positive for BSE, more commonly known as "mad cow" disease, the first such result in more than two years, the Dutch government said on Friday.<br /><br />The government ministry responsible for food quality said the animal tested positive for the brain-wasting disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy at a slaughterhouse.<br /><br />It was the first positive test for BSE in the country since May 2008, the ministry said in a statement.<br /><br />A spokesman for the ministry told Reuters the cow's meat was withdrawn from the food chain after a first positive test, while a second test confirmed the result.<br /><br />All cows sent to slaughter in the country are tested and held aside for the results before their meat enters the system.<br /><br />Mad cow disease is of particular concern because it has been known to cause a related brain-wasting disease in humans who have eaten contaminated meat.<br /><br />Three people have died in the Netherlands from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after eating meat from a BSE positive cow. The last reported death was in January 2009. (Reporting by Ben Berkowitz; editing by James Jukwey)<br /><br /><a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6820VK20100903" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6820VK20100903</a><br /><br /><br />Na twee jaar weer BSE-koe aangetroffen Persbericht 03-09-2010<br /><br />Er is een geval van BSE vastgesteld. Het gaat om een ruim tien jaar oude koe die op het slachthuis is getest. Dit past in de verwachting van het Centraal Veterinair Instituut in Lelystad dat Nederland in de komende jaren af en toe een besmette koe zal tegenkomen.<br /><br />Het ministerie van LNV is blij dat Nederland ondanks een zeer intensief testprogramma gedurende een periode van ruim twee jaar geen enkel geval van BSE aantrof. Het laatste geval was in mei 2008. In 2009 testte Nederland 405.000 runderen op BSE.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640333&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_news_item_id=2007820" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640333&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_news_item_id=2007820</a><br /><br /><br />BSE For some years now the Netherlands has been taking measures to prevent BSE (Bovine Spongiforme Encephalopathy) in its cattle herd. All EU measures were implemented, though the Netherlands has also anticipated European regulation and introduced additional measures of its own.<br /><br />In spite of all these efforts the Netherlands has not been free of BSE. It was first diagnosed in the Netherlands in 1997.<br /><br />Measures taken by the Dutch Government Over the years a broad package of measures has been built up to combat BSE. This is partly aimed at food safety, partly at the eradication of BSE. These measures follow the recommendations of the Office International des Epizoties (OIE), and Decisions of the EU.<br /><br />The measures involve:<br /><br />Tracking down diseased or suspect cattle. Since 1989 it is been compulsory for owners and veterinarians to report any cattle that show symptoms of BSE to the authorities. Evaluation of the animal's health at the slaughterhouse, prior to slaughter. Compulsory removal of risk material on slaughter; This measure was introduced in the Netherlands in 1997. It has applied to all European Member States since 1 October 2000. Treatment of animal by-products used in animal feed at 133°C and 3 bar during 20 min. since the seventies. A ban on the use of animal protein in animal feed for domestic farm animals (such as cattle). Testing for BSE on all slaughtered cattle older than 30 months. Further information on the most important measures is given below.<br /><br />Removal of risk material The most important measure taken to protect the consumer against BSE is the decision that so-called risk material must be removed in the slaughterhouse. The disease-causing prions do not occur in the whole animal. They are concentrated in the brains, spinal cord and some other risk material. This material is removed on slaughter and incinerated, and so eliminated from the food chain. Disease-causing organisms have never been found in meat taken from cattle muscle (steak, etc.). The removal of risk material has been compulsory since 1997.<br /><br />Ban on animal protein The aim is to eliminate BSEby removing the most important source of infection (infected animal protein).<br /><br />Since 1989 there has been a ban in the Netherlands on the use of remains of ruminants in ruminant feed (cattle, sheep and goats). This ban has been tightened on a number of occasions. Since 1994 no animal protein originating from mammals (previously ruminants) may be used in ruminant feed. Since 1999 the production of feed for ruminants and feed for non-ruminants containing animal protein is totally separated. This measures prevents any contamination of feed for ruminants with animal protein. Since 1 January 2001 feed containing animal protein from mammals is not only banned for ruminants, but also for all domestic farm animals, such as pigs and chickens. Compulsory BSE test From 1 January 2001 all cattle older than 30 months presented for slaughter are subjected to a rapid BSE test, approved by the European Commission. In order to carry out these tests a piece of brain tissue is removed from the cattle. If the result is positive the final diagnosis is made by traditional microscopic study of brain tissue, according to OIE.<br /><br />In addition to the testing of cattle older than 30 months, risk material is removed from slaughtered cattle intended for human consumption.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640387&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_document_id=111059&p_node_id=5550285&p_mode" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640387&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_document_id=111059&p_node_id=5550285&p_mode</a>=<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640440&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_node_id=8887325" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640440&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_node_id=8887325</a><br /><br /><br />J Neurol. 2007 July; 254(7): 958–960. Published online 2007 April 21. doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0360-3. PMCID: PMC2779429<br /><br />Copyright © Steinkopff-Verlag 2007<br /><br />The first case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the Netherlands<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779429/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779429/</a><br /><br /><br />Eurosurveillance, Volume 11, Issue 26, 29 June 2006 Articles C van Duijn1, H Ruijs2, A Timen2<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Citation style for this article: van Duijn C, Ruijs H, Timen A.<br /><br /><br />Second probable case of vCJD in the Netherlands.<br /><br />Euro Surveill. 2006;11(26):pii=2991.<br /><br />Available online: <a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991</a><br /><br />Date of submission:<br /><br />Second probable case of vCJD in the Netherlands<br /><br /><a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991</a><br /><br /><br />TO DATE, 3 CASES OF nvCJD have been documented in the Netherlands ;<br /><br />vCJD cases Worldwide (Netherlands = 3 cases nvCJD documented to date August 2010)<br /><br />Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Alive Total<br /><br />Netherlands 1 1 1 3<br /><br /><a href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%204.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%204.htm</a><br /><br /><br />Total Cases of Sporadic CJD (Deaths)<br /><br />Sporadic CJD: Definite and probable cases<br /><br />Country 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total<br /><br />Netherlands 12 18 8 14 18 17 19 10 14 18 12 20 20 22 15 16 11 264<br /><br /><a href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%203.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%203.htm</a><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div><h2 class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcedate-header" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; font-size: 11.7px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2010</h2><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcedate-posts" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif";"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-outer"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcehentry ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bceuncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><h3 class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-title ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bceentry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Netherlands reports 2nd BSE case this year 14 October 2010</h3><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-header"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-body ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bceentry-content" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-body-495084879119354475">Netherlands reports 2nd BSE case this year<br /><br />14 October 2010<br /><br />THE HAGUE (BNO NEWS) -- A 13-year-old cow in the Netherlands on Thursday was found to be infected with BSE, which is commonly known as 'mad-cow disease', according to the country's Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality.<br /><br />Thursday's case is the second case of BSE in the Netherlands since May 2008. The other case was reported on September 3 when a cow was diagnosed with BSE at a farm in Tilburg, near the border with Belgium.<br /><br />The ministry on Thursday said the cow had died on a farm in country, but did not reveal where the farm was located. "We can expect to see several more BSE-cases during the next few years," the ministry said in a statement.<br /><br />This is because a number of cows are still alive from before a European Union feed ban went into effect on January 1, 2001. That ban prohibits certain animal products from being fed to cows, which can lead to BSE being spread among cows.<br /><br />The Netherlands tested around 405,000 cattle in 2009, while around 7.5 million cattle were tested throughout the European Union. A total of 67 BSE cases were found, all of which were outside of the Netherlands.<br /><br />The ministry said there is no need to take action because cows cannot infect each other with BSE. "But, as usual, the animals who were born on the same farm around the same time as the infected animal or ate the same food will be examined, as well as their offspring."<br /><br />(Copyright 2010 by BNO News B.V. All rights reserved. Info: sales@bnonews.com.)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://channel6newsonline.com/2010/10/netherlands-reports-2nd-bse-case-this-year/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://channel6newsonline.com/2010/10/netherlands-reports-2nd-bse-case-this-year/</a><br /><br /><br />PLEASE SEE FULL REPORT HERE ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=9852" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=9852</a><br /><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-header" style="color: #333333; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><h1 class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-title" style="color: #1b3051; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">Spatial analysis of BSE cases in the Netherlands</h1><ul class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-author-list ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-author-list--short ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480djs-no-scroll" style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><li class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-author-list__item" style="display: inline; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#auth-Lourens-Heres" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Lourens Heres</a>, </li><li class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-author-list__item" style="display: inline; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#auth-Dick_J-Brus" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Dick J Brus</a> & </li><li class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-author-list__item" style="display: inline; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#auth-Thomas_J-Hagenaars" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Thomas J Hagenaars</a> </li></ul><p class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-info-details" style="margin: 16px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank"><i>BMC Veterinary Research</i></a> <span style="font-weight: bolder;"><span class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480du-visually-hidden" style="border: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; width: 1px;">volume</span> 4</span>, Article number: 21 (2008) <a class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-info-details__cite-as ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480du-hide-print" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#citeas" rel="nofollow" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(111, 111, 111); color: #004b83; margin-left: 8px; padding-left: 8px;" target="_blank">Cite this article</a></p><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__wrapper ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480du-clear-both" style="margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><ul class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480du-list-reset" style="line-height: 1.3; 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margin-right: 8px;"><p class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__details" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21/metrics" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Metrics<span class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480du-visually-hidden" style="border: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; width: 1px;">details</span></a></p></li><li class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__item" style="border-right: 0px; margin-right: 8px;"><p class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__details" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p></li></ul><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Abstract</div></div></div><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-section ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-content-visibility" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dAbs1-section" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div><div><h3 class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp2218faac-article__sub-heading" style="color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">Background</h3><p style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In many of the European countries affected by Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), case clustering patterns have been observed. Most of these patterns have been interpreted in terms of heterogeneities in exposure of cattle to the BSE agent. Here we investigate whether spatial clustering is present in the Dutch BSE case data.</p><h3 class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp2218faac-article__sub-heading" style="color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">Results</h3><p style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. When testing all birth cohorts together, only one significant cluster was detected. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old.</p><h3 class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp2218faac-article__sub-heading" style="color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">Conclusion</h3><p style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Significant spatial case clustering is present in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The spatial clusters of BSE cases are most likely due to time-dependent heterogeneities in exposure related to feed production.</p></div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr">snip...</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-content-visibility" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec10-section" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section__title ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ajs-section-title ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ajs-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec10" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); color: #1b3051; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;">Discussion</h2><div><br /></div><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section__content" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec10-content" style="margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 8px 0px 0px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR24" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2273" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Woolhouse MEJ, Anderson RM: The epidemiology of BSE in cattle herds in Great Britain; 2. Model construction and analysis of transmission dynamics. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences. 1997, 352: 803-838. 10.1098/rstb.1997.0063.">24</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR25" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2276" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Arnold ME, Wilesmith JW: Estimation of the age-dependent risk of infection to BSE of dairy cattle in Great Britain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2004, 66: 35-47.">25</a>]. As a result of the infection at a young age, temporal changes in BSE exposure are seen most clearly by comparing cohort-wise incidence levels. The fact that each of the three significant clusters in the cohort-based analysis occurs in a different birth cohort, suggests that the causes of the enhanced infection levels each occurred within a limited time frame of at most about a year.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In the Introduction we discussed the possible mechanisms that may produce clustering of BSE cases. The candidate mechanisms that could underlie the observed spatial clusters in the Netherlands are feeding practice and on-farm cross-contamination, and heterogeneities in rendering and feed processing. Local recycling is not likely as the number of rendering plants in the Netherlands was as low as two and each of these supplied nationwide to feed producers. Population heterogeneity is unlikely because in previous work [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR1" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2282" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Heres L, Elbers ARW, Van Zijderveld FG: Identification of the Characteristics and Risk Factors of the BSE Epidemic in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis. 2007, 27: 1119-1129.">1</a>] neither genetic differences between regions have been found nor differences in management. Population heterogeneity as a cause of spatial clustering is also unlikely in view of the limited time frame in which the causes of the clusters seem to have been present.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In the same previous work, the factor "group of feed producers" was found to be a significant risk factor in a non-temporal, non-spatial analysis of case-control data [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR1" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2288" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Heres L, Elbers ARW, Van Zijderveld FG: Identification of the Characteristics and Risk Factors of the BSE Epidemic in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis. 2007, 27: 1119-1129.">1</a>]. Based on this previous result we therefore interpret the observed clustering to be at least in part due to regional differences in feed production. As the information from the previous study suggested, the feed-production heterogeneities have most likely arisen due to both origin of MBM and production on mixed production lines. Feed producers were different in their sourcing of MBM and the use of mixed or dedicated production lines. Separation of production lines was not obligatory up until 1999 (Table <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#Tab4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">4</a>), and both producers A and K have used mixed production lines up until then. Variation in feeding practice (i.e. between-farm variation in the per-animal feed uptake) is a less likely mechanism to have contributed to the clustering, as the amount of feed fed was not significantly associated with BSE in the previous study. Furthermore, a contribution due to on-farm cross-contamination as a consequence of mixed farming has not been detected. Indications against such a contribution are the fact that the 1997 cluster is in an area with small numbers of pigs and the observation that the southern part of the Netherlands with dense populations of pigs has a relatively small number of BSE cases.</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Also in some other European countries where spatial clusters of BSE have been found, the most likely mechanisms were suggested to be related to exposure heterogeneity [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR4" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2297" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Stevenson MA, Morris RS, Pfeiffer DU, Lin D, Jackson R, Sanson RL: Temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain: holding-associated risk factors for the disease. Veterinary Record. 2000, 147: 319-325.">4</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR10" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2300" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Stevenson MA, Morris RS, Lawson AB, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Jackson R: Area-level risks for BSE in British cattle before and after the July 1988 meat and bone meal feed ban. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2005, 69: 129-144. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.01.016.">10</a>–<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR19" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2303" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Stevenson MA, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Morris RS, Lockhart JW, Lin D, Jackson R: Temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain: individual animal-associated risk factors for the disease. Veterinary Record. 2000, 147: 349-354.">19</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR23" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2306" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Paul M, Abrial D, Jarrige N, Rican S, Garrido M, Calavas D, Ducrot C: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Spatial Analysis of the Feed Industry. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007, 13: 867-872.">23</a>]. The feature of different spatial clustering occurring in different birth cohorts has also been observed elsewhere in Europe [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR10" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2309" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Stevenson MA, Morris RS, Lawson AB, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Jackson R: Area-level risks for BSE in British cattle before and after the July 1988 meat and bone meal feed ban. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2005, 69: 129-144. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.01.016.">10</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR12" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2313" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Abrial D, Calavas D, Jarrige N, Ducrot C: Spatial heterogeneity of the risk of BSE in France following the ban of meat and bone meal in cattle feed. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2005, 67: 69-82. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.10.004.">12</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR14" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2316" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Doherr MG, Hett AR, Rufenacht J, Zurbriggen A, Heim D: Geographical clustering of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) born in Switzerland after the feed ban. Veterinary Record. 2002, 151: 467-472.">14</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR15" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2319" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Ducrot C, Abrial D, Calavas D, Carpenter T: A spatio-temporal analysis of BSE cases born before and after the reinforced feed ban in France. Veterinary Research. 2005, 36: 839-853. 10.1051/vetres:2005037.">15</a>]. In Switzerland, France and Great Britain it was difficult to distinguish effects due to feed processing differences from those arising from differences in feeding practices between mixed farms and farms with only ruminants, because typically feed producers with mixed production lines and mixed farms were spatially correlated. In a recent analysis of Swiss data for the period after the introduction of a ban on MBM in cattle feed, Schwermer et al. [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR31" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2322" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Schwermer H, Forster K, Brulisauer F, Chaubert C, Heim D: BSE, feed and cattle in Switzerland: Is there a spatial relation?. Veterinary Research. 2007, 38: 409-418. 10.1051/vetres:2007005.">31</a>] found evidence of spatial association between BSE cases and feed producers where cattle feed was found MBM positive by cross-contamination. Cross-contamination in the feed-production process was also implicated in a recent study by Paul et al. [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR23" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2325" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Paul M, Abrial D, Jarrige N, Rican S, Garrido M, Calavas D, Ducrot C: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Spatial Analysis of the Feed Industry. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007, 13: 867-872.">23</a>], in which a spatial analysis of the French feed industry and BSE case data showed that BSE risk in France after a ban on MBM in ruminant feed is spatially linked to the use of MBM in non-ruminant feed.</p></div></div><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-content-visibility" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec11-section" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section__title ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ajs-section-title ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ajs-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec11" style="border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); color: #1b3051; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;">Conclusion</h2><div><br /></div><div class="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section__content" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec11-content" style="margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 8px 0px 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">We have identified three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. In a former study the factor "group of feed producers" was found to be a significant risk factor in a non-temporal, non-spatial analysis of case-control data [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR1" id="ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2336" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Heres L, Elbers ARW, Van Zijderveld FG: Identification of the Characteristics and Risk Factors of the BSE Epidemic in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis. 2007, 27: 1119-1129.">1</a></div></div></div></div><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div><br /></div><div>Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div><br /></div><div>Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div><br /></div><div>***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div><br /></div><div>***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div><br /></div><div>***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div><br /></div><div>We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div><br /></div><div>=============== </div><div><br /></div><div>***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div><br /></div><div>=============== </div><div><br /></div><div>***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div><br /></div><div>============== </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div><br /></div><div>***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div><br /></div><div>Taylor & Francis</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div><br /></div><div>WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div><br /></div><div>*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div><br /></div><div>I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div><br /></div><div>THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div><br /></div><div>Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div><br /></div><div>The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div><br /></div><div>WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div><br /></div><div>WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div><br /></div><div>Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://usdasearch.usda.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=usda&query=2005+bse&commit=Search" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://usdasearch.usda.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=usda&query=2005+bse&commit=Search</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS DOCKET NUMBER DOCKET NO. FSIS-2022-0027 SINGELTARY SUBMISSION ATTACHMENT</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div><br /></div><div>SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div><br /></div><div>***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...SEE;</div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div>TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>PLOS ONE Journal </div><div><br /></div><div>*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a></div><div><br /></div><div>IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div><br /></div><div>***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div><br /></div><div>*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>589.2001 BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </div><div><br /></div><div>sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, July 23, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, July 26, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, June 20, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div><br /></div><div>17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div><br /></div><div>FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div><br /></div><div>FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div><br /></div><div>FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, AUGUST 29, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2021 Annual Report </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/08/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/08/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas, USA, 77518 flounder9@verizon.net </div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-19783864047322171412022-12-26T16:14:00.002-06:002022-12-26T16:19:52.254-06:00Biodegradation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions in compost<p>Biodegradation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions in compost</p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div>Shanwei Xu1*, SujeemaAbeysekara2 , Sandor Dudas3 , Stefanie Czub3 , Antanas Staskevicius4 , Gordon Mitchell4 , Kingsley K.Amoako5 & Tim A. McAllister2</div><div><br /></div><div>To reduce the transmission risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions (PrPBSE), specified risk materials (SRM) that can harbour PrPBSE are prevented from entering the feed and food chains. As composting is one approach to disposing of SRM, we investigated the inactivation of PrPBSE in lab-scale composters over 28 days and in bin composters over 106–120 days. Lab-scale composting was conducted using 45 kg of feedlot manure with and without chicken feathers. Based on protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), after 28 days of composting, PrPBSE seeding activity was reduced by 3–4 log10 with feathers and 3 log10 without. Bin composters were constructed using~ 2200 kg feedlot manure and repeated in 2017 and 2018. PMCA results showed that seeding activity of PrPBSE was reduced by 1–2 log10 in the centre, but only by 1 log10 in the bottom of bin composters. Subsequent assessment by transgenic (Tgbov XV) mouse bioassay confirmed a similar reduction in PrPBSE infectivity. Enrichment for proteolytic microorganisms through the addition of feathers to compost could enhance PrPBSE degradation. In addition to temperature, other factors including varying concentrations of PrPBSE and the nature of proteolytic microbial populations may be responsible for differential degradation of PrPBSE during composting.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion</div><div><br /></div><div>Improving on analytical sensitivity, amplification assays such as PMCA have been used to detect trace amounts of PrPTSE in saliva, tongue, nasal mucosa, palatine tonsils, lymph nodes, ileocecal and muscular tissues of TSE infected animals27–29. However, quantification of PrPTSE in compost presents a significant challenge, due to the highly hydrophobic nature of PrPTSE and their tendency to aggregate into plaque-like complexes that exhibit a high affinity for soil particles30–32. Among detergents, SDS has been used to release PrPTSE from soil, manure, wood, metal and plastic for subsequent detection by WB18,33,34. Therefore, incorporation of PMCA after SDS extraction of PrPTSE could provide an ultrasensitive method to quantify PrPTSE degradation in compost. Currently, PMCA has been successfully applied to examine the contamination and persistence of PrPTSE in soil, wheat grass, wood, plastic, cement, metals, stream and wastewater35–38. Our research team successfully employed PMCA with SDS extraction to quantify a declined PrPTSE seeding activity with 2 log10 reduction in PrP263K and 3 log10 reduction in PrPCWD after 28 days of lab-scale composting18. However, we are unaware of studies that have used PMCA to assess the potential degradation of PrPBSE in compost. In the current study, we established a PMCA assay that could detect manure-bound PrPBSE at a 3–4 log10 sensitivity afer two rounds of PMCA, enabling us to estimate the biodegradation of PrPBSE in both lab and bin composters.</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal bioassays represent the most definitive test for assessing the inactivation of PrPTSE. Although bioassays are expensive and require a considerable period of time to generate results39, their ability to measure the infectivity of prions is required to comprehensively assess PrPTSE infectivity after composting and to substantiate PMCA results. Stainless steel has a high affinity for prions, which can result in the transmission of prion disease from contaminated surgical instruments40,41. Our titration results indicated that the bioassay remained sensitive to wire-bound dilutions up to 10–3 to 10–6, with an average clinical dpi of ~400 to 500 days, a detection limit similar to our PMCA protocol. Moreover, our bioassay showed a 1–2 log10 reduction of PrPBSE infectivity in bin composters with a significantly higher reduction in the centre than the bottom layer, a fnding that agrees with our PMCA observations. Similarly, Yoshioka et al.42 reported a similar level of PrPBSE inactivation afer heat treatment (140–180°C for 1–3 h) of yellow grease using both PMCA and Tgbov mouse bioassay. Tis suggests that PMCA may be reflective of the results obtained through bioassays, making an attractive alternative owing to its highly sensitive and comparatively rapid ability to detect PrPBSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Poultry feathers are predominantly composed of β-keratin (90% of DM), which similar to PrPTSE are structurally rich in β-sheets43,44. Keratinases10,12 have the capacity to degrade feather protein and have shown activity against PrPTSE. Therefore, enrichment for keratinolytic microorganisms in compost through inclusion of feathers may be a means of promoting PrPTSE degradation. In an earlier study by our group18, mixing feathers with cattle manure in lab-scale composters enhanced PrP263K degradation by 1 log10 afer 14 days and PrPCWD by 0.5–1 log10 after 28 days. In the present study, there was also evidence that the degradation of PrPBSE in lab-scale composters was enhanced by~0.5 log10 as indicated from the different PrPBSE seeding activity between compost extract samples with and without feathers after 28 days. Responses to the inclusion of feathers were more evident for PrPCWD and PrPBSE after the second composting cycle, suggesting that feathers may have selected for enriched prion degrading bacterial communities after a sufficient thermophilic period. Previous studies found that enrichment of a compost straw matrix with feathers not only effectively increased proteolytic activity in the early composting process but also promoted the growth of keratinolytic fungi during the latter stages of composting45,46. Currently, approximately 100,000 tonnes of feathers are produced from the Canadian poultry industry annually with most of them being landfilled or incinerated47. Feather composts have been recently considered to be used as agricultural fertilizers to promote crop production48,49 and share properties in common with slow release N fertilizers. Consequently, composting of SRM and feathers together might be an option for co-disposal of both agricultural waste materials generated from agriculture production with the potential co-benefit of maximizing PrPBSE degradation in compost.</div><div><br /></div><div>Composting of SRM has economic advantages as disposal is estimated at $120–180 CAN per tonne, two to three times lower than disposal methods such as landfill, incineration, or alkaline hydrolysis50. Composting also could be more amendable to remote areas where transport of SRM to a centralized processing facility is infeasible. Currently, CFIA regulations require at least 5 log10 inactivation of PrPBSE to approve a method for SRM disposal. Our previous work demonstrated a 4.8 log10 reduction in PrP263K infectivity after 230 days of field-scale static composting18. Turning of compost piles breaks up aggregates, increases porosity, redistributes moisture and promotes the microbial decomposition of organic matter, increasing the duration and temperature achieved during composting16,18. In practice, thermophilic composting (≥55°C) is recommended to inactivate environmental pathogens51 and guidelines from CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) and USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) suggest temperatures should exceed 55°C for at least 15 consecutive days in windrows that are turned three times. Consequently, we elected to mix the compost to generate three heating cycles to subject PrPBSE to a period of thermophilic exposure that was the same as what was achieved for PrP263K in our static field-scale composters. In 2017 and 2018, similar sources of feedlot manure resulted in comparable changes in temperature, moisture and pH during the composting process. Both PMCA and bioassay results suggest that PrPBSE was reduced by 1–2 log10 in the centre of compost piles in both years. In practice, compost piles consist of a heterogenous mixture of animal tissues, manure and a carbon source such as woodchips or straw. Even after blending, spatial variability in temperature profles15 and the composition of microbial communities52 are often observed. In the present study, temperatures broadly varied among core and edge locations at all three depths of bin composters. In 2017, we did observe a large variation (1 log10 and 2 log10) in the reduction of PrPBSE seeding activity between duplicate manure spheres at the centre of the same compost pile as measured by PMCA as well as in the reduction of PrPBSE infectivity between bin composters (i.e., 0.4 log10 and 1.3 log10) as assessed by the bioassay. Therefore, the variability in matrix composition, microbial populations and temperature profiles generated in compost piles would make it virtually impossible to verify uniform degradation of PrPBSE throughout a field scale compost pile. In addition, we did observe higher temperatures in the upper layers of bin composters as compared to the bottom. Tis temperature distribution likely reflects the upward movement of warm gases arising from microbial activity. Similar results were observed in our previous lab-scale composting study for degradation of SRM in compost20. As a result of this temperature variability, we examined the degradation of PrPBSE at the centre and bottom compost layers in 2018. Both the PMCA and bioassay confirmed that the degradation of PrPBSE was less at the bottom layer as compared to the centre layer after 120 days. Tis finding likely reflects the lower microbial activity at the bottom of compost piles as temperatures≥55°C occurred for only 39 days at this location as compared to 80 days at the central location.</div><div><br /></div><div>Several factors could significantly affect the accurate quantification of PrPBSE biodegradation in compost. First, it is possible that PrPBSE may have migrated from the manure spheres into the surrounding compost matrix or may be cleaved of the stainless steel wires without being degraded. We attempted to examine this possibility using PMCA to test for the presence of PrPBSE in the compost matrix surrounding the nylon bags, but no signals were detected. Previous studies have shown that the mobility of prions is limited in environmental samples such as soil7,53, composted yard waste and municipal solid waste54. The mobility of PrPTSE in these environmental samples was not observed even after exposure to stringent chaotropic agents, nonionic detergents or extreme pH55,56. These observations suggest that during composting, the mobility of PrPBSE from manure spheres or their cleavage from stainless steel wires was unlikely. Moreover, Tgbov mice developed TSE disease prior to and after the composting process, suggesting PrPBSE remained bound and infectious throughout composting. Tus, the reduction in PrPBSE likely reflects enzymatic degradation.</div><div><br /></div><div>With multiple cycles of PMCA, it is possible for false positives to be generated from non-infectious BH24,25. To check for false-positives, BSE-negative samples including Tgbov BH and extract samples from fresh manure spheres inoculated with non-infectious BH were subjected to multiple rounds of PMCA. False positive signals were only observed after the ffh round of PMCA. Consequently, we restricted PMCA to three rounds to ensure that declines in PrPBSE seeding capacity during composting were not confounded by the spontaneous generation of false positive PrPBSE signals. It is also possible that dynamic changes in manure properties during composting may have impacted the binding of PrPBSE with manure/compost particles that could impact the subsequent PrPBSE extraction or templating activity for PMCA detection. Ionic concentration and pH have been reported to influence PrPTSE adsorption and conformational changes in soil57,58. Moreover, humic acid-prion interactions have also been shown to impact the extraction and detection of PrPCWD in soils59,60. The disease-associated form of prions binding to soil particles or minerals were reported to either increase61 or decrease62 the prion infectivity and PMCA replication efficiency. Our results showed that compost-bound PrPBSE enhanced PMCA replication efficiency than manure-bound PrPBSE (i.e., 5 log10 vs 3 log10 limit of detection). Tis suggests that our established extraction protocols recovered more PrPBSE from compost than fresh manure, resulting in more PrPBSE seeds available for amplification. Another possible explanation could be made that changes in composition and structure of organic compounds such as humic acids during composting63 may modify the afnity of PrPBSE to aged manure and enhance the ability of compost-bound prions to covert PrPC to PrPBSE, resulting in a better propensity of compost-bound PrPBSE to be amplified in our assay. However, these fndings further support that 1–2 log10 reduction of PrPBSE in bin compost is not due to differential PrPBSE recovery or templating activity between manure and compost, but as a result of microbial activity during composting.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the present study, lab-scale composters achieved≥55°C for 3 days after two cycles over 28 days. Tis contrasts with bin composters where≥55°C was achieved for 60–80 days after composting for 106–120 days. Our previous work demonstrated that PrP263K was degraded during lab-scale composting and that degradation was enhanced as result of prolonged exposure to microbial activity in field-scale composters18. However, these differences in microbial activity in the current two composting systems did not result in more extensive inactivation of PrPBSE in bin composters even though we ensured that it was exposed to thermophilic period similar to that of PrP263K in previous field-scale composters. We observed up to a 3–4 log10 reduction in PrPBSE seeding activity in lab-scale composters as opposed to only a 1–2 log10 reduction in bin composters. Several factors could have contributed to these differing observations. Due to the large volume of BSE brain materials needed for this project, we used two different sources of PrPBSE in two composting systems. Te lab-scale composting experiment used brain tissues from a cattle intra-cranially challenged with infectious BH from a Canadian BSE field case, while materials used for bin composting experiment were from a cattle orally challenged using the brain tissues from the intra-cranially challenged animal used in lab-scale composting experiment. Moreover, brain tissues used for lab-scale composting experiment were strongly positive for PrPBSE with limit of detection at 30 µg by WB (Supplementary Figs. S1a and S5a), but materials used to make the homogenate in the bin composting experiment were moderate to strongly PrPBSE positive which was detected at the limit of 300 µg (Figs. S1a and S7a). Tis suggests a higher concentration of PrPBSE in the brain tissues used in lab-scale than bin composting experiment, which is also reflected by the fact that one more PMCA round is required for PrPBSE amplification in bin composting experiment brain tissues to achieve a sensitivity similar to that obtain in the brain tissues used in lab-scale composting experiment. Therefore, varying concentrations of PrPBSE in the infectious BH or even possibly difference in PrPBSE stability related to inoculation route or host variability (i.e., PrP expression level, co-factor variation/expression, breed composition etc.) may have impacted PrPBSE degradation during composting. Giles et al.64 reported that cattle PrPBSE was 1,000-fold more resistant to inactivation by acidic SDS treatment than mouse adapted PrPBSE 301V. In addition, we used two different sources of feedlot manure in two composting experiments. The fresh manure used for lab-scale composting experiment significantly had lower moisture and pH but higher TC content than the one in the bin composting experiment. Therefore, proteolytic microbial populations developed in lab-scale composters may have differed from those established in bin composters, particularly in lab-scale composters that were enriched for keratinolytic bacteria via the addition of feathers. Based on these results, temperature can be used as a proxy for microbial activity in compost, but lacks merit as direct indicator of PrPBSE degradation. Therefore, further investigation is needed to characterize the biodegradation of PrPBSE with consideration for other complex factors such as differences in PrPBSE strains and the proteolytic microbial communities in compost.</div><div><br /></div><div>In general, thermophilic composting (i.e., temperature≥55°C) has a hierarchy of essential factors that facilitate the biodegradation of waste materials and inactivation of pathogens. In this study, we successfully stimulated thermophilic temperature profiles that were similar to that observed during field-scale composting18. However, our composting model in biocontainment did not fully represent the field scale composting systems that could be used for the disposal of SRM or cattle carcasses. In containment,~2 tonnes of feedlot manure were used over 120 days of composting, resulting in a~1 to 2 log10 PrPBSE infectivity reduction. In contrast, in our field scale model18,~100 tonnes of feedlot manure with 16 cattle carcasses were composted over 230 days resulting in a 4.8 log10 reduction in PrP263K infectivity. As a logical extrapolation, a longer composting duration and greater volume of biomass in the field-scale composters would likely enhance PrPBSE degradation. As a 4.8 log10 reduction of PrP263K infectivity was observed in the field-scale composters18, it would be surprising if inactivation of PrPBSE was not further enhanced in field-scale composting. In addition, Belondrade et al.65,66 demonstrated that commercial chemicals fully efficient on sterilization of PrP263K were inefcient for the inactivation of variant PrPCJD, suggesting PrP263K might not be a suitable model to validate the prion resistance to inactivation. Consequently, further investigation of PrPBSE degradation in field-scale composting is needed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Previous studies documented the more recalcitrant nature of PrPBSE than other TSE agents. After exposure to acidic SDS, PrPBSE was 10 and 10 million fold more resistant to inactivation than PrPCJD and hamster PrPSc, respectively, as assessed by infectivity titration in transgenic mice64. Langeveld et al.67 also reported PrPBSE to be more resistant to wet heat conditions at 115°C than PrP263K and PrPCWD as measured by transgenic mouse bioassay. Our PMCA results suggested that 28 days of lab-scale composting resulted in a reduction of PrPTSE seeding capacity with~2 log10 in PrP263K and~3 log10 in PrPCWD in a previous study18 and~3 log10 in PrPBSE in the current study. Different from chemical treatment of prion inactivation, compost is an exceedingly complex biological system, owning to changing temperatures and pH, and dynamic changes in microbial communities and the enzymes they produce during composting. Once PrPTSE enter the compost environment, a wide variety of physicochemical and microbiological processes can impact PrPTSE infectivity and seeding capacity. Tese uncontrolled factors might help to account for the variable inactivation observed in our PrPTSE composting studies. While this variability calls into question the utility of our composters for complete PrPTSE inactivation, it is encouraging that when our compost conditions were optimal, 28 days of composting effectively destructed PrPBSE replication capacity in vitro by 3 log10 (i.e., at least 99.9%). Currently, the Canadian government68 enacted a regulation on the limited use of composting for disposal of SRM under a temporary permit. It also requires a 5-year respite from cattle access to pasture or grazing land amended with SRM compost and from direct human consumption of annual crops produced from SRM compost amended feld69. A recent study from UK7 reported that the same amount of PrPBSE infectivity remained in both clay and sandy soil over a 5-year period. Our studies suggests that the maximum PrPBSE degradation (up to 3–4 log10) can achieve in the lab-scale composters with the addition of feathers. Therefore, composting of BSE infected-SRM prior to subsequent land application could be an effective approach to reduce the risk of high titer PrPBSE persisting in the environment.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions</div><div><br /></div><div>In this study, we successfully quantified PrPBSE degradation using PMCA and bioassay in two-scale composting systems. Afer 28 days,~3 log10 reduction of PrPBSE seeding activity was observed in lab-scale composters. Addition of chicken feathers to the compost enhanced PrPBSE degradation, likely as a result of enrichment for keratinolytic bacteria. After 106–120 days, both BSE associated seeding activity and infectivity were reduced by 1–2 log10 in the centre, but only by 1 log10 at the bottom of bin composters. This suggests that placement of SRM in the centre of compost piles would be more amendable for the biodegradation of PrPBSE. Current CFIA policy on SRM destruction methods require at least 5 log10 reduction of PrPBSE to approve composting for disposal of BSE positive SRM. Our field-scale composting study18 demonstrated that 230 days of composting resulted in a 4.8 log10 inactivation in hamster PrP263K infectivity. However, PrP263K might be not a suitable surrogate model to validate the PrPBSE resistance in compost. The outcomes generated from this study did not meet this criteria, but do lay the foundational work needed to further optimize the degradation of PrPBSE in compost. Spatial variability in microbial activity within static compost piles makes it unlikely that the procedure will ever achieve the 5 log10 reduction in PrPBSE required for full regulatory approval as a disposal method of SRM.</div><div><br /></div><div>Data availability</div><div><br /></div><div>The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.</div><div><br /></div><div>Received: 18 August 2022; Accepted: 12 December 2022 Published online: 23 December 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text;</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-26201-2" style="color: #196ad4;">www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-26201-2</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-26201-2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-26201-2.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Any haste in full regulatory approval of composting for disposal of specified risk materials SRMs, without complete inactivation of all TSE Prion Strains, will only help spread further the TSE Prion agent.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">DO NOT PUT THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE AGAIN WITH TSE PRION DISEASE, which has been done time and time again with TSE PRION strains and science, and that, in part, is why we are where we are at with Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Globally. </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION in Cervid, CWD transmitting to PIGS, SHEEP, and CERVID, BY ORAL ROUTES, AND NO TELLING ABOUT THE NEW LIVESTOCK TSE PRION DISEASE IN A NEW LIVESTOCK SPECIES I.E. THE CAMEL PRION DISEASE, AND THE FACT THAT THE BSE FEED REGULATION (21 CFR 589.2000) HAS BEEN AND STILL IS A TOTAL FAILURE, ANY WEAKENING OF SRM RULES OR WITH LITTLE SCIENCE TO VALIDATE COMPOSTING AS A WAY TO RID OURSELVES OF TSE PRION SRMs, any move to validate said protocols IMO, is another TSE Prion disaster waiting to happen, another added risk factor for monetary gains... imo...terry</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div>***> Moreover, according to Tronina and Bubel (2008), composting may not fully inactivate pathogenic microorganisms.</div><div><br /></div><div>Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by-products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers</div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Konstantinos Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover-Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies … See all authors </div><div><br /></div><div>First published: 02 December 2021 <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6932" style="color: #196ad4;">doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6932</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>3.2.6 Feathers and down</div><div><br /></div><div>Article 10 of Regulation (EC) 1069/2009, point 3, defines ‘feather’ as Category 3 ABP originating from: ‘(b) animals that have been slaughtered in a slaughterhouse and considered fit for human consumption following the ante-mortem inspection or game killed for human consumption in accordance with Community legislation; (h) live animals that did not show any signs of diseases communicable through that product to human or animals; (n) dead animals that did not show any sign of disease communicable to humans or animals.’</div><div><br /></div><div>The poultry industry has become one of the largest food industries in the world, producing large quantities of feather waste. Between 5% and 10% of the total weight of a chicken is made of feathers (Callegaro et al., 2019). More than 1 million metric tonnes of feathers are produced annually as a by-product at European poultry slaughterhouses (Goerner-Hu et al., 2020). Due to a large variety of chemical hazards and microbiota present on the feathers, including pathogens, they must be treated quickly. Poultry feathers are rich in keratin protein, which makes them a good source of nitrogen fertiliser (Joardar and Rahman, 2018).</div><div><br /></div><div>Chicken feather waste can be:</div><div><br /></div><div>Incinerated. This process is effective at inactivating biological hazards but requires a high energy consumption (Saidan et al., 2017) and produces large amounts of carbon dioxide.</div><div><br /></div><div>Composted with manure. The composting process is slow and subject to the special requirements of veterinary inspection and requires a closed composting area with a sewage carry system, and periodic microbiological tests according to Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. A problem for composting is odorous emission of hydrogen sulfide that persists in the air for a long period. Moreover, according to Tronina and Bubel (2008), composting may not fully inactivate pathogenic microorganisms.</div><div><br /></div><div>Hydrolysed (Tesfaye et al., 2017a,b). Feather hydrolysis provides valuable amino acids, proteins and peptides in the mixture with acylglycerols and higher fatty acids. Chemical hydrolysis leads to destruction of the native structure of keratin and the feather waste becomes more water soluble. Acidic hydrolysis is highly efficient but causes loss of some amino acids. Alkaline hydrolysis is slower and can be incomplete, but the loss of amino acids is lower. The yield of the hydrolytic processes depends on pH, temperature and reaction time, and also on the type and concentration of acid or base used. As a drawback, commonly applied hydrolysis leads to the requirement for subsequent recycling of the process solutions, including neutralisation and elimination of undesirable salts (Solcova et al., 2021).</div><div><br /></div><div>Treated in dimethyl sulfoxide or other solvents to get value added products from feather keratin, generated in excess from various livestock industries (Azmi et al., 2018).</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>3.8.1 Ash derived from incineration, co-incineration and combustion A wide range of biological hazards may occur in the ABP raw materials before their incineration, co-incineration or combustion. However, bacteria, viruses and parasites are generally sensitive to heat and cannot survive normal burning temperatures. Prions are considered the most resistant biological hazards. Even the risk of TSE infectivity from ash would be extremely small if incineration is conducted at 850°C (SEAC, 2003). Indeed, the incineration at > 850°C is recognised in the EU as the standard method for disposing of waste.26 Therefore, ash derived from incineration, co-incineration or combustion is typically considered safe and may be disposed of in landfills.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ash generated from incineration, co-incineration or combustion (carried out in accordance with Annex III of Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011) requires operating temperatures of 850°C for at least 2 seconds or 1,100°C for at least 0.2 s.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...END...SEE SEAC 2003 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6932" style="color: #196ad4;">efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6932</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div>Summary of the 78th SEAC meeting</div><div><br /></div><div>on 24th June 2003</div><div><br /></div><div>The Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC) held its 78th meeting in London on 24 June 2003, when it discussed the following matters:</div><div><br /></div><div>Risk Assessment on Ox Tongue and Associate Tonsil Tissue</div><div><br /></div><div>At an earlier meeting SEAC considered a new finding of BSE infectivity in bovine tonsil and its possible association with ox tongue. SEAC recommended that a risk assessment be conducted and this was commissioned by the Food Standards Agency, and presented at the June 2003 meeting. The risk assessment considered the possible range of human exposure to BSE infectivity from the consumption of ox tongue. The Committee concluded that it was not possible to advise the FSA precisely on the magnitude of the risk due to the substantial scientific uncertainty inherent in the risk assessment. However, the Committee agreed that the scientific evidence indicated that the potential risk of infectivity from eating tongue was likely to be very small. The Committee identified further scientific work that would help to refine the risk estimates.</div><div><br /></div><div>Review of the use of MMBM in fertiliser</div><div><br /></div><div>The Department of the environment, food and rural affairs (Defra) asked SEAC to provide scientific advice on the animal health implications of proposed changes to UK fertiliser controls. SEAC agreed that the proposed use of ash from the incineration of meat and bone meal (MBM) derived from category 2 and category 3 material without restriction on land would not result in significant additional risk to animal health. SEAC confirmed its earlier advice that mammalian MBM should not be permitted in fertilisers likely to be spread on agricultural land or land where animals may graze.</div><div><br /></div><div>VLA Survey – Scrapie Surveillance in Sheep</div><div><br /></div><div>The Committee noted the preliminary results of a report from the Veterinary Laboratories Agency estimating the prevalence of scrapie in the national flock. The Committee also noted that a full report would be available in due course, containing all of the data from the study.</div><div><br /></div><div>vCJD Update</div><div><br /></div><div>The National CJD surveillance unit reported that 136 vCJD cases have been confirmed in the UK with 4 cases still alive. All vCJD cases tested to date are of the same genotype (Methionine homozygous at codon 129 of the PrP gene). All vCJD cases so far identified in 2003 have reported the onset of clinical signs in 2002. Therefore the total number of onsets in 2002 cannot yet be confirmed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Report from the SEAC Epidemiology sub-group</div><div><br /></div><div>The Chairman of this specialist sub-group reported to SEAC that there continues to be statistical evidence that the vCJD epidemic is no longer increasing at the rate seen previously and that the underlying incidence may have reached or be reaching a peak. However the possibility of susceptible genotypes other than methionine homozygotes and the theoretical possibility of other clinical manifestations of infection with the BSE agent other than vCJD means that prediction of the evolution of the epidemic is uncertain and continued surveillance is essential.</div><div><br /></div><div>Expert Group on Strain Differentiation</div><div><br /></div><div>SEAC received a report from the Chairman of an expert group of the EU Community TSE Reference Laboratory Committee, which met on 23 June 2003 to review progress on a trial to evaluate rapid TSE tests.</div><div><br /></div><div>Quinquennial Review of SEAC</div><div><br /></div><div>The Committee welcomed the recommendations outlined in the SEAC Quinquennial Review Report published in March 2003.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080726154324/http://www.seac.gov.uk/summaries/summ_0603.htm">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080726154324/http://www.seac.gov.uk/summaries/summ_0603.htm</a> </div><div><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div>EU HEALTH, OPINION ON:</div><div><br /></div><div>HYPOTHESES ON THE ORIGIN AND TRANSMISSION OF BSE ADOPTED BY THE SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE AT ITS MEETING OF 29-30 NOVEMBER 2001</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP... </div><div><br /></div><div>III.2. HYPOTHESES FOR OTHER ‘THIRD WAYS’</div><div><br /></div><div> Composted manure and stomach and intestinal contents</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>III.2.1.3 Indirect transmission from cattle or other animal sources to the alimentary tract of cattle:</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Risks from soil</div><div><br /></div><div>The German, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety have produced a report of an International Expert Discussion on the Occurrence and Behaviour of BSE/TSE prions in soil, held on 8 December 2000 in Bonn (Report 2001). This report indicated the lack of knowledge about the contamination and degradation following pollution of soil and water and made useful recommendations for the correction of this deficiency but no conclusive final statement that had the support of all participants could be made. Nevertheless, they considered various routes for the pollution of soil and water including from organic fertilisers containing for example mammalian protein, industrial fertilisers from farms (faecal and urine sources), from composting of infected material after biogas production, sheep placentas, sewage sludge and dog and cat faeces. Deficits in particular knowledge were indicated in the role of soil nematodes but there was a consensus that prions might be bound in the superficial layers of soil and that degradation would be a slow process. This report noted that cattle could consume up to 1kg of soil per day suggesting a risk might be present should an effective oral dose of the BSE agent be present. Cattle would be less likely to consume leaves contaminated with dust from any distributed source of infection. In addition, the plants themselves would be devoid of risk because the roots cannot absorb protein molecules the size of PrP molecules. The role of dog and cat faeces was considered a negligible risk. It is also known that the scrapie agent is highly resistant to inactivation (Taylor 1996).</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Experimental studies</div><div><br /></div><div>Greig (1940), found it was very difficult from the analysis of field incidents of scrapie to determine whether or not scrapie could be transmitted from pasture upon which scrapie animals had grazed. He therefore undertook an experimental study in which 3 or 4 scrapie sheep and 20 sheep from flocks and regions with no history of scrapie. These animals were kept on separate fields without direct contact. About twice each week, the sheep in each pasture were exchanged, again without direct contact with each other. The ewes were mated and lambed. After three years, no cases of scrapie were seen in the contact sheep. They were moved to another farm that had never reported scrapie but between a further three months and a further two years and three months a total of 9 cases of scrapie developed and it was concluded that the origin of infection was the pasture that had been grazed by scrapie-affected sheep.</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Experiences in Iceland</div><div><br /></div><div>Indirect transmission of scrapie from a contaminated environment has been reported, notably from Iceland (Pálsson, 1979; Sigurdarson, 1991). This is plausible because there has been a high incidence of scrapie (rida) in some Icelandic flocks in fenced-off scrapie-affected regions, especially as there is close confinement of housed breeding sheep over the long winter period. In one recent occurrence in Iceland, scrapie returned to a flock following strict depopulation cleaning and disinfection after a period of seven years (S. Sigurdarson, personal communication). This suggests that the site might previously have been highly infected and was responsible for the new occurrence (Wilson, Anderson and Smith, 1950) or that an alternative source such as hay mites (see below) might be responsible. Scrapie infectivity could be transferred to the environment from infected placenta. Sheep placenta is a known source of scrapie infection and, if not consumed by the dam or unrelated sheep, could be taken by foxes or other carnivorous species across farm boundaries. Ravens in Iceland (Sigurdarson, 1991) and Black-backed gulls (Moon, 1978) have been suggested as vectors. However, ravens do not succumb to challenge with scrapie (S. Sigurdarson, Personal communication). Furthermore laboratory strains of high titre hamster scrapie can survive for up to three years in the soil, though at very much reduced titre, but still sufficient to produce disease by the i/c route in hamsters (Brown and Gajdusek, 1991). Transmission by the oral route following three years in soil has not been demonstrated.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>Faeces In cattle with natural or experimental BSE, the only plausible source of infection is from faeces (urine is discussed separately below), as other infected organs have no direct connection with the environment in the living animal. In this context there are theoretically three ways in which faeces might become infected and then theoretically transmit disease indirectly after composting (that is unlikely to completely inactivate TSE agents). </div><div><br /></div><div>j) Composted manure and stomach and intestinal contents</div><div><br /></div><div>Theoretical risks from spreading composted dung from captive wild ruminant species on farmland exist but should easily be detectable by epidemiological investigation. A greater risk might theoretically have occurred in the past (before the introduction of feed bans for non-ruminant animals) if stomach/intestinal contents or dung/droppings from abattoirs dealing with pigs and poultry fed mammalian protein was spread on to farmland grazed by cattle. The same could apply to composted dung or droppings from these species fed mammalian protein. This is a more realistic risk because it would be expected that the inclusion rate of such protein could be quite high (c. 15%) and infectivity if present in the raw material would mostly pass through the gut to enter the faeces. Whether or not an infectious oral dose of BSE for cattle could be consumed is more difficult to ascertain but it is not beyond the bounds of possibility if land was grazed quickly after distribution of these products. </div></div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a href="https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_ssc_out236_en.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_ssc_out236_en.pdf</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">SCIENTIFIC OPINION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Scientific Opinion on Composting on-farm of dead poultry1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ)2, 3</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.adiveter.com/ftp_public/A2270112.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">www.adiveter.com/ftp_public/A2270112.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:300:0001:0033:en:PDF" style="color: #196ad4;">eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:300:0001:0033:en:PDF</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">2014 SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">European Food Safety Authority2,3European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3798" style="color: #196ad4;">efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3798</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">DOPTED: 7 June 2018doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5314</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Updated quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of the BSE risk posed by processed animal protein (PAP)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Antonia Ricci, Ana Allende, Declan Bolton, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Pablo Salvador Fernandez Escamez, Rosina Girones, Lieve Herman, Kostas Koutsoumanis, Roland Lindqvist, Birgit Nørrung, Lucy Robertson, Giuseppe Ru, Moez Sanaa, Panagiotis Skandamis, Emma Snary, Niko Speybroeck, Benno Ter Kuile, John Threlfall,Helene Wahlstr€om, Amie Adkin, Matthias Greiner, Daniela Marchis, Marta Prado, Teresa Da Silva Felicio, Angel Ortiz-Pelaez and Marion Simmons</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Abstract</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">EFSA was requested: to assess the impact of a proposed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)‘technical zero’ on the limit of detection of official controls for constituents of ruminant origin in feed, to review and update the 2011 QRA, and to estimate the cattle bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) risk posed by the contamination of feed with BSE-infected bovine-derived processed animal protein (PAP), should pig PAP be re-authorised in poultry feed and vice versa, using both light microscopy and ruminant qPCR methods, and action limits of 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300DNA copies. The current qPCR cannot discriminate between legitimately added bovine material and unauthorised contamination, or determine if any detected ruminant material is associated with BSE infectivity. The sensitivity of the surveillance for the detection of material of ruminant origin in feed is currently limited due to the heterogeneous distribution of the material, practicalities of sampling and test performance. A ‘technical zero’ will further reduce it. The updated model estimated a total BSE infectivity four times lower than that estimated in 2011, with less than one new case of BSE expected to arise each year. In the hypothetical scenario of a whole carcass of an infected cow entering the feed chain without any removal of specified risk material (SRM) or reduction of BSE infectivity via rendering, up to four new cases of BSE could be expected at the upper 95th percentile. A second model estimated that at least half of the feed containing material of ruminant origin will not be detected or removed from the feed chain, if an interpretation cut-off point of 100 DNA copies or more is applied. If the probability of a contaminated feed sample increased to 5%, with an interpretation cut-off point of300 DNA copies, there would be a fourfold increase in the proportion of all produced feed that is contaminated but not detected.©2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Keywords: BSE, cattle, PAP, risk, qPCR, technical zero </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2017-00705 Correspondence: biohaz@efsa.europa.eu</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">EFSA Journal 2018;16(7):5314www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">SNIP...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">4.3.7. Infectivity of Bovine Tissues</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">4.3.7.1. Estimation of the BSE oral infectious dose 50 in cattle</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The Veterinary Laboratory Agency (VLA)27in the in the UK has carried out experiments to determine the BSE minimal oral infectious dose of BSE in cattle. In this titration experiment groups of 10 calves were each fed 300g, 100g, 10g and 1g of an homogenate made from the brain stems from clinically sick animals. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">According to titration in RIII mice the used brain homogenate contained 103.5 mouse i.c./i.p.ID50 per g of tissue. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">All animals inoculated with 300g and 100g came down with BSE, and 7 out of 10 in both the 10g and 1g trials. The incubation periods for both the 1g and 10g trials were comparable (between 44–71months).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">As it was not possible to determine an ID50 dose from this experiment, an extension of this titration experiment was carried out with doses of 1g, 100mg, 10mg and 1mg (Wells et al., 2007). The results show 3 of 5 in the 1g trial group, 7 out of 15 animals in the 100mg group, 1 out of 15 in the10mg group, and 1 out of 15 in the 1mg group, positive for BSE. Incubation periods for the positive results in both the 1 and 10mg groups were similar to those for the 1 g trial, but two of the animals in the 100mg group had incubation periods in excess of 90 months. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">In their study, Wells et al. (2007) report that the ID50 estimate from these experiments is equivalent to 0.20 g of the brain homogenate used (i.e. 5 ID50/g) with a 95% confidence interval of0.04–1.00g. This value also indicates that 1 cattle oral ID50 is approximately equivalent to 102.8mouse i.c./i.p ID50 in RIII mice.4.3.7.2. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Infectivity in the Brain and spinal cord </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">From titrations conducted in mice on brain from clinical or clinical suspect cases of BSE, a wide range of titres have been obtained: 102.4–105.2 mouse i.c.or i.c./i.p. ID50/g (Fraser et al., 1992;Taylor et al., 1994). These data were used to estimate the titre at clinical onset and its variability. From this, the mean titre of brain at clinical onset was given by 103.3 mouse i.c.or i.c./i.p. ID50/g with standard deviation of 100.58 (Arnold et al., 2009). The working group preparing the EFSA QRA report considered that with higher titres of BSE affected brain the range could extend to 300 ID50/g’(see section III.2 of EFSA, 2005) and decided to take a precautionary view and assuming that the infectivity titre in brain of a clinically BSE infected bovine follows the following distribution:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Log normal distribution with•</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">•Median (50th percentile): 5 Co ID50/gram</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">•Higher 99th percentile: 100 Co ID50/gram </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">For the present assessment this distribution was considered as a reasonable representation of the infectivity level in the CNS of a cattle affected with BSE.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">4.3.7.3 Infectivity in the Dorsal root ganglia</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">In their 2009 paper Arnold et al. (2009) estimated the infectious titre in cervical and thoracic dorsal root ganglia from cattle orally inoculated with 100g brain material at different time points of their incubation. According to this study the titre in the DRG was lower than CNS, with the thoracic and cervical DRG having mean titres approximately 1 and 1.5 log10 mouse i.c./i.p. ID50/g lower than CNS respectively.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">4.3.7.4. Infectivity in the Peripheral Nervous System There have been a number of studies reporting detection of infectivity using transgenic PrP bovine mice (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005; Espinosa et al., 2007) or PrPSc(Iwata et al., 2006) in some peripheral nervous system tissues.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">27Now known as Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Updated QRA of BSE in PAPwww.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal63EFSA Journal 2018;16(7):5314</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">According to the data reported by Buschmann and Groschup (2005) the infectivity could be detected in some but not all nerves samples from a BSE affected animal. In this study the infectivity level in the positive nerves could be estimated to be about 5-6 log10 folds lower than that in the brain from the same animal. These data are consistent with those reported by Espinosa et al., (2007) indifferent BSE infected animals using another bovine PrP transgenic mouse model. In this study the author report the detection of infectivity in the sciatic nerve from 30 and 33 months post cattle exposure, but its absence in animals killed at 20, 24 and 27 months post exposure (n=1 cattle per timepoint).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Iwata et al. (2006) reported the detection of PrPSc in some but not all nerves from 2 naturally BSE infected cases (preclinical stage of the disease). On the basis of PrPSc biochemical detection (WesternBlot) it was estimated that the infectivity in the femoral and lumbar nerves of an affected cattle was1,000 to 1,400 fold less than the PrPSc amount detected in the spinal cord.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">4.3.7.5. Infectivity in non Nervous System tissues </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">A large range of tissues collected at various stages of the incubation were tested for the presence of BSE infectivity by mouse bioassay (conventional or bovine transgenic) (Arnold et al., 2009;Buschmann and Groschup, 2005; Espinosa et al., 2007). A more limited range of tissues was also tested by intracerebral inoculation into calves (Wells et al., 2005).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The only non-nervous tissues shown to harbour consistent infectivity in these experiments are the distal ileum and lingual tonsil. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">In the distal ileum infectivity was evidenced as early as 6 months post oral exposure and seems to persist all along the incubation period. The infectious titres in the distal ileum were estimated to range between 10 0.06and 101.94 i.c./i.p. ID50 in RIII mice per gram depending on the age of the individual (Arnold et al., 2009) (i.e. between 1 and 3 log10 fold lower than in the mean level of infectivity found in the brain from BSE affected individuals).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">In lingual tonsil, infectivity was detected</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">•In one out of 5 calves inoculated intracerebrally with a pool of tonsil collected in orally inoculated cattle killed 10 months post exposure (Wells et al., 2005). There were no other positive results for tonsil at subsequent time points of the study (18, 22, 26, 32 and 36 months post exposure).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">•In cattle killed at 20 - 24 - 27–30–33 months (n = 1 animal per time point–no younger animal tested) post inoculation in transgenic mice expressing the bovine PrP gene (1/6 mice in each case) (Espinosa et al., 2007).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">On the basis of these data, it was estimated (EFSA, 2008) that the infectivity in the tonsil tissue was less than 1 bovine i.c. ID50/g or 10-6.5 Co ID50/g. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Finally, detection of minute amounts of infectivity were reported (bioassay in transgenic bovine mice) in one striated muscle sample collected in a BSE affected cattle (Buschmann and Groschup,2005). The authors failed to detect infectivity in other muscle samples from the same animal. Using another transgenic bovine PrP mouse model other authors failed to detected infectivity in striated muscle samples (one sample per cattle) collected in cattle orally challenged with BSE (100g) and killed at 20 - 24 - 27–30–33 months (n=1 animal per time point) (Espinosa et al., 2007). These data remain difficult to interpret. In particular, it is unclear if the detected infectivity was associated to nervous ramifications present in the muscle sample or to striated muscular cells, as reported in other TSE models (Andreoletti et al., 2004; Thomzig et al., 2004).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">With the current state of knowledge it cannot be considered that striated muscles cells are harbouring BSE infectivity in cattle.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">4.3.7.6. Total infectivity amount in a BSE clinical case </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The total infectivity in a clinical case of BSE is summarised in Table3. The weights of the various tissues are mainly taken from the LFRA and MLC report (LFRA and MLC, 1997) and the infectivity values are as discussed above, with the infectivity for whole brain taken to be 5 Co ID50/g. It can be seen that 90% of the infectivity is associated with central and peripheral nervous system tissues, with about 10% associated with the distal ileum.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">4.3.7.7. Development of the infectivity in tissues through incubation period</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">SNIP...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5314" style="color: #196ad4;">efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5314</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Published: August 20, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div><div>WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.</div><div><br /></div><div>look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div><br /></div><div>Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div><br /></div><div>Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys</div><div><br /></div><div>Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div><br /></div><div>100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg</div><div><br /></div><div>Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div><br /></div><div>RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div><br /></div><div>PrPres biochemical detection</div><div><br /></div><div>The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.</div><div><br /></div><div>Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div><br /></div><div>Published online January 27, 2005</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div><br /></div><div>It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div><br /></div><div>also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div><br /></div><div>levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley’s answer (that it would take less than say 100</div><div><br /></div><div>grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one</div><div><br /></div><div>considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it</div><div><br /></div><div>could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the</div><div><br /></div><div>same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate"</div><div><br /></div><div>experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment</div><div><br /></div><div>designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure</div><div><br /></div><div>that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study</div><div><br /></div><div>and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger</div><div><br /></div><div>infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time</div><div><br /></div><div>ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing</div><div><br /></div><div>scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the</div><div><br /></div><div>dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white;"><div class="ydpc612bfeyiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="ydpc612bfeyiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">i am thinking of that 10,000,000 POUNDS OF BLOOD LACED MEAT AND BONE MEAL IN COMMERCE WARNING LETTER back in 2007, see;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr">a review of banned mad cow feed in USA;</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA <br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div><br /></div><div> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div><br /></div><div>Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>b) None</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div><br /></div><div>Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div><br /></div><div>Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div><br /></div><div>42,090 lbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION</div><div><br /></div><div>WI</div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div><br /></div><div>Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div><br /></div><div>9,997,976 lbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION</div><div><br /></div><div>ID and NV</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">RE-Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CPISPR-Cas9</span></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716eletters-comment__info"><h6 class="ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716eletters-comment__title ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716text-md ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716letter-spacing-default ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716eletters-comment__user ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716text-reset ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716font-weight-bold ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716text-uppercase ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716mr-2" color="inherit !important" style="font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</span><span style="color: #757575; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><ul class="ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716eletters-comment__user-data ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716list-inline ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716comma-separated ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716d-inline" style="color: #757575; display: inline; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.25em;">retired</li> <li class="ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block;">Mr.</li></ul></h6></div><div class="ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716eletters-comment__description ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716serif ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716text-ellipses ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716truncated ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716collapse ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716show" id="ydp5f408f11yiv7586355466ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716x697946"><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 </div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #ca2015;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...see much more here ;</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Bulletin</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camel prion disease: a possible emerging disease in dromedary camel populations?</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The identification of a new prion disease in dromedary camels in Algeria and Tunisia, called camel prion disease (CPD), extends the spectrum of animal species naturally susceptible to prion diseases and opens up new research areas for investigation.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camel prion disease was identified in 2018 in adult camels showing clinical signs at the ante mortem inspection at slaughterhouses in the region of Ouargla (Algeria), and in 2019 in the region of Tataouine (Tunisia). It adds to the group of existing animal prion diseases, including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and BSE (mainly in bovines). The detection of a new prion disease in the dromedary population requires attention and investigation needs to be carried out to assess the risks of this disease to animal and public health. As of today, very limited epidemiological information is available to assess the prevalence, geographical distribution and dynamic of the transmission of the disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Based on the clinical signs suggesting prion disease, CPD seems to have occurred in 3.1% of the dromedaries brought to the abattoir in Ouargla. Pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease specific prion protein (PrPSc) were detected in brain tissue from three symptomatic animals (source:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC article <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In May 2019, the OIE received a report from Tunisia on a single case of a 12-year-old slaughtered dromedary camel showing neurological signs confirmed as CPD by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) based in Italy.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">©B. Babelhadj/University Kasdi Merbah, Algeria</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Is camel prion disease transmissible in natural conditions?</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The involvement of lymphoid tissue in prion replication, observed both in the Algeria and Tunisia cases, is suggestive of a peripheral pathogenesis, which is thought to be a prerequisite for prion shedding into the environment. As with other animal prion diseases, such as scrapie and CWD, in which lymphoid tissues are extensively involved and horizontal transmission occurs efficiently under natural conditions, the detection of prion proteins in lymph nodes is suggestive of the infectious nature of CPD and concurs to hypothesise the potential impact of CPD on animal health. No evidence is currently available with which to argue for the relevance of CPD for human health. However, no absolute species barrier exists in prion diseases and minimising the exposure of humans to prion-infected animal products is an essential aspect of public health protection. As for the relationship between CPD and other animal prion diseases, preliminary analyses suggest that CPD prions have a different molecular signature from scrapie and BSE.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Actions on the follow up of CPD</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Since the first description of CPD, the OIE promoted discussions on the impact of this new disease through the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission). The Scientific Commission consulted two OIE ad hoc Groups, one on BSE risk status evaluation of Members and the other on camelids. It analysed the information available from the Algeria and Tunisia cases to evaluate if CPD should be considered an ‘emerging disease’ based on the criteria listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code1 . </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The OIE Scientific Commission noted that limited surveillance data were available on the prevalence of CPD and that the evidence was not sufficient to measure, at that time, the impact of the disease on animal or public health. Therefore, it was concluded that, with the current knowledge, CPD did not currently meet the criteria to be considered an emerging disease. Nonetheless, it was emphasised that CPD should be considered as a new disease not to be overlooked and called for the collection of further scientific evidence through research and surveillance in the affected countries and in countries with dromedary camel populations to measure the impact of the disease. As new scientific evidence becomes available, the OIE Scientific Commission will reassess whether this disease should be considered as an emerging disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The worldwide camel population is ~35 million head (FAO, 2019), 88% of which is found in Africa. The camel farming system is evolving rapidly, and these animals represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. This makes it necessary to assess the risk for animal and human health and to develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals, and to minimise human exposure. As a first step, the awareness of Veterinary Services about CPD and its diagnostic capacity needs to be improved in all countries where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">At the regional level, CPD was first discussed in the 18th Joint Permanent Committee of the Mediterranean Animal Health Network (REMESA) held in Cairo, Egypt, in June 2019 where an expert 1 a new occurrence in an animal of a disease, infection or infestation, causing a significant impact on animal or public health resulting from a) a change of a known pathogenic agent or its spread to a new geographic area or species, or b) a previously unrecognised pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">from ISS, Italy, shared the knowledge available on the new disease with the 15 REMESA Member Countries. The discussion highlighted the need to strengthen surveillance systems in order to collect epidemiological data to inform the risk assessments. The results of these risk assessments will support the implementation of evidence-based policies to manage the risks in both animals and humans.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CPD was recently discussed atthe 15thConference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East in November. During this conference, the CAMENET (Camel Middle East Network) launched a wide ranging proposal for training, coordinated surveillance and research on CPD. In addition, the ERFAN (Enhancing Research for Africa Network), a platform aimed at enhancing scientific cooperation between Africa and Italy, during its 2nd ERFAN meeting for North Africa, presented a project on CPD with the objective of increasing CPD coordinated surveillance in North Africa.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The OIE, through its Reference Laboratories for prion diseases, and by involving the above scientific initiatives, is keeping a close watch on the evolution of the disease to gather scientific evidence and to allow a proper and more thorough assessment of the risk associated with this novel disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">◼ December 2019</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div class="ydpb93b0c50I_ZkbNhI ydpb93b0c50D_FY ydpb93b0c50W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="width: 870.781px;"><div class="ydpb93b0c50msg-body ydpb93b0c50P_wpofO ydpb93b0c50mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content"><div class="ydpb93b0c50jb_0 ydpb93b0c50X_6MGW ydpb93b0c50N_6Fd5"><div id="ydpb93b0c50yiv9317460718"><div class="ydpb93b0c50yiv9317460718yahoo-style-wrap" style="font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Monday, November 14, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Prion Diseases in Dromedary Camels (CPD) 2022 Review </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, APRIL 19, 2021</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Evaluation of the application for new alternative biodiesel production process for rendered fat including Category 1 animal by-products (BDI-RepCat® process, AT) ???</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/evaluation-of-application-for-new.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/evaluation-of-application-for-new.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">---end personal email---end...tss</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">and so it seems...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ENVIRONMENT FACTORS FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF CWD TSE PRP</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sensitive detection of chronic wasting disease prions recovered from environmentally relevant surfaces</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Environment International</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Available online 13 June 2022, 107347</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Environment International</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sensitive detection of chronic wasting disease prions recovered from environmentally relevant surfaces</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Qi Yuana Gag e Rowdenb Tiffany M.Wolfc Marc D.Schwabenlanderb Peter A.LarsenbShannon L.Bartelt-Huntd Jason C.Bartza</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">a Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178, United States of America</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">b Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">c Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">d Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Peter Kiewit Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska, 68182, United States of America</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Received 26 April 2022, Revised 8 June 2022, Accepted 9 June 2022, Available online 13 June 2022.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107347" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107347</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Get rights and content</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Under a Creative Commons license Open access</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Highlights • An innovative method for prion recovery from swabs was developed.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">• Recovery of prions decreased as swab-drying time was increased.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">• Recovery of CWD prions from stainless steel and glass was approximately 30%.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">• RT-QuIC enhanced CWD prion detection by 4 orders of magnitude.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">• Surface-recovered CWD prion was sufficient for efficient RT-QuIC detection. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been identified in 30 states in the United States, four provinces in Canada, and recently emerged in Scandinavia. The association of CWD prions with environmental materials such as soil, plants, and surfaces may enhance the persistence of CWD prion infectivity in the environment exacerbating disease transmission. Identifying and quantifying CWD prions in the environment is significant for prion monitoring and disease transmission control. A systematic method for CWD prion quantification from associated environmental materials, however, does not exist. In this study, we developed an innovative method for extracting prions from swabs and recovering CWD prions swabbed from different types of surfaces including glass, stainless steel, and wood. We found that samples dried on swabs were unfavorable for prion extraction, with the greatest prion recovery from wet swabs. Using this swabbing technique, the recovery of CWD prions dried to glass or stainless steel was approximately 30% in most cases, whereas that from wood was undetectable by conventional prion immunodetection techniques. Real-time quake-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) analysis of these same samples resulted in an increase of the detection limit of CWD prions from stainless steel by 4 orders of magnitude. More importantly, the RT-QuIC detection of CWD prions recovered from stainless steel surfaces using this method was similar to the original CWD prion load applied to the surface. This combined surface swabbing and RT-QuIC detection method provides an ultrasensitive means for prion detection across many settings and applications.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">5. Conclusions</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease is spreading in North America and it is hypothesized that in CWD-endemic areas environmental persistence of CWD prions can exacerbate disease transmission. The development of a sensitive CWD prion detection method from environmentally relevant surfaces is significant for monitoring, risk assessment, and control of CWD. In this study, we developed a novel swab-extraction procedure for field deployable sampling of CWD prions from stainless steel, glass, and wood. We found that extended swab-drying was unfavorable for extraction, indicating that hydrated storage of swabs after sampling aided in prion recovery. Recoverable CWD prions from stainless steel and glass was approximately 30%, which was greater than from wood. RT-QuIC analysis of the swab extracts resulted in an increase of the detection limit of CWD prions from stainless steel by 4 orders of magnitude compared to conventional immunodetection techniques. More importantly, the RT-QuIC detection of CWD prions recovered from stainless steel surfaces using this developed method was similar to the original CWD prion load without surface contact. This method of prion sampling and recovery, in combination with ultrasensitive detection methods, allows for prion detection from contaminated environmental surfaces.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002744?via%3Dihub" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002744?via%3Dihub</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Paper</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzie ORCID Icon show less</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Download citation</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">KEYWORDS: Prion chronic wasting diseasesex differences species differences disease prevalence cervid protein expression glands</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Paper</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kevin Christopher Gough BSc (Hons), PhD Claire Alison Baker BSc (Hons) Steve Hawkins MIBiol Hugh Simmons BVSc, MRCVS, MBA, MA Timm Konold DrMedVet, PhD, MRCVS … See all authors </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2, Paul Brown3</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">imageTimm Konold1*, imageStephen A. C. Hawkins2, imageLisa C. Thurston3, imageBen C. Maddison4, imageKevin C. Gough5, imageAnthony Duarte1 and imageHugh A. Simmons1</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The findings of this study highlight the role of field furniture used by scrapie-infected sheep to act as a reservoir for disease re-introduction although infectivity declines considerably if the field furniture has not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. PMCA may not be as sensitive as VRQ/VRQ sheep to test for environmental contamination.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> 172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kyung Je Park, Hoo Chang Park, In Soon Roh, Hyo Jin Kim, Hae-Eun Kang and Hyun Joo Sohn</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div></div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="ydpc73a2fb8yiv6893655957ydpf7b6cf02yiv5172979640ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp3dcf75bcjb_0 ydpc73a2fb8yiv6893655957ydpf7b6cf02yiv5172979640ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp3dcf75bcX_6MGW ydpc73a2fb8yiv6893655957ydpf7b6cf02yiv5172979640ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp3dcf75bcN_6Fd5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div id="ydpc73a2fb8yiv6893655957ydpf7b6cf02yiv5172979640ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp3dcf75bcyiv5381897278"><div class="ydpc73a2fb8yiv6893655957ydpf7b6cf02yiv5172979640ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp3dcf75bcyiv5381897278ydp2476af12yahoo-style-wrap"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="ydpc73a2fb8yiv6893655957ydpf7b6cf02yiv5172979640ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydpd3304a82yiv6399174111MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div id="ydpc73a2fb8yiv6893655957ydpf7b6cf02yiv5172979640ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp6ca495fbyiv5194731461"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Published: 06 September 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p></p></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">October 6th-12th, 126th Meeting 2022 Resolutions </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RESOLUTION NUMBER: 30 Approved</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SOURCE: COMMITTEE ON WILDLIFE</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Reference:</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS and ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Paulina Sotoa,b, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples. Methods: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD. </div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Samia Hannaouia, Ginny Chenga, Wiebke Wemheuerb, Walter J. Schulz-Schaefferb, Sabine Gilcha, and Hermann M. Schätzla aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bInstitute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids. Its rapid geographic expansion, shedding of infectivity and persistence in the environment for many years are of concern for humans. Here, we provide the first evidence by transmission experiments to different transgenic mouse models and bank voles that Cynomolgus macaques inoculated via different routes with CWD-positive cervid tissues harbor infectious prions that elicit clinical disease in rodents.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: We used tissue materials from macaques inoculated with CWD to inoculate transgenic mice overexpressing cervid PrPCfollowed by transmission into bank voles. We used RT-QuIC, immunoblot and PET blot analysis to assess brains, spinal cords, and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for the presence of prions.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: Our results show that of the macaque materials that induced clinical disease in transgenic mice,73% were from the CNS (46% spinal cord and 27% brain), and 27% were from the spleen, although attack rates were low around 20%. Clinical mice did not display PK-resistant PrPSc(PrPres) in immunoblot, but showed low-levels of prion seeding activity. Transmission into bank voles from clinical transgenic mice led to a 100% attack rate with typical PrPressignature in immunoblot, which was different from that of voles inoculated directly with CWD or scrapie prions. High-level prion seeding activity in brain and spinal cord and PrPresdeposition in the brain were present. Remarkably, we also found prion seeding activity in GIT tissues of inoculated voles. Second passage in bank voles led to a 100% attack rate in voles inoculated with brain, spinal cord and small intestine material from first round animals, with PrPresin immunoblot, prion seeding activity, and PrPresdeposition in the brain. Shortened survival times indicate adaptation in the new host. This also shows that prions detected in GIT tissues are infectious and transmissible. Transmission of brain material from sick voles back to cervidized mice revealed transmission in these mice with a 100% attack rate, and interestingly, with different biochemical signature and distribution in the brain.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including oral one. The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and transgenic mice, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute/Alberta Innovates Canada. Grant number: 1R01NS121016-01; 201,600,023</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We thank Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, and Michael Beekes, Robert-Koch Institute Berlin, Germany, for providing the bank vole model. We thank the University of Calgary animal facility staff and Dr. Stephanie Anderson for animal care.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bUniversité Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650 brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: We are grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Institutes of Health, Genome Canada, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Trent Bollinger, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, for providing brain tissue from the WTD-116AG isolate, Dr. Stéphane Haïk, ICM, Paris, France, for providing brain tissue from vCJD and sCJD cases, and Dr. Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy, for the bank vole model. We thank animal facility staff for animal care, Dr. Stephanie Anderson for veterinary oversight, and Yo-Ching Cheng for preparing recombinant PrP substrates. Thank you to Dr. Stephanie Booth and Jennifer Myskiw, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Eric Cassmanna, Xu Qib, Qingzhong Kongb, and Justin Greenleea</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>aNational Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA bDepartments of Pathology, Neurology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer host.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: Pooled brain material (GG96) from a CWD positive herd was used to oronasally inoculate two white-tailed deer with wild-type prion protein genotype and intracranially inoculate a raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the two white-tailed deer were used to intracranially inoculate separate groups of transgenic mice that express human prion protein with methionine (M) at codon 129 (Tg40h). Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: Humanized transgenic mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from white-tailed deer exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPScwas detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPScalso was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPScwas detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from white-tailed deer did not have detectable PrPScusing conventional immunoassay techniques.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: The host range of the CWD agent from white-tailed deer was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We thank Quazetta Brown, Lexi Frese, Rylie Frese, Kevin Hassall, Leisa Mandell, and Trudy Tatum for providing excellent technical support to this project.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Stable and highly zoonotic cervid prion strain is possible</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, and Qingzhong Kong Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in some areas. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies suggest that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: We inoculated a few sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice, which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had hunted or consumed vension from CWD-endemic states. Some of these mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a ‘cervidized’ CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of CJDElkPrPin transgenic mice expressing human PrP (Tg40h). We passaged CJDElkPrPtwo more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrPprions also led to 100% infection in the Tg40h mice. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice, despite that natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrPshare the same elk PrP sequence.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can be stably maintained in cervids and that CWD zoonosis is prion strain-dependent.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: NIH</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O’Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples, respectively.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Adaptation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion strains in hosts with different PRNP genotypes</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Camilo Duque Velasqueza,c, Elizabeth Triscotta,c, Chiye Kima,c, Diana Morenoa,c, Judd Aikenb,c, and Debbie McKenziea,c</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>aDepartment of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; bDepartment of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; cCentre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: The contagious nature of CWD epizootics and the PrPCamino acid variation of cervids (and susceptible sympatric species) guarantee the expansion of prion conformational diversity and selective landscapes where new strains can arise. CWD strains can have novel transmission properties including altered host range that may increase zoonotic risk as circulating strains diversify and evolve. We are characterizing the host adaptability of characterized CWD strains as well as CWD isolates from different cervid species in various enzootic regions.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: Characterized CWD strains as well as a number of isolates from hunter-harvested deer were bioassayed in our rodent panel (transgenic mice expressing cervid alleles G96, S96 and H95-PrPC, elk PrPC, bovine PrPC, and both hamsters and non-transgenic laboratory mice). Strain characteristics were compared using computer based scoring of brain pathology (e.g. PrPCWDbrain distribution), western blot and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: Transmission of various isolates resulted in the selection of strain mixtures in hosts expressing similar PrPC, particularly for polymorphic white-tailed deer and for Norwegian reindeer. As of the second passage, transmission of P153 moose prions from Norway has not resulted in emergence of strains with properties similar to any North American CWD strains in our taxonomic collection (Wisc-1, CWD2, H95+and 116AG).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: Our data indicates polymorphic white-tailed deer can favor infection with more than one strain. Similar to transmission studies of Colorado CWD isolates from cervids expressing a single PrPCprimary structure, the isolate from Norway reindeer (V214) represents a strain mixture, suggesting intrinsic strain diversity in the Nordfjella epizootic. The diversity of CWD strains with distinct transmission characteristics represents a threat to wildlife, sympatric domestic animals and public health.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: Genome Canada and Genome Alberta (Alberta Prion Research Institute and Alberta Agriculture & Forestry); NSERC Grant number: #LSARP 10205; NSERC RGPIN-2017-05539</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Margo Pybus (Alberta Environment and Parks) Trent Bollinger (University of Saskatchewan) for providing us with tissue samples from hunter-harvested deer and Sylvie Benestad for providing moose and reindeer samples.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Application of PMCA to understand CWD prion strains, species barrier and zoonotic potential</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Sandra Pritzkowa, Damian Gorskia, Frank Ramireza, Fei Wanga, Glenn C. Tellingb, Justin J. Greenleec, Sylvie L. Benestadd, and Claudio Sotoa aDepartment of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; bDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; cVirus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA; dNorwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CWD, Ås, Norway</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting various species of cervids that continues to spread uncontrollably across North America and has recently been detected in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland). The mechanisms responsible for the natural transmission of CWD are largely unknown. Furthermore, the risk of CWD transmission to other species, including humans, is also unknown and remains a dangerous enigma. In this study, we investigated the potential of CWD prions to infect several other animal species (sheep, cattle, pig, hamster, and mouse) including humans, by examining their capacity to convert the normal prion protein of distinct species in a PMCA reaction. Moreover, we also investigated whether the in vivo passage of CWD through intermediate species alters their capacity for zoonotic transmission, which may represent a major hazard to human health.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: For these studies, we used brain material from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) as species native to North America. We also used CWD-infected Moose (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) as Norwegian cervids. We also used brains from cattle, sheep and pigs experimentally infected by CWD. To study interspecies-transmission and zoonotic potential, samples were tested via PMCA for the conversion of PrPCinto PrPScusing different combinations of inoculum and host species. Based on these analyses we estimated the spillover and zoonotic potential for different CWD isolates. We define and quantify spillover and zoonotic potential indices as the efficiency by which CWD prions sustain prion generation in vitro at the expense of normal prion proteins from various mammals and human, respectively.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: Our results show that prions from some cervid species, especially those found in Northern Europe, have a higher potential to transmit disease characteristics to other animals. Conversely, CWD-infected cervids originated in North America appear to have a greater potential to generate human PrPSc. We also found that in vivo transmission of CWD to cattle, but not to sheep or pigs substantially increases the ability of these prions to convert human PrPCby PMCA.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: Our findings support the existence of different CWD prion strains with distinct spillover and zoonotic potentials. We also conclude that transmission of CWD to other animal species may increase the risk for CWD transmission to humans. Our studies may provide a tool to predict the array of animal species that a given CWD prion could affect and may contribute to understanding the risk of CWD for human health.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: National Institute of Health Grant number: P01 AI077774</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPCinto PrPScin vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPScand neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPScusing elk CWD PrPScto initiate conversion of human PrPCfrom normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPScwas derived from the human brain PrPCsubstrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPCwith either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPScpatterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSchas the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPCinto infectious PrPScthat can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Mortality surveillance of persons potentially exposed to chronic wasting disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>R.A. Maddoxa, R.F. Klosb, L.R. Willb, S.N. Gibbons-Burgenerb, A. Mvilongoa, J.Y. Abramsa, B.S. Applebyc, L.B. Schonbergera, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bWisconsin Department of Health Services (WDHS), Division of Public Health, Madison, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: It is unknown whether chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, can infect people, but consumption of meat from infected animals would be the most likely route of transmission. Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health (WDHS) personnel maintain a database consisting of information collected from hunters who reported eating, or an intention to eat, venison from CWD-positive cervids. These data, collected since 2003, allow for the evaluation of causes of mortality in individuals potentially exposed to CWD.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: The WDHS database contains the name, date of birth, when available, year of CWD-positive deer harvest, and city and state of residence for each potentially exposed individual. The database also includes information on how the deer was processed (self-processed or by a commercial operator) and when applicable, names of others with whom the venison was shared. Duplicate entries (i.e., those who consumed venison from CWD-positive deer in multiple hunt years) are determined by first name, last name, and date of birth. All names in the database are cross-checked with reported cases of human prion disease in Wisconsin and cases in the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) diagnostic testing database. Persons with date of birth available are also cross-checked with prion disease decedents identified through restricted-use national multiple cause-of-death data via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: The database currently consists of 1561 records for hunt years 2003–2017 and 87 additional records for 2018–2019. Of these, 657 records have accompanying date of birth; 15 entries were removed as duplicates leaving 642 unique individuals. Of these individuals, 278 of 426 (66%) who ate venison from a CWD-positive deer and provided processing information reported self-processing. No matches were found among any persons in the database cross-checked with WDHS human prion disease surveillance data, NPDPSC data (February 2022 update), and NCHS data through 2020.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: Because of the linkage of person and CWD-positive animal in the WDHS database, reviewing the cause of mortality in potentially exposed persons is possible. The number of individuals cross-checked so far is likely only a small percentage of those potentially exposed to CWD in Wisconsin, and many more years of vital status tracking are needed given an expected long incubation period should transmission to humans occur. Nevertheless, the findings of this ongoing review are thus far reassuring.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Prion disease incidence, United States, 2003–2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>R.A. Maddoxa, M.K. Persona, K. Kotobellib, A. Mvilongoa, B.S. Applebyb, L.B. Schonbergera, T.A. Hammetta, J.Y. Abramsa, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Mortality data, in conjunction with neuropathological and genetic testing results, are used to estimate prion disease incidence in the United States.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: Prion disease decedents for 2003–2020 were identified from restricted-use U.S. national multiple cause-of-death data, via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics, and from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) database. NPDPSC decedents with neuropathological or genetic test results positive for prion disease for whom no likely match was found in the NCHS multiple cause-of-death data were added as cases for incidence calculations, while those with negative neuropathology results but with cause-of-death data indicating prion disease were removed. Unmatched cases in the NPDPSC database lacking neuropathological testing but with a positive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) test result were additionally assessed. Age-specific and age-adjusted average annual incidence rates were calculated from the combined data; the year 2000 as the standard population and the direct method were used for age-adjustment.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: A total of 7,921 decedents were identified as having prion disease during 2003–2020 for an age-adjusted average annual incidence of 1.2 per million population. The age-adjusted incidence between males and females (1.3 and 1.1 per million, respectively) differed significantly (p < 0.0001). The age-specific average annual incidence among those <55 and ≥55 years of age was 0.2 and 4.8 per million, respectively; incidence among those ≥65 was 6.1 per million. Eighteen cases were <30 years of age for an age-specific incidence of 8.0 per billion; only 6 of these very young cases were sporadic (3 sporadic CJD, 3 sporadic fatal insomnia), with the rest being familial (9), variant (2), or iatrogenic (1). The age-adjusted annual incidence for the most recent year of data, 2020, was 1.3 per million. However, assessment of RT-QuIC positive cases lacking neuropathology in the NPDPSC database suggested that approximately 20% more cases may have occurred in that year; the addition of a subset of these cases that had date of death information available (n = 44) increased the 2020 rate to 1.4 per million.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: Mortality data supplemented with the results of neuropathological, CSF RT-QuIC, and genetic testing can be used to estimate prion disease incidence. However, the identification in the NPDPSC database of RT-QuIC-positive cases lacking date of death information suggests that this strategy may exclude a number of probable prion disease cases. Prion disease cases <30 years of age, especially those lacking a pathogenic mutation, continue to be very rare.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: USDA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>ATYPRION project: assessing the zoonotic potential of interspecies transmission of CWD isolates to livestock (preliminary results).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Enric Vidala,b, Juan Carlos Espinosac, Samanta Gilera,b, Montserrat Ordóñeza,b, Guillermo Canteroa,b, Vincent Béringued, Justin J. Greenleee, and Juan Maria Torresc</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>aUnitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; bIRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; cCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; dMolecular Virology and Immunology, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Since variant Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease was linked to the consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions, the study of the pathobiological features of animal prions, particularly their zoonotic potential, is of great concern to the scientific community and public health authorities. Furthermore, interspecies transmission of prions has been demonstrated as a putative evolutionary mechanism for prions, that can lead to the emergence of new features including the ability to infect humans. For instance, small ruminants’ atypical scrapie prions, when propagated in a bovine or porcine host, can shift to a classical BSE phenotype thus posing a potential risk in case of human exposure. So far, no hard evidence of zoonotic transmission of cervids’ chronic wasting disease (CWD) to humans has been published, however experimental transmission to bovine, ovine and caprine hosts has been achieved. Our goal is to investigate if, once passaged through these domestic species, CWD prions might become infectious to humans.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: Different CWD isolates experimentally adapted to cattle, sheep and goat (Hamir et al, 2005, 2006, 2007, Greenlee et al 2012) have been intracerebrally inoculated to transgenic mouse models expressing the human cellular prion protein either homozygous for methionine or valine at codon 129 (Tg340-Met129 and Tg362-Val129). Additionally, inocula obtained from experimental transmission of elk CWD to ovinized (Tg501) and bovinized (BoTg110) transgenic mice, as well as white-tailed deer CWD to BoTg110 mice, are currently being bioassayed in both human PrPCtransgenic models.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results and conclusions: No evidence of transmission has been found on first passage for bovine adapted elk and mule deer CWD to none of the humanized models. The remaining bioassays are ongoing without showing clinical signs yet, as well as second passages for the negative 1stpassages.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: La Marató de TV3 foundation. Grant number: ATYPRION (201,821–30-31-32)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS and ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Paulina Sotoa,b, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity. Aims: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples. Methods: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples. Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster. Conclusions: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported. Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques. Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas. Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) as an ultra-sensitive technique for the screening of CWD prions in different sample types </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Francisca Bravo‐Risia,b, Paulina Sotoa,b, Rebeca Benaventea, Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, Tracy Nicholsd, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; bCentro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA; dVeterinary Services Cervid Health Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects farmed and free-ranging cervids. The infectious agent in CWD is a misfolded form of the prion protein (PrPSc) that promotes conformational changes in the host’s cellular prion protein (PrPC). Currently, definitive CWD status is confirmed in the brain and lymphoid tissues by immunohistochemistry. The limitation of this technique is its poor sensitivity. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT- QuIC) are ultra-sensitive techniques that overcome these issues. PMCA mimics the self- propagation of infectious prions in vitro through multiple incubation/sonication cycles, increasing the number of prion particles present in a given sample. The detection of proteinase K (PK) -resistant PrPScby PMCA has been performed in experimental and natural samples that might harbor subclinical levels of prions. These samples include several tissues, bodily fluids, excreta, and different manmade and natural materials, including mineral licks, soils, and plants. Aims: In this study, we highlight recent advances and contributions that our group has performed in the detection of CWD prions from samples collected in farmed and free-ranging cervids, as well as other specimens involving the environment that contains CWD-infected deer. Material and Methods: A set of diverse samples analyzed in this study were collected by USDA and TPWD personnel in breeding and taxidermy facilities, and deer breeding facilities. These included animal and environmental samples. Additional samples from free-ranging animals were provided by hunters. Results: The diverse range of samples successfully detected for CWD prion infection in this study include blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites, insects, plants, compost/soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers. Importantly, these results helped to identify seeding-competent prions in places reported to be free of CWD. The levels of prion infectivity in most of these samples are currently being investigated. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to the understanding of the transmission dynamics and prevalence of CWD. In addition, our data have helped to identify CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. We also demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples. Overall, our research suggests that PMCA may be a useful tool to implement for the surveillance and management of CWD. Funded by: NIH/NIAID and USDA Grant number: 1R01AI132695 (NIH) and AP20VSSPRS00C143 (USDA) </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Nasal bot: an emerging vector for natural chronic wasting disease transmission </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Paulina Sotoa,b, Francisca Bravo-Risia,b, Carlos Kramma, Nelson Pereza, Rebeca Benaventea, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, Tracy A. Nicholsd, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA; dVeterinary Services Cervid Health Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects farmed and free-ranging cervids populations. The spread of CWD in cervids is thought to occur through the direct contact between cervids or through the exposure of naïve animals to contaminated environments. Parasites are known vectors of multiple diseases in animals. However, the potential role of parasites in CWD transmission remains unclear. Aims: The main objective of this study was to determine if CWD prions could be detected in the larvae of deer nasal bot flies, a common deer parasite, taken from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Methods: Bot fly larvae were collected from the nasal cavity of naturally infected CWD- positive or CWD non-detect white-tailed deer. The CWD seeding activity of the larvae was interrogated by PMCA. Prion infectivity was also evaluated in cervidized transgenic mouse bioassay (intra-cerebral administration in Tg1536 mice). Mice inoculated with bot larvae homogenate were sacrificed when they showed established signs of prion disease, or at extended periods after treatment (600 days). All inoculated mouse brains were evaluated for protease resistant prions to confirm clinical or sub-clinical infection. Bot larvae from CWD non-detect deer were used as controls. To further mimic environmental transmission, bot larvae homogenates were mixed with soils and plants were grown on them. Both plants and soils were tested for prion seeding activity. Results: PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in nasal bot larvae from captive and free-ranging white-tailed deer. CWD-contaminated bots efficiently infected transgenic mice, with attack rates and incubation periods suggesting high infectivity titers. Further analyses of treated animals (biochemical characterization of protease resistant prions and immunohistochemistry) confirmed prion infection. Analyses on dissected parts of the bot larvae demonstrate that the infectivity is concentrated in the larvae cuticle (outer part). Nasal bot larvae extracts mixed with</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> soils showed seeding activity by PMCA. Interestingly, plants grown in soil contaminated with the nasal bot larvae extract were found to produce seeding activity by PMCA. Conclusion: In this study we described for the first time that deer nasal bot larvae from CWD-infected deer carry high CWD infectivity titers. We also demonstrate that CWD prions in these parasites can interact with other environmental components relevant for disease transmission. Considering this information, we propose that deer nasal bot larvae could act as vectors for CWD transmission in wild and farming settings. Funded by: NIH/NIAID and USDA/APHIS Grant number: R01AI132695 and AP20VSSPRS00C143 PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Paulina Sotoa,b, Francisca Bravo-Risia,b, Claudio Sotoa, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders afflicting humans and other mammals. These diseases are generated by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein into a disease-causing isoform. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids (captive and free-range). CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environments. Many studies have shown that infectious prions can enter the environment through saliva, feces, or urine from infected animals and decaying carcasses. However, we do not fully understand the specific contribution of each component to disease transmission events. Plants are logical environmental components to be evaluated since they grow in environments contaminated with CWD prions and are relevant for animal and human nutrition.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aims: The main objective of this study is to study whether prions are transported to the roots and leaves of carrots, an edible plant commonly used in the human diet and as deer bait.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Methods: We have grown carrot plants in CWD-infected soils. After 90 days, we harvested the carrots and separated them from the leaves. The experiment was controlled by growing plants in soil samples treated with brain extracts from healthy animals. These materials were interrogated for their prion seeding activity using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Infectivity was evaluated in mouse bioassays (intracerebral injections in Tg1536 mice). The animals were sacrificed when they showed established signs of prion disease. Animals not displaying clinical signs were sacrificed at 600 days post-inoculation.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions, as well as in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays demonstrated that both leaves and roots contained CWD prions in sufficient quantities to induce disease (92% attack rate). As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. Animals treated with soil and plant components exposed with CWD-free brain extracts did not display prion-associated clinical signs or evidence of sub-clinical prion infection.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission. Importantly, plants designated for human consumption represent a risk of introducing CWD prions into the human food chain.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Funded by: NIH</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Grant number: R01AI132695</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Background</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Background</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Background and objective:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Discussion:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Aims:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>See also poster P103</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=====</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Belay ED</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=====</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=====</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a> </div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip.... </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: TSS </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Sir/Madam,</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">-----Original Message-----</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: <a href="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">rr26k@nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">ebb8@CDC.GOV</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, </span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">did</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif"> not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.</span></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">sporadic = 54,983 hits <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Steve Dealler =============== </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <a href="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">deal@airtime.co.uk</a> </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;">Singeltary further comments in attachment <span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><h3 class="ydp1623043cyiv9729900611ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0h5 ydp1623043cyiv9729900611ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mt-0 ydp1623043cyiv9729900611ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mb-1" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.42858; margin-top: 0px;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment</h3><h3 class="ydp1623043cyiv9729900611ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0h5 ydp1623043cyiv9729900611ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mt-0 ydp1623043cyiv9729900611ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mb-1" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.42858; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf<br /></a></h3></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; 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font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div><pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span><br /></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></pre></div><div><div style="font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr"><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><div><div>APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div><br /></div><div>Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><div class="ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a><br /></div><div class="ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;"><br /></div><div class="ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" dir="ltr" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind:</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20100304142653/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100304142653/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">flounder9@verizon.net</a>]</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090801232225/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090801232225/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">October 31, 2002 Review of the Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States Conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health and Center for Computational Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University Final Report Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Office of Public Health and Science Prepared by RTI Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 RTI Project Number 07182.024</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FULL TEXT OF GOA REPORT BELOW (takes a while to load)</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">2. Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts. GAO-02-183, January 25.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-183" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-183</a></div></div></div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div dir="ltr">SATURDAY, AUGUST 16, 2008 </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors in the United States February 13, 2000 at 3:37 pm PST (BSE red book) </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, September 14, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting October 28 and 29, 2010 (COMMENT SUBMISSION)</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2010/09/transmissible-spongiform_14.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2010/09/transmissible-spongiform_14.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>FULL TEXT OF GOA REPORT BELOW (takes a while to load)</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts. GAO-02-183, January 25.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-183" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-183</a></div><div><br /></div><div>8 hr BSE confirmation turnaround took 7+ months to confirm this case, so the BSE MRR policy could be put into place. ...TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>-------- Original Message --------</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: re-USDA's surveillance plan for BSE aka mad cow disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Mon, 02 May 2005 16:59:07 -0500</div><div><br /></div><div>From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div><br /></div><div>To: <a href="mailto:paffairs@oig.hhs.gov" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">paffairs@oig.hhs.gov</a>, <a href="mailto:HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov</a>, <a href="mailto:contactOIG@hhsc.state.tx.us" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">contactOIG@hhsc.state.tx.us</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings Honorable Paul Feeney, Keith Arnold, and William Busbyet al at OIG, ...............</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>There will be several more emails of my research to follow. I respectfully request a full inquiry into the cover-up of TSEs in the United States of America over the past 30 years. I would be happy to testify...</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you, I am sincerely, Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box , Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 xxx xxx xxxx</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: June 14, 2005 at 1:46 pm PST</div><div><br /></div><div>In Reply to:</div><div><br /></div><div>Re: Transcript Ag. Secretary Mike Johanns and Dr. John Clifford, Regarding further analysis of BSE Inconclusive Test Results</div><div><br /></div><div>posted by TSS on June 13, 2005 at 7:33 pm:</div><div><br /></div><div>Secretary of Agriculture Ann M. Veneman resigns Nov 15 2004, three days later inclusive Mad Cow is announced. June 7th 2005 Bill Hawks Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs resigns. Three days later same mad cow found in November turns out to be positive. Both resignation are unexpected. just pondering... TSS</div><div><br /></div><div><div>*** 2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 ***</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br /></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div>October 31, 2002</div><div><br /></div><div>Review of the Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States Conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health and Center for Computational Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University</div><div><br /></div><div>Final Report </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061005020902/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20061005020902/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div><div>Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Update; Notice of Availability and Technical Meeting </div><div><br /></div><div>Owens, Julie</div><div><br /></div><div>From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</div><div><br /></div><div>Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM</div><div><br /></div><div>To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090424070523/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090424070523/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Response to Public Comments on the Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Update,</div><div><br /></div><div>October 31, 2005</div><div><br /></div><div>INTRODUCTION</div><div><br /></div><div>The United States Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) held a public meeting on July 25, 2006 in Washington, D.C. to present findings from the Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Update, October 31, 2005 (report and model located on the FSIS website: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Science/Risk_Assessments/index.asp). Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS. Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, RCALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary. This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind: </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20090412200037/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090412200037/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>03-025IFA</div><div><br /></div><div>03-025IFA-2</div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary</div><div><br /></div><div>From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</div><div><br /></div><div>Sent: Thursday, September 08, 2005 6:17 PM</div><div><br /></div><div>To: fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr"><div><br /></div><div>ONE final comment tonight, i just cannot take anymore. well, ill just let the facts speak for themselves, no need to even comment ;<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Section 2. Testing Protocols and Quality Assurance Controls<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>In November 2004, USDA announced that its rapid screening test, Bio-Rad Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), produced an inconclusive BSE test result as part of its enhanced BSE surveillance program. The ELISA rapid screening test performed at a BSE contract laboratory produced three high positive reactive results.40 As required,41 the contract laboratory forwarded the inconclusive sample to the APHIS National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) for confirmatory testing. NVSL repeated the ELISA testing and again produced three high positive reactive results.42 In accordance with its established protocol, NVSL ran its confirmatory test, an immunohistochemistry (IHC) test, which was interpreted as negative for BSE. In addition, NVSL performed a histological43 examination of the tissue and did not detect lesions44 consistent with BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Faced with conflicting results, NVSL scientists recommended additional testing to resolve the discrepancy but APHIS headquarters officials concluded no further testing was necessary because testing protocols were followed. In our discussions with APHIS officials, they justified their decision not to do additional testing because the IHC is internationally recognized as the "gold standard." Also, they believed that conducting additional tests would undermine confidence in USDA’s established testing protocols.</div><div><br /></div><div>full text 130 pages ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090411173629/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090411173629/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION</span><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -
Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary
Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ...
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></pre></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE, Scrapie, CWD, Testing and Surveillance 2022 A Review of History </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://https//animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div></div></div></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Comment from Terry Singeltary Sr.</span></div></pre></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div>Posted by the Food and Drug Administration on May 17, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings again FDA and Mr. Pritchett et al,</div><div><br /></div><div>MY comments and source reference of sound science on this very important issue are as follows ;</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>I kindly wish to once again submit to Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you kindly for allowing me to comment again, ...and again...and again, on a topic so important, why it is 'NON-BINDING' is beyond me.</div><div><br /></div><div>this should have been finalized and made 'BINDING' or MANDATORY OVER A DECADE AGO.</div><div><br /></div><div>but here lay the problem, once made 'BINDING' or 'MANDATORY', it is still nothing but ink on paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>we have had a mad cow feed ban in place since August 1997, and since then, literally 100s of millions of pounds BANNED MAD COW FEED has been sent out to commerce and fed out (see reference materials).</div><div><br /></div><div>ENFORCEMENT OF SAID BINDING REGULATIONS HAS FAILED US TOO MANY TIMES.</div><div><br /></div><div>so, in my opinion, any non-binding or voluntary regulations will not work, and to state further, 'BINDING' or MANDATORY regulations will not work unless enforced.</div><div><br /></div><div>with that said, we know that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion easily transmits to other cervid through the oral route.</div><div><br /></div><div>the old transmission studies of BSE TSE floored scientist once they figured out what they had, and please don't forget about those mink that were fed 95%+ dead stock downer cow, that all came down with TME. please see ;</div><div><br /></div><div>It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradleys surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleys surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>To further complicate things, we now know that science has shown that plants and vegetables can uptake the TSE Prion, and that the Scrapie agent can still be infectious from soil 16 years later. a frightening thought with the CWD running rampant now in North America (please see source reference materials below).</div><div><br /></div><div>IF we don't do this, we have failed, and the TSE Prion agent will continue to spread, as it is doing as we speak.</div><div><br /></div><div>I strenuously once again urge the FDA and its industry constituents, to make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this should include all cervids, as well as non-ruminants such as cats and dogs as well, as soon as possible for the following reasons...</div><div><br /></div><div>31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT</div><div><br /></div><div>*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***</div><div><br /></div><div>31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT</div><div><br /></div><div>see Singeltary comment ;</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><h3 class="ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydp9937d26fyiv0887647876ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0h5 ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydp9937d26fyiv0887647876ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mt-0 ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydp9937d26fyiv0887647876ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mb-1" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.42858; margin-top: 0px;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment</h3><h3 class="ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydp9937d26fyiv0887647876ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0h5 ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydp9937d26fyiv0887647876ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mt-0 ydpa725bf09yiv2962410156ydpba26cf11yiv9339412583ydp9937d26fyiv0887647876ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mb-1" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.42858; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></h3></div></div><div>please see further ;</div><div><br /></div><div>REFERENCE MATERIALS</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Singeltary previous submission to DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability</div><div><br /></div><div>DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 0500 EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 0500 EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1</div><div dir="ltr"><br /><div><div>2003D-0186 Guidance for Industry: Use of Material From Deer and Elk In Animal Feed </div><div><br /></div><div>EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1 </div></div><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150117054924/www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">web.archive.org/web/20150117054924/www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120217115622/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">web.archive.org/web/20120217115622/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE SOURCE REFERENCES UPLOADED FILES AT BOTTOM, SEE ATTACHMENT...</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE SINGELTARY ATTACHMENT;</div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">downloads.regulations.gov/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011/attachment_1.pdf<br /></a></div></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr">MONDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC) TSE Prion disease </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2022/07/epidemiological-verification-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2022/07/epidemiological-verification-of.html</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;" /></div></div><div><div class="ydp244b1c8dyiv1388837799ydpbe6ff52fI_ZkbNhI ydp244b1c8dyiv1388837799ydpbe6ff52fD_FY ydp244b1c8dyiv1388837799ydpbe6ff52fW_6D6F" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; width: 870.781px;"><div class="ydp244b1c8dyiv1388837799ydpbe6ff52fmsg-body ydp244b1c8dyiv1388837799ydpbe6ff52fP_wpofO ydp244b1c8dyiv1388837799ydpbe6ff52fmq_AS"><div class="ydp244b1c8dyiv1388837799ydpbe6ff52fjb_0 ydp244b1c8dyiv1388837799ydpbe6ff52fX_6MGW ydp244b1c8dyiv1388837799ydpbe6ff52fN_6Fd5"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 13, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Scrapie and CJD, Suspect Symptoms, Like Lambs To the Slaughter, a review 2022 </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/12/scrapie-and-cjd-suspect-symptoms-like.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/12/scrapie-and-cjd-suspect-symptoms-like.html</a>_<br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 2022 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE‐TSE 2022 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/11/annual-report-of-scientific-network-on.html" style="color: #196ad4;">efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/11/annual-report-of-scientific-network-on.html</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><pre style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 30, 2022 </span></pre><pre style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Why is USDA "only" testing 25,000 samples a year?</span>
</pre><pre style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/why-is-usda-only-testing-25000-samples.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/why-is-usda-only-testing-25000-samples.html</a></span></pre></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 11, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://seac992007.blogspot.com/2022/12/seac-spongiform-encephalopathy-advisory.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">seac992007.blogspot.com/2022/12/seac-spongiform-encephalopathy-advisory.html</a></div></div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 02, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease CJD TSE Prion December 2022 Annual Update<br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/creutzfeldt-jacob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/creutzfeldt-jacob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br /></div></div><div><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div><br /></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-54032552991930146902022-11-07T15:51:00.000-06:002022-11-07T15:51:17.817-06:00Frozen out: BSE-era relief programs a case study in how Indigenous farmers fall through the cracks<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">Frozen out: BSE-era relief programs a case study in how Indigenous farmers fall through the cracks</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">re-Frozen out: BSE-era relief programs a case study in how Indigenous farmers fall through the cracks</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div>Frozen out: BSE-era relief programs a case study in how Indigenous farmers fall through the cracks</div><div><br /></div><div>Officials told First Nations farmers they didn’t qualify for BSE relief cash; 20 years later, governments say that wasn’t true</div><div><br /></div><div>Geralyn Wichers By Geralyn Wichers</div><div><br /></div><div>Published: November 3, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Livestock, News</div><div><br /></div><div>It’s long ago enough that the fine details are fuzzy.</div><div><br /></div><div>The story begins in the early days of the BSE or “mad cow” crisis. Cattle prices are hemorrhaging, with U.S. border closure the market equivalent of a jugular slash.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interlake cattle ranchers meet at the Ashern auction mart and board a charter bus bound for the Manitoba Legislature. Aboard is Fairford First Nation farmer Derrick Gould and two ranchers from Peguis First Nation.</div><div><br /></div><div>At the legislature, as the ranchers urge lawmakers to help them, someone realizes the Indigenous men are farming on reserves. An official tells them they can’t participate in provincially funded aid. They’re the federal government’s responsibility.</div><div><br /></div><div>“We knew there and then that we were back at square one,” Gould told the Co-operator.</div><div><br /></div><div>Derrick Gould says provincial officials told him and other Indigenous cattle producers they were a federal responsibility. photo: YouTube (screenshot) He recalls going through official band channels to reach a federal representative. When they did, they were told there was no help for them.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the next months, the federal and provincial governments would start multiple financial aid programs totalling billions of dollars. When Gould inquired about applying, he was sent to the federal government.</div><div><br /></div><div>Eventually, he was forced to sell his cattle and get a job in Alberta to support his family.</div><div><br /></div><div>Gould was one of dozens in a similar situation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Because of bad information, poor communication and faulty assumptions, many First Nations farmers in Manitoba and Saskatchewan did not get the help they needed; help governments now say was available despite what individuals were told.</div><div><br /></div><div>The worst of times</div><div><br /></div><div>May 21, 2003: an Angus cow in Alberta tests positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), often called “mad cow disease.”</div><div><br /></div><div>The United States swiftly bans Canadian beef, cattle and other ruminant imports. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan follow suit.</div><div><br /></div><div>“The sudden loss of these export markets was worth $4 billion based on 2002 sales,” wrote Michael J. Broadway in a 2008 article for The Canadian Geographer.</div><div><br /></div><div>In Canada, the glut of animals pushed prices to catastrophic lows. In April, slaughter steers went for an average of $109 per hundredweight, Broadway wrote. By June 2003, the average price was less than $40.</div><div><br /></div><div>The federal and provincial governments cost-shared multiple financial relief programs in hopes of keeping farmers afloat.</div><div><br /></div><div>Between 2003 and 2006, payments from these programs made up more than 20 per cent of total farm receipts, wrote researchers David Natcher, Tom Allen and Trina Schmid in a 2011 paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>David Natcher is a professor in the University of Saskatchewan’s Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics. photo: University of Saskatchewan “This is a significant contribution, which arguably stabilized the industry during this period,” the researchers wrote.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nevertheless, impact of the crisis on producers was devastating. Many farmers downsized or lost their farms. Some, like Gould, were forced to move away to find work.</div><div><br /></div><div>There were mental and relationship tolls.</div><div><br /></div><div>“There is little doubt that for some families, BSE did have a devastating impact through divorce and even suicide,” said Broadway.</div><div><br /></div><div>Farmers didn’t apply</div><div><br /></div><div>While aid bolstered farm incomes off-reserve, most First Nations farmers in Saskatchewan didn’t even apply for help.</div><div><br /></div><div>Natcher’s team interviewed 33 First Nations ranchers and found that only one registered for government support, receiving $2,000 through the Canada Feeder Calf Set Aside Program.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Co-operator found a similar pattern in Manitoba.</div><div><br /></div><div>Albert Shorting of Little Saskatchewan First Nation said that to his knowledge there were no programs offered to First Nations farmers.</div><div><br /></div><div>“If they did offer something for help, I would have applied,” he said.</div><div><br /></div><div>Shorting and his brother, Hector Shorting, both lost their cattle herds.</div><div><br /></div><div>“I did that for 25 years,” Shorting said. “I wish it never happened. I still would’ve been farming. [Mad cow] created a lot of problems for the native farmers. A lot of them went bankrupt and I was one of them. I didn’t want to, but I had no choice.”</div><div><br /></div><div>Garnet Beardy, from Lake St. Martin First Nation, heard about relief programs through a representative of the now-defunct First Nations Farm Credit program. He filled out paperwork and initially received relief money. A year later, he received notice that he’d been declared ineligible and had to return the funds.</div><div><br /></div><div>Beardy managed to keep his farm afloat but said he’s still repaying the ‘aid’ money.</div><div><br /></div><div>Elsie Maytwayashing, of Lake Manitoba First Nation, did not recall what programs were available or whether she and her late husband received aid funding. She indicated that between them they’d worked multiple jobs to keep the farm afloat.</div><div><br /></div><div>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) didn’t track the participation rates of Indigenous farmers in aid programs, an AAFC spokesperson told the Co-operator in a 2019 email exchange.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, some non-BSE business risk management programs tracked “Status Indians farming on Reserves,” because these farmers required a different application process. The spokesperson said regulations prohibited them from telling the Co-operator how many “Status Indian” farmers had participated in these programs during the BSE crisis because the number was lower than 10.</div><div><br /></div><div>Why weren’t they told?</div><div><br /></div><div>AAFC and Manitoba provincial spokespeople told the Co-operator that a long list of BSE relief programs were open to people farming on First Nations.</div><div><br /></div><div>Why weren’t farmers aware?</div><div><br /></div><div>When Natcher’s team asked Saskatchewan farmers why they didn’t apply, 18 said they didn’t know about the programs.</div><div><br /></div><div>Natcher found the Saskatchewan government had announced support through delivery of newsletters to rural post office boxes; ag media and local news; mailouts to producers who had applied to past programs; and through industry groups like the Saskatchewan Cattle Feeders Association.</div><div><br /></div><div>This was ineffective at reaching First Nations farmers because of several factors, Natcher and his team wrote. Mailers were sent via general delivery to First Nation band offices, where mass mail, or mail without a designated recipient, tends to be discarded.</div><div><br /></div><div>First Nations farmers historically had a low rate of participation in government programs, a factor in Manitoba too, according to a 2003 paper by University of Manitoba researcher Bret Nickels. Mailing lists wouldn’t contain many of them.</div><div><br /></div><div>As well, few First Nations farmers were part of cattle producer groups, a situation also true in Manitoba, according to Nickels, though three farmers interviewed by the Co-operator said they’d been members.</div><div><br /></div><div>Twelve farmers told Natcher that officials had said they were ineligible.</div><div><br /></div><div>In some cases, when farmers asked for clarification on who could apply, government reps said they’d look into the matter and never made contact again.</div><div><br /></div><div>Others were led to believe that since they didn’t pay personal income tax and had private herds (not owned by the band), they could not apply. Wording in program applications said “Indian Bands” could apply but it wasn’t clear whether individual farmers from those bands were also eligible.</div><div><br /></div><div>“I don’t think they were intentionally trying to exclude First Nations,” said Natcher. “I think they were equally confused.”</div><div><br /></div><div>Natcher, a professor at the University of Saskatchewan, teaches a course on the history of Indigenous agriculture. He said most students in his class are clueless about how land ownership and taxes work on reserves.</div><div><br /></div><div>“The bureaucracy in trying to farm or ranch on reserve is crazy complicated,” Natcher said.</div><div><br /></div><div>He didn’t think provincially administered BSE assistance programs were open to First Nations farms and expressed surprise when the Co-operator said they purportedly were.</div><div><br /></div><div>It goes to show how complex these questions can be, Natcher said, and First Nations are often caught in the middle, “to the point where I think many say, ‘well, I’m not even going to bother,’” Natcher said.</div><div><br /></div><div>It’s also conceivable that federal and provincial governments squabbled over responsibility for First Nations.</div><div><br /></div><div>Vince Tacan, former chief of Sioux Valley Dakota Nation, and E.J. Fontaine, a business leader and former economic development advisor to the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs, both said they’d sat in rooms with provincial and federal officials as the two sides argued over which entity would fund First Nations’ needs.</div><div><br /></div><div>Breaking the pattern</div><div><br /></div><div>Evidence suggests there was pattern of First Nations farmers falling through the cracks.</div><div><br /></div><div>In his 2003 paper on the long-defunct Manitoba Indian Agriculture Program (MIAP), Nickel quoted a 2000 study: “It is evident that a very small percentage of First Nations farmers had accessed any of the [Manitoba Agriculture] safety net programs.”</div><div><br /></div><div>Nickel cited another Manitoba program that helped farmers adapt to new technology in the late 1990s and early 2000s. No First Nations farmers or groups had accessed any of its $5 million in funding, he said.</div><div><br /></div><div>In 2022 interviews, farmers gave the Co-operator differing views on their eligibility and access to programs like crop insurance and extension help.</div><div><br /></div><div>“I guess, in a sense, we’re scared to even ask,” Gould said. “We’re so used to being told ‘well, this part ain’t for you.’”</div><div><br /></div><div>What can break this pattern?</div><div><br /></div><div>Agriculture department staff must spend more time cultivating relationships with First Nations in their regions, wrote Natcher, Allen and Schmid.</div><div><br /></div><div>“A more ‘hands-on’ approach would contribute greatly to building trust and personal relationships,” they wrote. “At minimum, constructive change will require government to reconsider how their programs are communicated and administrated.”</div><div><br /></div><div>The federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) offers a good example, the researchers wrote.</div><div><br /></div><div>The DFO worked with Indigenous communities to develop close contacts with local fishers so government personnel could communicate critical information, they wrote. First Nations were also asked to identify a fisheries coordinator to serve as a primary local contact.</div><div><br /></div><div>Indigenous farmers would also benefit from agricultural associations to represent their specific needs, Natcher said. Some exist, for example the National Indigenous Agriculture Association, based in Saskatchewan. The Co-operator wasn’t able to find any Indigenous-specific agriculture organization in Manitoba.</div><div><br /></div><div>Carrying on</div><div><br /></div><div>In 1999, the First Nations Agricultural Producers survey found 73 First Nations cattle farmers in Manitoba. Interviews suggest those numbers are much lower today, and many lost their farms during the BSE crisis.</div><div><br /></div><div>Derrick Gould isn’t one of them.</div><div><br /></div><div>Though today he doesn’t own cattle, Gould returned from Alberta and began to piece his farm back together. Today he sells hay, raises Clydesdale horses, and has begun breaking land to experiment with crops.</div><div><br /></div><div>Earlier this year, he told the Co-operator he keeps farming in part to show his community it can be done.</div><div><br /></div><div>“It’s just that connection that I have, the memories that I have. The way of life. For me, that’s a real stronghold,” Gould said. “It keeps me going.”</div></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.manitobacooperator.ca/news-opinion/news/frozen-out-bse-era-relief-programs-a-case-study-in-how-indigenous-farmers-fall-through-the-cracks/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.manitobacooperator.ca/news-opinion/news/frozen-out-bse-era-relief-programs-a-case-study-in-how-indigenous-farmers-fall-through-the-cracks/</a></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">''It’s long ago enough that the fine details are fuzzy.''</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">THAT'S NOT ALL THAT IS FUZZY!</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">You do know why Canada is not finding anymore BSE aka mad cow cases$$$</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">they are not testing to find$$$</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">same as USA;</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">EFSA Network on BSE-TSE Minutes of the 17th meeting Held on 13-14 October 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/11/efsa-network-on-bse-tse-minutes-of-17th.html" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/11/efsa-network-on-bse-tse-minutes-of-17th.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 30, 2022 </span></pre><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Why is USDA "only" testing 25,000 samples a year?</span>
</pre><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/why-is-usda-only-testing-25000-samples.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/why-is-usda-only-testing-25000-samples.html</a></span></pre></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">and now, the rest of this nightmare...<br /></span><br /><div id="yiv3755247304"><div style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>EFSA Network on BSE-TSE Minutes of the 17th meeting Held on 13-14 October 2022<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA</div><div><br /></div><div>European Food Safety Authority</div><div><br /></div><div>BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Network on BSE-TSE Minutes of the 17th meeting Held on 13-14 October 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Meeting room: SEAT M07/M08 and web-meeting (Agreed on 22 October 2022)</div><div><br /></div><div>Participants</div><div><br /></div><div>• Network Participants of Member States (including EFTA Countries and IPA countries):</div><div><br /></div><div>Country Name</div><div><br /></div><div>Austria Hermann Schildorfer Belgium Severine Matthijs Croatia Tihana Miškić, Karmen Branović Čakanić Cyprus Georgia Aparin Czechia Pavel Vodrážka, Klara Jelinkova Denmark Anne Sofie Hammer Estonia Luisa Leinberg Finland Suvi Joutsen France Thomas Maignien Germany Christine Fast Hungary Tamas Lancsak Ireland Justin Byrne, John McConville Italy Romolo Nonno, Giuseppe Ru, Elena Maria Bozzetta Latvia Edvins Olsevskis Lithuania Viktoras Maskaliovas Malta Sergio Fiore, Steve Farrugia The Netherlands Linda Kox Norway Michael Tranulis Poland Miroslaw Pavel Polak Portugal Sofia Quintas Romania Theodora Chesnoiu Vasile Slovakia Martin Mojzis Slovenia Polona Juntes Spain Maria Esther Prieto Caballero Sweden Maria Nöremark Norway Michael A. Tranulis</div><div><br /></div><div>European Food Safety Authority Via Carlo Magno 1A – 43126 Parma, Italy Tel. +39 0521 036 111 │ www.efsa.europa.eu<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Switzerland Torsten Seuberlich Albania Lisa Aldin Bosnia and Herzegovina Slobodan Dojcinovic Montenegro Rados Mkovic, Nikola Pejovic North Macedonia Aleksandar Jovanchev Serbia Sanja Aleksic Kovacevic Kosovo Saranda Ametaj Turkey Anil Demeli<br /></div><div><br /></div><div> EFSA: BIOHAW Unit: Ernesto Liebana, Kateryna Chuzhakina, Ancuta Cezara Simon, Angel Ortiz Pelaez, Pietro Stella, Frank Verdonck.</div><div><br /></div><div> European Commission (EC): Fabien Schneegans (DG SANTE G5- Food Hygiene, Feed and Fraud)</div><div><br /></div><div> Others: WOAH: Aurelio Cabezas Murillo</div><div><br /></div><div>External speakers: Emmanuel Comoy, Sylvie Benestad, Mike Miller, Atle Mysterud, Takateru Daikai</div><div><br /></div><div>Day 1, 13 October 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Welcome and apologies for absence The Chair welcomed the participants from 24 EU Member States, Norway, Switzerland, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey.</div><div><br /></div><div>Apologies were received from representative of Greece.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Adoption of agenda</div><div><br /></div><div>The agenda was adopted without changes.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Agreement of the minutes of the 16th meeting of the Network on BSE/TSE held on 18- 19 October 2021, Parma1 .</div><div><br /></div><div>The minutes were agreed by written procedure on 5 November 2021 and published on the ESA website on 22 November 2021.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Chronic wasting disease (CWD): update</div><div><br /></div><div>Three presentations provided updates of the situation of CWD in North America and Norway, and an overview into European CWD situation was addressed.</div><div><br /></div><div>4.1 CWD in North America: update. Should we get worried in Europe Michael W Miller (external speaker), wildlife veterinarian and CWD epidemiologist, presented an update of the situation of CWD in North America, lessons learnt from the long experience of handling</div><div><br /></div><div>1 <a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/event/2020/15th-meeting-efsa-biocontam-biohaz-bse-tsenetwork-minutes.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/event/2020/15th-meeting-efsa-biocontam-biohaz-bse-tsenetwork-minutes.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>2</div><div><br /></div><div>the disease in North America and potential management strategies adopted, and highlighting the parallelism of the situations in North America and Europe, as well as final recommendations.</div><div><br /></div><div>4.2 Characterization of CWD strains in Europe2</div><div><br /></div><div>Sylvie Benestad, veterinary pathologist from the Norwegian Veterinary Institute of Norway, presented the latest evidence on the characterization of CWD strains in Europe, not only of Norway but also of Sweden and Finland. She showed some of the latest results, in particular, the emerging evidence of the presence of multiple strains of the TSE agent circulating in Europe at the moment. In particular the transmission study in bank voles of Norwegian CWD, showing that CWD prion strains affecting Norwegian cervids are distinct from those found in North America2 .</div><div><br /></div><div>4.3 CWD in Norway: update. What’s next. Future prospects</div><div><br /></div><div>Atle Mysterud, Professor of Ecology at University of Oslo, after providing an overview of past strategies on depopulation of reindeer in one of the populations of wild reindeer in Norway affected by CWD, presented ongoing integrated wildlife disease management and surveillance of semi-domestic reindeer population in Norway.</div><div><br /></div><div>4.4 Q&A</div><div><br /></div><div>To presentation 4.2 there were questions about the interpretation of the possible evolution of moose strains into more contagious reindeer-like strains through passage in animal models, and about the presence of these strains, some of them contagious, evolving already in the field for a long time. Dr Benestad answered it was difficult to transfer those results of experimental studies to natural conditions and that the surveillance efforts were very small before 2016 to speculate about how long CWD strains could have been evolving in Norway.</div><div><br /></div><div>To presentation 4.3 there were questions about the impact of age variability in the presentation of the disease and about the reintroduction of reindeer in the culled population of Nordfjella. Prof Mysterud replied that the agent can be adapted in the host hence the age of the population needs to be taken into consideration. It has been decided to wait 5 years for the restocking, taking it from the practice in the North America. Dr Miller informed there were no clear basis to justify the 5-year clearance before restocking.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Zoonotic potential: species barrier</div><div><br /></div><div>Two presentations were provided on different aspects of the same theme: the zoonotic potential of TSE. Two approaches were presented, mathematical modelling and experimental animal models.</div><div><br /></div><div>5.1 L-BSE: verification of spontaneity. Impact of feed ban on L-BSE Takateru Daikai, Assistant Director from Animal health division, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Japan, presented the main outcomes of the paper by Daikai and Yamamoto, 2022. “Epidemiological verification of the mechanism of occurrence of atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy” 3 . regarding the effectiveness of the feed ban in reducing the cases of C-BSE and LBSE, using data from nine European countries to assess whether L-BSE could be transmitted orally to new birth cohorts. In addition, recent results from the surveillance programme were presented.</div><div><br /></div><div>2 <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33229531/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33229531/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>3 <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tbed.14298" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tbed.14298</a></div><div><br /></div><div>3</div><div><br /></div><div>5.2 Assessment of zoonotic potential of TSEs: the contribution of in-vivo experimental models</div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Comoy, veterinary researcher and member of CEA (Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission) and Université Paris-Saclay, presented an overview of major inoculation experiments of prion diseases on primates and provided additional details on these experimental models that has shed light on transmissibility, pathogenesis and resistance of prions. This review has been recently published: Comoy et al. (2022)4 “Non-human primates in prion diseases”. He presented the main conclusions of this paper, highlighting the achievement of the experimental studies in non-human primates in the history of TSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Day 2, 14 October 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>6. Welcome and apologies for absence The Chair welcomed the participants to the second day of the Network meeting.</div><div><br /></div><div>7. Pulse Survey: EFSA Network on BSE/TSE and TSE in Europe Angel Ortiz (EFSA) prepared a pulse survey for Network participants regarding the scientific network format, attendance by members and observers, awareness of experts and public in Europe about the risk of TSE for humans. The main outcomes of the survey highlighted that:</div><div><br /></div><div> The majority of the members attend the meeting to catch up with scientific developments in the field, to meet colleagues from other countries and network and to listen to the updates by the EC, WOAH and EFSA.</div><div><br /></div><div> Over 90% of the participants want to keep the two sessions in the annual meeting, and about half of them consider sufficient and adequate just attend the annual meeting and not to engage in other activities of the network, whereas approx. 30% recognised this was not sufficient.</div><div><br /></div><div> Regarding the follow up and use of MS Teams, half of the participants regularly follows the posts and updates while the other half is not active on MS Teams platform. Among the main reasons for not proposing topics in the annual meeting it was stated that 44% (n= 14/32) of the survey participants prefer the topics proposed by EFSA; some participants explained that research on TSE is not performed in their MS, while in other countries BSE cases are not recurrent.</div><div><br /></div><div> The EFSA Scientific network on BSE/TSE is identified with the words knowledge, interaction, scientific, science, exchange and useful</div><div><br /></div><div> Half of the attendees considered that although TSE diseases in Europe are in decline, many aspects are still not well understood, and we should strengthen the research and risk assessment efforts, and 40% considers that despite being in decline, we should continue with the current level of research and risk assessment efforts.</div><div><br /></div><div> Approximately 55% of the attendees believe that currently there is very little level of awareness of the public in Europe about the risk of TSE for humans, and approx. 25% believes that younger generations do not know anything about TSE and older generations have forgotten or do not perceive risks anymore.</div><div><br /></div><div> Most of the participants consider that CWD is not a problem that should only worry Scandinavian countries</div><div><br /></div><div>4 <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00441-022-03644-7" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00441-022-03644-7</a></div><div><br /></div><div>4</div><div><br /></div><div>5 In decreasing order, the animal TSEs causing the most worry (in both classical and atypical forms) and should be prioritised in terms of research and risk assessment are BSE, scrapie and CWD (45%), followed by CWD, BSE and scrapie (20%), and BSE, CWD and scrapie (12.9%).</div><div><br /></div><div>8. General session</div><div><br /></div><div>8.1 EFSA activities on TSE 2021-2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Angel Ortiz (EFSA) updated the Network on the TSE-related risk assessment activities that took place in EFSA since the 2021 Annual Network meeting. In particular, he presented the main findings of the scientific opinion regarding the use of a multi-step catalytic co-processing hydro-treatment for the production of renewable fuels using Category 3 animal fat and used cooking oil. The scientific opinion was adopted on 28 September 2022 and will be published by the end of October 2022. Angel provided also updates on the ongoing scientific opinion on the monitoring of CWD to be submitted by March 2023 as well on the PAP pig opinion to be submitted by June 2023. Finally, future prospects regarding Czechia that submitted on 12 May 2022 to the EC the application to be recognized as a Member State with negligible risk of classical scrapie were discussed.</div><div><br /></div><div>8.2 EU TSE annual report 2021: preliminary results</div><div><br /></div><div>Giuseppe Ru, Director of the EURL on TSE and contractor for the production of the EFSA’s EU summary report on TSE, presented the preliminary findings that will be included in the EU annual report on TSE for 2021. The report presents the results of surveillance of TSE in different animal species and is expected to be published by the end of November 2022 by EFSA. It includes data from 27 Member States (MS), 8 non-European Reporting Countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey), and the United Kingdom (as non-MS from 1 February 2020).</div><div><br /></div><div>8.3 Update on the activities of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in the TSE field</div><div><br /></div><div>Aurelio Cabezas, Disease Status Officer of the Status Department of the WOAH, updated the Network on the TSE-related activities ongoing in WOAH since the previous Network meeting. During 2021 there have been many activities in WOAH linked to the revision of the BSE chapters in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code, which will be presented to the General Assembly for approval in May 2023.</div><div><br /></div><div>8.4 Update on the regulatory activities of the EC in the TSE field</div><div><br /></div><div>Fabien Schneegans, legislative officer of G5 – Food Hygiene, Feed and Fraud, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, European Commission, presented the activities of the EC since the last Network meeting. Two horizontal topics were presented: 1) Feed ban; 2) Trade-related issues. Three disease-specific topics were also presented: 1) BSE; 2) scrapie; 3) CWD.</div><div><br /></div><div>8.5 Q&A</div><div><br /></div><div>The chair asked participants for further comments and questions but there were none.</div><div><br /></div><div>5</div><div><br /></div><div>8.6 Round-the-table discussion on the topics discussed in the EFSA Scientific Network on BSE-TSE and country updates</div><div><br /></div><div>Open floor for all participants (not by country):</div><div><br /></div><div> FRANCE informed of the forthcoming publication of a risk assessment of the use of fat tissue for feed due to cross-contamination with specified risk materials (SRM) when splitting the carcass. Some aspects concerning the use of gelatine and ruminant collagen for feed have also be included in this opinion.</div><div><br /></div><div> IRELAND suggested the use of email as the main channel for communication because Microsoft Teams is not a supported platform in their institution. SWEDEN concurred with this proposal. The chair explain that it is EFSA policy to use Microsoft Teams for the scientific networks but, exceptionally, important communications could be also channelled by email.</div><div><br /></div><div> EFSA showed the summary of the answers to the pulse survey and asked for feedback. The members supported the continuation of the annual meeting of the EFSA network and consider the meeting a unique opportunity since there are not meetings anymore in the area of TSE. The general consensus was to hold the meetings physically in Parma or somewhere else, but if needed, doing the meeting in Parma every second year would be a minimum</div><div><br /></div><div> SLOVENIA asked WOAH if and when the name of the OIE Manual will be amended, because of the requirements related to QA system and accreditation according to ISO170025, where all changes of relevant references should be followed and corrected. Auditors are very thorough with that kind of changes. WOAH representative said that that will not be soon, it can take several months. That information is important for laboratories, due to audits and modification of the SOPs, etc.</div><div><br /></div><div> Croatia asked WOAH if the BSE active surveillance will be eliminated in the future, following the new provisions of the terrestrial manual. The representative of WOAH replied that, in the revised provision, it will go from active to passive surveillance plus high risk animals, and that the point system will disappear. The representative of the EC expressed the opinion that in the EU active surveillance should stay in place, and that may eventually ask EFSA opinion on this matter, but eventually EU would align with WOAH provisions.</div><div><br /></div><div>9. Any Other Business</div><div><br /></div><div> The draft minutes will be circulated soon following the requirement to publish the network minutes within 14 working days. At least one Network meeting will be planned for 2023. Additional meetings/activities will be organised depending on the need and topics for discussion identified by the Network.</div><div><br /></div><div> Angel Ortiz (EFSA) invited the Network participants to the upcoming info session for potential applicants on alternative methods to produce animal-by-products under the EU work frame legislation, which will be held on Thursday 8 December 20225 . </div><div><br /></div><div> A discussion followed regarding the format and participation of European and International experts. Most of the Network participants endorsed the current hybrid format and the participation of EU and WOAH representatives. In general, it was proposed to implement the interaction between participants and the representative from The Netherlands committed to bring forward more topics for the interactive sessions for the next annual meeting, such as the risk of relaxing the feed ban. Information about the EFSA panel self-tasks and grant & procurements were also proposed to be addressed next year.</div><div><br /></div><div> No other businesses were discussed.</div><div><br /></div><div>5 <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">The date has now been changed to 1 December 2022</span></div><div><br /></div><div>6</div><div><br /></div><div>The Chair thanked all participants for their attendance and closed the meeting.</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">7</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2022-10/20221013-m.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2022-10/20221013-m.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/events/17th-meeting-efsa-biocontam-biohaz-bse-tse-network" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/events/17th-meeting-efsa-biocontam-biohaz-bse-tse-network</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>This information is critical, and should continue to be collected.</div><div><br /></div><div>The TSE prion is spreading across the USA in Cervid as in CWD TSE Prion.</div><div><br /></div><div>The mad cow surveillance, feed ban, testing, and SRM removal there from, has been, and still is, a terrible failure.</div><div><br /></div><div>WE know that the USA Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997 was/is a colossal failure, and proven to be so year after year, decade after decade, and this was just admitted by the FDA et al (see below FDA Reports on VFD Compliance Sept. 2019 report).</div><div><br /></div><div>God, all these decades you hear from all the warning letters on SRM that were released to the public for consumption, that even if they did eat a SRM, the BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997 would save that tissue from that animal from having a TSE Prion, was nothing but lies. what about those children all across the USA that were fed the most high risk cattle for mad cow disease, i.e. dead stock downer cows via the USDA School lunch program, who will watch those kids for the next 50 years for cjd tse prion aka mad cow disease, let alone all the folks consuming SRMs that have been exposed to mad cow type disease in different livestock species, due to the fact the USA colossal failure of the BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997. it's all documented below, see for yourself; SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, September 10, 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>FSIS [Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2019-0021-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2019-0021-0002</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/09/fsis-docket-no-fsis20190021-notice-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/09/fsis-docket-no-fsis20190021-notice-of.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">RE-Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CPISPR-Cas9</span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: black;"><div class="yiv3755247304eletters-comment__info"><h6 class="yiv3755247304eletters-comment__title yiv3755247304text-md yiv3755247304letter-spacing-default yiv3755247304mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="yiv3755247304eletters-comment__user yiv3755247304text-reset yiv3755247304font-weight-bold yiv3755247304text-uppercase yiv3755247304mr-2" style="background-color: transparent; color: inherit !important; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase !important;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><ul class="yiv3755247304eletters-comment__user-data yiv3755247304list-inline yiv3755247304comma-separated yiv3755247304d-inline" style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; display: inline !important; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="yiv3755247304list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.25em;">retired</li> <li class="yiv3755247304list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block;">Mr.</li></ul></h6></div><div class="yiv3755247304eletters-comment__description yiv3755247304serif yiv3755247304text-ellipses yiv3755247304truncated yiv3755247304collapse yiv3755247304show" id="yiv3755247304x697946"><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017<span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</span></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #ca2015; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...see much more here ;</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Bulletin</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camel prion disease: a possible emerging disease in dromedary camel populations?</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The identification of a new prion disease in dromedary camels in Algeria and Tunisia, called camel prion disease (CPD), extends the spectrum of animal species naturally susceptible to prion diseases and opens up new research areas for investigation.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camel prion disease was identified in 2018 in adult camels showing clinical signs at the ante mortem inspection at slaughterhouses in the region of Ouargla (Algeria), and in 2019 in the region of Tataouine (Tunisia). It adds to the group of existing animal prion diseases, including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and BSE (mainly in bovines). The detection of a new prion disease in the dromedary population requires attention and investigation needs to be carried out to assess the risks of this disease to animal and public health. As of today, very limited epidemiological information is available to assess the prevalence, geographical distribution and dynamic of the transmission of the disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Based on the clinical signs suggesting prion disease, CPD seems to have occurred in 3.1% of the dromedaries brought to the abattoir in Ouargla. Pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease specific prion protein (PrPSc) were detected in brain tissue from three symptomatic animals (source:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC article <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In May 2019, the OIE received a report from Tunisia on a single case of a 12-year-old slaughtered dromedary camel showing neurological signs confirmed as CPD by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) based in Italy.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">©B. Babelhadj/University Kasdi Merbah, Algeria</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Is camel prion disease transmissible in natural conditions?</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The involvement of lymphoid tissue in prion replication, observed both in the Algeria and Tunisia cases, is suggestive of a peripheral pathogenesis, which is thought to be a prerequisite for prion shedding into the environment. As with other animal prion diseases, such as scrapie and CWD, in which lymphoid tissues are extensively involved and horizontal transmission occurs efficiently under natural conditions, the detection of prion proteins in lymph nodes is suggestive of the infectious nature of CPD and concurs to hypothesise the potential impact of CPD on animal health. No evidence is currently available with which to argue for the relevance of CPD for human health. However, no absolute species barrier exists in prion diseases and minimising the exposure of humans to prion-infected animal products is an essential aspect of public health protection. As for the relationship between CPD and other animal prion diseases, preliminary analyses suggest that CPD prions have a different molecular signature from scrapie and BSE.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Actions on the follow up of CPD</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Since the first description of CPD, the OIE promoted discussions on the impact of this new disease through the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission). The Scientific Commission consulted two OIE ad hoc Groups, one on BSE risk status evaluation of Members and the other on camelids. It analysed the information available from the Algeria and Tunisia cases to evaluate if CPD should be considered an ‘emerging disease’ based on the criteria listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code1 . </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The OIE Scientific Commission noted that limited surveillance data were available on the prevalence of CPD and that the evidence was not sufficient to measure, at that time, the impact of the disease on animal or public health. Therefore, it was concluded that, with the current knowledge, CPD did not currently meet the criteria to be considered an emerging disease. Nonetheless, it was emphasised that CPD should be considered as a new disease not to be overlooked and called for the collection of further scientific evidence through research and surveillance in the affected countries and in countries with dromedary camel populations to measure the impact of the disease. As new scientific evidence becomes available, the OIE Scientific Commission will reassess whether this disease should be considered as an emerging disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The worldwide camel population is ~35 million head (FAO, 2019), 88% of which is found in Africa. The camel farming system is evolving rapidly, and these animals represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. This makes it necessary to assess the risk for animal and human health and to develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals, and to minimise human exposure. As a first step, the awareness of Veterinary Services about CPD and its diagnostic capacity needs to be improved in all countries where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">At the regional level, CPD was first discussed in the 18th Joint Permanent Committee of the Mediterranean Animal Health Network (REMESA) held in Cairo, Egypt, in June 2019 where an expert 1 a new occurrence in an animal of a disease, infection or infestation, causing a significant impact on animal or public health resulting from a) a change of a known pathogenic agent or its spread to a new geographic area or species, or b) a previously unrecognised pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">from ISS, Italy, shared the knowledge available on the new disease with the 15 REMESA Member Countries. The discussion highlighted the need to strengthen surveillance systems in order to collect epidemiological data to inform the risk assessments. The results of these risk assessments will support the implementation of evidence-based policies to manage the risks in both animals and humans.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CPD was recently discussed atthe 15thConference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East in November. During this conference, the CAMENET (Camel Middle East Network) launched a wide ranging proposal for training, coordinated surveillance and research on CPD. In addition, the ERFAN (Enhancing Research for Africa Network), a platform aimed at enhancing scientific cooperation between Africa and Italy, during its 2nd ERFAN meeting for North Africa, presented a project on CPD with the objective of increasing CPD coordinated surveillance in North Africa.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The OIE, through its Reference Laboratories for prion diseases, and by involving the above scientific initiatives, is keeping a close watch on the evolution of the disease to gather scientific evidence and to allow a proper and more thorough assessment of the risk associated with this novel disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">◼ December 2019</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Tuesday, April 27, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.</div><div><br /></div><div>look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div><br /></div><div>Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div><br /></div><div>Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys</div><div><br /></div><div>Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div><br /></div><div>100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg</div><div><br /></div><div>Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div><br /></div><div>RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div><br /></div><div>PrPres biochemical detection</div><div><br /></div><div>The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.</div><div><br /></div><div>Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div><br /></div><div>Published online January 27, 2005</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div><br /></div><div>It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div><br /></div><div>also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div><br /></div><div>levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley’s answer (that it would take less than say 100</div><div><br /></div><div>grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one</div><div><br /></div><div>considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it</div><div><br /></div><div>could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the</div><div><br /></div><div>same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate"</div><div><br /></div><div>experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment</div><div><br /></div><div>designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure</div><div><br /></div><div>that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study</div><div><br /></div><div>and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger</div><div><br /></div><div>infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time</div><div><br /></div><div>ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing</div><div><br /></div><div>scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the</div><div><br /></div><div>dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white;"><div class="yiv3755247304aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv3755247304aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DEFRA </span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Helvetica;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/03/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/03/</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div><div>-------- Original Message --------</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: re-BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2002 10:23:43 -0000</div><div><br /></div><div>From: "Asante, Emmanuel A" <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a></div><div><br /></div><div>To: "'<a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a>'" <a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Terry,</div><div><br /></div><div>I have been asked by Professor Collinge to respond to your request. I am a Senior Scientist in the MRC Prion Unit and the lead author on the paper. I have attached a pdf copy of the paper for your attention.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you for your interest in the paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>In respect of your first question, the simple answer is, ***yes. As you will find in the paper, we have managed to associate the alternate phenotype to type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. It is too early to be able to claim any further sub-classification in respect of Heidenhain variant CJD or Vicky Rimmer's version. It will take further studies, which are on-going, to establish if there are sub-types to our initial finding which we are now reporting. The main point of the paper is that, as well as leading to the expected new variant CJD phenotype, BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc.</div><div><br /></div><div>I hope reading the paper will enlighten you more on the subject. If I can be of any further assistance please to not hesitate to ask. Best wishes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Asante</div><div><br /></div><div><<Asante et al 2002.pdf>></div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Emmanuel A Asante MRC Prion Unit & Neurogenetics Dept. Imperial College School of Medicine (St. Mary's) Norfolk Place, LONDON W2 1PG Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 3794 Fax: +44 (0)20 7706 3272 email: <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a> (until 9/12/02) New e-mail: <a href="mailto:e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk">e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk</a> (active from now)</div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div></div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.'' </div><div><br /></div><div><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div><br /></div><div>Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div><br /></div><div>Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div><br /></div><div>***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div><br /></div><div>***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div><br /></div><div>***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div><br /></div><div>We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div><br /></div><div>=============== </div><div><br /></div><div>***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div><br /></div><div>=============== </div><div><br /></div><div>***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div><br /></div><div>============== </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div><br /></div><div>***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div><br /></div><div>Taylor & Francis</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div><br /></div><div>WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div><br /></div><div>*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS </div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Samia Hannaouia, Ginny Chenga, Wiebke Wemheuerb, Walter J. Schulz-Schaefferb, Sabine Gilcha, and Hermann M. Schätzla aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bInstitute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids. Its rapid geographic expansion, shedding of infectivity and persistence in the environment for many years are of concern for humans. Here, we provide the first evidence by transmission experiments to different transgenic mouse models and bank voles that Cynomolgus macaques inoculated via different routes with CWD-positive cervid tissues harbor infectious prions that elicit clinical disease in rodents.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: We used tissue materials from macaques inoculated with CWD to inoculate transgenic mice overexpressing cervid PrPCfollowed by transmission into bank voles. We used RT-QuIC, immunoblot and PET blot analysis to assess brains, spinal cords, and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for the presence of prions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Our results show that of the macaque materials that induced clinical disease in transgenic mice,73% were from the CNS (46% spinal cord and 27% brain), and 27% were from the spleen, although attack rates were low around 20%. Clinical mice did not display PK-resistant PrPSc(PrPres) in immunoblot, but showed low-levels of prion seeding activity. Transmission into bank voles from clinical transgenic mice led to a 100% attack rate with typical PrPressignature in immunoblot, which was different from that of voles inoculated directly with CWD or scrapie prions. High-level prion seeding activity in brain and spinal cord and PrPresdeposition in the brain were present. Remarkably, we also found prion seeding activity in GIT tissues of inoculated voles. Second passage in bank voles led to a 100% attack rate in voles inoculated with brain, spinal cord and small intestine material from first round animals, with PrPresin immunoblot, prion seeding activity, and PrPresdeposition in the brain. Shortened survival times indicate adaptation in the new host. This also shows that prions detected in GIT tissues are infectious and transmissible. Transmission of brain material from sick voles back to cervidized mice revealed transmission in these mice with a 100% attack rate, and interestingly, with different biochemical signature and distribution in the brain.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including oral one. The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and transgenic mice, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute/Alberta Innovates Canada. Grant number: 1R01NS121016-01; 201,600,023</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We thank Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, and Michael Beekes, Robert-Koch Institute Berlin, Germany, for providing the bank vole model. We thank the University of Calgary animal facility staff and Dr. Stephanie Anderson for animal care.</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div><br /></div><div>Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div><br /></div><div>aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bUniversité Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650 brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: We are grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Institutes of Health, Genome Canada, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Trent Bollinger, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, for providing brain tissue from the WTD-116AG isolate, Dr. Stéphane Haïk, ICM, Paris, France, for providing brain tissue from vCJD and sCJD cases, and Dr. Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy, for the bank vole model. We thank animal facility staff for animal care, Dr. Stephanie Anderson for veterinary oversight, and Yo-Ching Cheng for preparing recombinant PrP substrates. Thank you to Dr. Stephanie Booth and Jennifer Myskiw, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.</div><div><br /></div><div>The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div><br /></div><div>Eric Cassmanna, Xu Qib, Qingzhong Kongb, and Justin Greenleea</div><div><br /></div><div>aNational Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA bDepartments of Pathology, Neurology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer host.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Pooled brain material (GG96) from a CWD positive herd was used to oronasally inoculate two white-tailed deer with wild-type prion protein genotype and intracranially inoculate a raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the two white-tailed deer were used to intracranially inoculate separate groups of transgenic mice that express human prion protein with methionine (M) at codon 129 (Tg40h). Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Humanized transgenic mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from white-tailed deer exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPScwas detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPScalso was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPScwas detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from white-tailed deer did not have detectable PrPScusing conventional immunoassay techniques.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: The host range of the CWD agent from white-tailed deer was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We thank Quazetta Brown, Lexi Frese, Rylie Frese, Kevin Hassall, Leisa Mandell, and Trudy Tatum for providing excellent technical support to this project.</div><div><br /></div><div>Stable and highly zoonotic cervid prion strain is possible</div><div><br /></div><div>Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, and Qingzhong Kong Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in some areas. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies suggest that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: We inoculated a few sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice, which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had hunted or consumed vension from CWD-endemic states. Some of these mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a ‘cervidized’ CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of CJDElkPrPin transgenic mice expressing human PrP (Tg40h). We passaged CJDElkPrPtwo more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrPprions also led to 100% infection in the Tg40h mice. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice, despite that natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrPshare the same elk PrP sequence.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can be stably maintained in cervids and that CWD zoonosis is prion strain-dependent.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: NIH</div><div><br /></div><div>Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O’Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples, respectively.</div><div><br /></div><div>Adaptation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion strains in hosts with different PRNP genotypes</div><div><br /></div><div>Camilo Duque Velasqueza,c, Elizabeth Triscotta,c, Chiye Kima,c, Diana Morenoa,c, Judd Aikenb,c, and Debbie McKenziea,c</div><div><br /></div><div>aDepartment of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; bDepartment of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; cCentre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: The contagious nature of CWD epizootics and the PrPCamino acid variation of cervids (and susceptible sympatric species) guarantee the expansion of prion conformational diversity and selective landscapes where new strains can arise. CWD strains can have novel transmission properties including altered host range that may increase zoonotic risk as circulating strains diversify and evolve. We are characterizing the host adaptability of characterized CWD strains as well as CWD isolates from different cervid species in various enzootic regions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Characterized CWD strains as well as a number of isolates from hunter-harvested deer were bioassayed in our rodent panel (transgenic mice expressing cervid alleles G96, S96 and H95-PrPC, elk PrPC, bovine PrPC, and both hamsters and non-transgenic laboratory mice). Strain characteristics were compared using computer based scoring of brain pathology (e.g. PrPCWDbrain distribution), western blot and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Transmission of various isolates resulted in the selection of strain mixtures in hosts expressing similar PrPC, particularly for polymorphic white-tailed deer and for Norwegian reindeer. As of the second passage, transmission of P153 moose prions from Norway has not resulted in emergence of strains with properties similar to any North American CWD strains in our taxonomic collection (Wisc-1, CWD2, H95+and 116AG).</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our data indicates polymorphic white-tailed deer can favor infection with more than one strain. Similar to transmission studies of Colorado CWD isolates from cervids expressing a single PrPCprimary structure, the isolate from Norway reindeer (V214) represents a strain mixture, suggesting intrinsic strain diversity in the Nordfjella epizootic. The diversity of CWD strains with distinct transmission characteristics represents a threat to wildlife, sympatric domestic animals and public health.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: Genome Canada and Genome Alberta (Alberta Prion Research Institute and Alberta Agriculture & Forestry); NSERC Grant number: #LSARP 10205; NSERC RGPIN-2017-05539</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Margo Pybus (Alberta Environment and Parks) Trent Bollinger (University of Saskatchewan) for providing us with tissue samples from hunter-harvested deer and Sylvie Benestad for providing moose and reindeer samples.</div><div><br /></div><div>Application of PMCA to understand CWD prion strains, species barrier and zoonotic potential</div><div><br /></div><div>Sandra Pritzkowa, Damian Gorskia, Frank Ramireza, Fei Wanga, Glenn C. Tellingb, Justin J. Greenleec, Sylvie L. Benestadd, and Claudio Sotoa aDepartment of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; bDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; cVirus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA; dNorwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CWD, Ås, Norway</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting various species of cervids that continues to spread uncontrollably across North America and has recently been detected in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland). The mechanisms responsible for the natural transmission of CWD are largely unknown. Furthermore, the risk of CWD transmission to other species, including humans, is also unknown and remains a dangerous enigma. In this study, we investigated the potential of CWD prions to infect several other animal species (sheep, cattle, pig, hamster, and mouse) including humans, by examining their capacity to convert the normal prion protein of distinct species in a PMCA reaction. Moreover, we also investigated whether the in vivo passage of CWD through intermediate species alters their capacity for zoonotic transmission, which may represent a major hazard to human health.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: For these studies, we used brain material from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) as species native to North America. We also used CWD-infected Moose (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) as Norwegian cervids. We also used brains from cattle, sheep and pigs experimentally infected by CWD. To study interspecies-transmission and zoonotic potential, samples were tested via PMCA for the conversion of PrPCinto PrPScusing different combinations of inoculum and host species. Based on these analyses we estimated the spillover and zoonotic potential for different CWD isolates. We define and quantify spillover and zoonotic potential indices as the efficiency by which CWD prions sustain prion generation in vitro at the expense of normal prion proteins from various mammals and human, respectively.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Our results show that prions from some cervid species, especially those found in Northern Europe, have a higher potential to transmit disease characteristics to other animals. Conversely, CWD-infected cervids originated in North America appear to have a greater potential to generate human PrPSc. We also found that in vivo transmission of CWD to cattle, but not to sheep or pigs substantially increases the ability of these prions to convert human PrPCby PMCA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our findings support the existence of different CWD prion strains with distinct spillover and zoonotic potentials. We also conclude that transmission of CWD to other animal species may increase the risk for CWD transmission to humans. Our studies may provide a tool to predict the array of animal species that a given CWD prion could affect and may contribute to understanding the risk of CWD for human health.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: National Institute of Health Grant number: P01 AI077774</div><div><br /></div><div>Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div><br /></div><div>aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPCinto PrPScin vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPScand neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPScusing elk CWD PrPScto initiate conversion of human PrPCfrom normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPScwas derived from the human brain PrPCsubstrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPCwith either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPScpatterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSchas the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPCinto infectious PrPScthat can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div><br /></div><div>Mortality surveillance of persons potentially exposed to chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>R.A. Maddoxa, R.F. Klosb, L.R. Willb, S.N. Gibbons-Burgenerb, A. Mvilongoa, J.Y. Abramsa, B.S. Applebyc, L.B. Schonbergera, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bWisconsin Department of Health Services (WDHS), Division of Public Health, Madison, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: It is unknown whether chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, can infect people, but consumption of meat from infected animals would be the most likely route of transmission. Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health (WDHS) personnel maintain a database consisting of information collected from hunters who reported eating, or an intention to eat, venison from CWD-positive cervids. These data, collected since 2003, allow for the evaluation of causes of mortality in individuals potentially exposed to CWD.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: The WDHS database contains the name, date of birth, when available, year of CWD-positive deer harvest, and city and state of residence for each potentially exposed individual. The database also includes information on how the deer was processed (self-processed or by a commercial operator) and when applicable, names of others with whom the venison was shared. Duplicate entries (i.e., those who consumed venison from CWD-positive deer in multiple hunt years) are determined by first name, last name, and date of birth. All names in the database are cross-checked with reported cases of human prion disease in Wisconsin and cases in the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) diagnostic testing database. Persons with date of birth available are also cross-checked with prion disease decedents identified through restricted-use national multiple cause-of-death data via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: The database currently consists of 1561 records for hunt years 2003–2017 and 87 additional records for 2018–2019. Of these, 657 records have accompanying date of birth; 15 entries were removed as duplicates leaving 642 unique individuals. Of these individuals, 278 of 426 (66%) who ate venison from a CWD-positive deer and provided processing information reported self-processing. No matches were found among any persons in the database cross-checked with WDHS human prion disease surveillance data, NPDPSC data (February 2022 update), and NCHS data through 2020.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Because of the linkage of person and CWD-positive animal in the WDHS database, reviewing the cause of mortality in potentially exposed persons is possible. The number of individuals cross-checked so far is likely only a small percentage of those potentially exposed to CWD in Wisconsin, and many more years of vital status tracking are needed given an expected long incubation period should transmission to humans occur. Nevertheless, the findings of this ongoing review are thus far reassuring.</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion disease incidence, United States, 2003–2020</div><div><br /></div><div>R.A. Maddoxa, M.K. Persona, K. Kotobellib, A. Mvilongoa, B.S. Applebyb, L.B. Schonbergera, T.A. Hammetta, J.Y. Abramsa, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Mortality data, in conjunction with neuropathological and genetic testing results, are used to estimate prion disease incidence in the United States.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Prion disease decedents for 2003–2020 were identified from restricted-use U.S. national multiple cause-of-death data, via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics, and from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) database. NPDPSC decedents with neuropathological or genetic test results positive for prion disease for whom no likely match was found in the NCHS multiple cause-of-death data were added as cases for incidence calculations, while those with negative neuropathology results but with cause-of-death data indicating prion disease were removed. Unmatched cases in the NPDPSC database lacking neuropathological testing but with a positive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) test result were additionally assessed. Age-specific and age-adjusted average annual incidence rates were calculated from the combined data; the year 2000 as the standard population and the direct method were used for age-adjustment.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: A total of 7,921 decedents were identified as having prion disease during 2003–2020 for an age-adjusted average annual incidence of 1.2 per million population. The age-adjusted incidence between males and females (1.3 and 1.1 per million, respectively) differed significantly (p < 0.0001). The age-specific average annual incidence among those <55 and ≥55 years of age was 0.2 and 4.8 per million, respectively; incidence among those ≥65 was 6.1 per million. Eighteen cases were <30 years of age for an age-specific incidence of 8.0 per billion; only 6 of these very young cases were sporadic (3 sporadic CJD, 3 sporadic fatal insomnia), with the rest being familial (9), variant (2), or iatrogenic (1). The age-adjusted annual incidence for the most recent year of data, 2020, was 1.3 per million. However, assessment of RT-QuIC positive cases lacking neuropathology in the NPDPSC database suggested that approximately 20% more cases may have occurred in that year; the addition of a subset of these cases that had date of death information available (n = 44) increased the 2020 rate to 1.4 per million.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Mortality data supplemented with the results of neuropathological, CSF RT-QuIC, and genetic testing can be used to estimate prion disease incidence. However, the identification in the NPDPSC database of RT-QuIC-positive cases lacking date of death information suggests that this strategy may exclude a number of probable prion disease cases. Prion disease cases <30 years of age, especially those lacking a pathogenic mutation, continue to be very rare.</div><div><br /></div><div>Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div><br /></div><div>aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div><br /></div><div>Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div><br /></div><div>Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study</div><div><br /></div><div>Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa</div><div><br /></div><div>aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported.</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: USDA</div><div><br /></div><div>Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div><br /></div><div>ATYPRION project: assessing the zoonotic potential of interspecies transmission of CWD isolates to livestock (preliminary results).</div><div><br /></div><div>Enric Vidala,b, Juan Carlos Espinosac, Samanta Gilera,b, Montserrat Ordóñeza,b, Guillermo Canteroa,b, Vincent Béringued, Justin J. Greenleee, and Juan Maria Torresc</div><div><br /></div><div>aUnitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; bIRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; cCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; dMolecular Virology and Immunology, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Since variant Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease was linked to the consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions, the study of the pathobiological features of animal prions, particularly their zoonotic potential, is of great concern to the scientific community and public health authorities. Furthermore, interspecies transmission of prions has been demonstrated as a putative evolutionary mechanism for prions, that can lead to the emergence of new features including the ability to infect humans. For instance, small ruminants’ atypical scrapie prions, when propagated in a bovine or porcine host, can shift to a classical BSE phenotype thus posing a potential risk in case of human exposure. So far, no hard evidence of zoonotic transmission of cervids’ chronic wasting disease (CWD) to humans has been published, however experimental transmission to bovine, ovine and caprine hosts has been achieved. Our goal is to investigate if, once passaged through these domestic species, CWD prions might become infectious to humans.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Different CWD isolates experimentally adapted to cattle, sheep and goat (Hamir et al, 2005, 2006, 2007, Greenlee et al 2012) have been intracerebrally inoculated to transgenic mouse models expressing the human cellular prion protein either homozygous for methionine or valine at codon 129 (Tg340-Met129 and Tg362-Val129). Additionally, inocula obtained from experimental transmission of elk CWD to ovinized (Tg501) and bovinized (BoTg110) transgenic mice, as well as white-tailed deer CWD to BoTg110 mice, are currently being bioassayed in both human PrPCtransgenic models.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results and conclusions: No evidence of transmission has been found on first passage for bovine adapted elk and mule deer CWD to none of the humanized models. The remaining bioassays are ongoing without showing clinical signs yet, as well as second passages for the negative 1stpassages.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: La Marató de TV3 foundation. Grant number: ATYPRION (201,821–30-31-32)</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS and ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS </div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</div><div><br /></div><div>Paulina Sotoa,b, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA </div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity. Aims: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples. Methods: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples. Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster. Conclusions: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD. </div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143 </div><div><br /></div><div>Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study </div><div><br /></div><div>Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA </div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported. Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques. Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas. Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening. </div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143 </div><div><br /></div><div>Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) as an ultra-sensitive technique for the screening of CWD prions in different sample types </div><div><br /></div><div>Francisca Bravo‐Risia,b, Paulina Sotoa,b, Rebeca Benaventea, Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, Tracy Nicholsd, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; bCentro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA; dVeterinary Services Cervid Health Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA </div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects farmed and free-ranging cervids. The infectious agent in CWD is a misfolded form of the prion protein (PrPSc) that promotes conformational changes in the host’s cellular prion protein (PrPC). Currently, definitive CWD status is confirmed in the brain and lymphoid tissues by immunohistochemistry. The limitation of this technique is its poor sensitivity. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT- QuIC) are ultra-sensitive techniques that overcome these issues. PMCA mimics the self- propagation of infectious prions in vitro through multiple incubation/sonication cycles, increasing the number of prion particles present in a given sample. The detection of proteinase K (PK) -resistant PrPScby PMCA has been performed in experimental and natural samples that might harbor subclinical levels of prions. These samples include several tissues, bodily fluids, excreta, and different manmade and natural materials, including mineral licks, soils, and plants. Aims: In this study, we highlight recent advances and contributions that our group has performed in the detection of CWD prions from samples collected in farmed and free-ranging cervids, as well as other specimens involving the environment that contains CWD-infected deer. Material and Methods: A set of diverse samples analyzed in this study were collected by USDA and TPWD personnel in breeding and taxidermy facilities, and deer breeding facilities. These included animal and environmental samples. Additional samples from free-ranging animals were provided by hunters. Results: The diverse range of samples successfully detected for CWD prion infection in this study include blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites, insects, plants, compost/soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers. Importantly, these results helped to identify seeding-competent prions in places reported to be free of CWD. The levels of prion infectivity in most of these samples are currently being investigated. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to the understanding of the transmission dynamics and prevalence of CWD. In addition, our data have helped to identify CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. We also demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples. Overall, our research suggests that PMCA may be a useful tool to implement for the surveillance and management of CWD. Funded by: NIH/NIAID and USDA Grant number: 1R01AI132695 (NIH) and AP20VSSPRS00C143 (USDA) </div><div><br /></div><div>Nasal bot: an emerging vector for natural chronic wasting disease transmission </div><div><br /></div><div>Paulina Sotoa,b, Francisca Bravo-Risia,b, Carlos Kramma, Nelson Pereza, Rebeca Benaventea, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, Tracy A. Nicholsd, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA; dVeterinary Services Cervid Health Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA </div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects farmed and free-ranging cervids populations. The spread of CWD in cervids is thought to occur through the direct contact between cervids or through the exposure of naïve animals to contaminated environments. Parasites are known vectors of multiple diseases in animals. However, the potential role of parasites in CWD transmission remains unclear. Aims: The main objective of this study was to determine if CWD prions could be detected in the larvae of deer nasal bot flies, a common deer parasite, taken from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Methods: Bot fly larvae were collected from the nasal cavity of naturally infected CWD- positive or CWD non-detect white-tailed deer. The CWD seeding activity of the larvae was interrogated by PMCA. Prion infectivity was also evaluated in cervidized transgenic mouse bioassay (intra-cerebral administration in Tg1536 mice). Mice inoculated with bot larvae homogenate were sacrificed when they showed established signs of prion disease, or at extended periods after treatment (600 days). All inoculated mouse brains were evaluated for protease resistant prions to confirm clinical or sub-clinical infection. Bot larvae from CWD non-detect deer were used as controls. To further mimic environmental transmission, bot larvae homogenates were mixed with soils and plants were grown on them. Both plants and soils were tested for prion seeding activity. Results: PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in nasal bot larvae from captive and free-ranging white-tailed deer. CWD-contaminated bots efficiently infected transgenic mice, with attack rates and incubation periods suggesting high infectivity titers. Further analyses of treated animals (biochemical characterization of protease resistant prions and immunohistochemistry) confirmed prion infection. Analyses on dissected parts of the bot larvae demonstrate that the infectivity is concentrated in the larvae cuticle (outer part). Nasal bot larvae extracts mixed with</div><div><br /></div><div> soils showed seeding activity by PMCA. Interestingly, plants grown in soil contaminated with the nasal bot larvae extract were found to produce seeding activity by PMCA. Conclusion: In this study we described for the first time that deer nasal bot larvae from CWD-infected deer carry high CWD infectivity titers. We also demonstrate that CWD prions in these parasites can interact with other environmental components relevant for disease transmission. Considering this information, we propose that deer nasal bot larvae could act as vectors for CWD transmission in wild and farming settings. Funded by: NIH/NIAID and USDA/APHIS Grant number: R01AI132695 and AP20VSSPRS00C143 PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div><br /></div><div>aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div><br /></div><div>Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div><br /></div><div>Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission</div><div><br /></div><div>Paulina Sotoa,b, Francisca Bravo-Risia,b, Claudio Sotoa, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b</div><div><br /></div><div>aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders afflicting humans and other mammals. These diseases are generated by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein into a disease-causing isoform. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids (captive and free-range). CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environments. Many studies have shown that infectious prions can enter the environment through saliva, feces, or urine from infected animals and decaying carcasses. However, we do not fully understand the specific contribution of each component to disease transmission events. Plants are logical environmental components to be evaluated since they grow in environments contaminated with CWD prions and are relevant for animal and human nutrition.</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: The main objective of this study is to study whether prions are transported to the roots and leaves of carrots, an edible plant commonly used in the human diet and as deer bait.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: We have grown carrot plants in CWD-infected soils. After 90 days, we harvested the carrots and separated them from the leaves. The experiment was controlled by growing plants in soil samples treated with brain extracts from healthy animals. These materials were interrogated for their prion seeding activity using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Infectivity was evaluated in mouse bioassays (intracerebral injections in Tg1536 mice). The animals were sacrificed when they showed established signs of prion disease. Animals not displaying clinical signs were sacrificed at 600 days post-inoculation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions, as well as in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays demonstrated that both leaves and roots contained CWD prions in sufficient quantities to induce disease (92% attack rate). As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. Animals treated with soil and plant components exposed with CWD-free brain extracts did not display prion-associated clinical signs or evidence of sub-clinical prion infection.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission. Importantly, plants designated for human consumption represent a risk of introducing CWD prions into the human food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: NIH</div><div><br /></div><div>Grant number: R01AI132695</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</div><div><br /></div><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Transmission of the atypical/nor98 scrapie agent to suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Cassmann, Eric item MAMMADOVA, JAJIBA - Orise Fellow item BENESTAD, SYLVIE - Norwegian Veterinary Institute item MOORE, SARA JO - Orise Fellow item Greenlee, Justin</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: PLoS ONE Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 1/21/2021 Publication Date: 2/11/2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Mammadova, J., Benestad, S., Moore, S., Greenlee, J.J. 2021. Transmission of the atypical/nor98 scrapie agent to suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes. PLoS ONE. 16(2). Article e0246503. <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a>. DOI: <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Atypical scrapie is a prion disease that affects sheep. Unlike classical scrapie, atypical scrapie is thought to occur spontaneously, and it is unlikely to transmit between sheep under natural conditions. Another notable distinction between classical and atypical scrapie is the prion protein genotype of afflicted sheep and the locations in the brain where misfolded prions accumulate. Atypical scrapie generally occurs in sheep that are resistant to classical scrapie. Misfolded prions are predominantly found in the cerebellum for atypical scrapie and not in the brainstem as seen with classical scrapie. Atypical scrapie is a relevant disease because of its potential association with other prion diseases. Some research has shown that the atypical scrapie agent can undergo a transformation of disease forms that makes it appear like classical scrapie or classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Therefore, atypical scrapie is thought to be a possible source for these prion diseases. We investigated the transmission of the atypical scrapie agent to sheep with three different prion protein genotypes. A diagnosis of atypical scrapie was made in all three genotypes of sheep. Misfolded prion protein was detected earliest in the cerebellum and the retina. This is the first report describing the early accumulation of misfolded prions in the retina of sheep with atypical scrapie. Understanding where misfolded prions accumulate in cases of atypical scrapie can lead to better detection earlier in the disease. Furthermore, the materials derived from this experiment will aid in investigating origins of other prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs in sheep. Atypical/Nor98 scrapie occurs in sheep with that tend to be resistant to classical scrapie and it is thought to occur spontaneously. The purpose of this study was to test the transmission of the Atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent in three genotypes of Suffolk sheep and characterize the distribution of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Ten sheep were intracranially inoculated with brain homogenate from a sheep with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie. All sheep with the ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARR genotypes developed Atypical/Nor98 scrapie confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and one (1/3) sheep with the VRQ/ARQ genotype had detectable PrPSc consistent with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie at the experimental endpoint of 8 years. Sheep with mild early accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum had concomitant retinal PrPSc. Accordingly, large amounts of retinal PrPSc were identified in clinically affected sheep and sheep with dense accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=379280" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=379280</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Scrapie in white-tailed deer: a strain of the CWD agent that efficiently transmits to sheep?</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item KOKEMULLER, ROBYN - US Department Of Agriculture (USDA) item MOORE, S - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/29/2019 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats that is associated with widespread accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous and lymphoid tissues. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the natural prion disease of cervid species, and the tissue distribution of PrPSc in affected cervids is similar to scrapie in sheep. There are several lines of evidence that suggest that multiple strains of CWD exist, which may affect the agent’s potential to transmit to hosts of the same or different species. We inoculated white-tailed deer with the scrapie agent from ARQ/ARQ sheep, which resulted in 100% attack rates by either the intracranial or oronasal route of inoculation. When examining tissues from the brainstems or lymphoid tissues by traditional diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry or western blots, it is difficult to differentiate tissues from deer infected with scrapie from those infected with CWD. However, there are several important differences between tissues from scrapie-infected white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie) and those infected with CWD (WTD CWD). First, there are different patterns of PrPSc deposition in the brains of infected deer: brain tissues from deer with WTD scrapie had predominantly particulate and stellate immunoreactivity whereas those from deer with WTD-CWD had large aggregates and plaque-like staining. Secondly, the incubation periods of WTD scrapie isolates are longer than CWD isolates in mice expressing cervid prion protein. Most notably, the transmission potential of these two isolates back to sheep is distinctly different. Attempts to transmit various CWD isolates to sheep by the oral or oronasal routes have been unsuccessful despite observation periods of up to 7 years. However, WTD scrapie efficiently transmitted back to sheep by the oronasal route. Upon transmission back to sheep, the WTD scrapie isolate exhibited different phenotypic properties when compared to the sheep receiving the original sheep scrapie inoculum including different genotype susceptibilities, distinct PrPSc deposition patterns, and much more rapid incubation periods in transgenic mice expressing the ovine prion protein. The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identication of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>''The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identication of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.''</div><div><br /></div><div><div>RT-QuIC detection of pathological prion protein in subclinical goats following experimental oral transmission of L-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Alessandra Favole1* , Maria Mazza1 , Antonio D’Angelo2 , Guerino Lombardi3 , Claudia Palmitessa1 , Luana Dell’Atti1 , Giulia Cagnotti2 , Elena Berrone1 , Marina Gallo1 , Tiziana Avanzato1 , Erika Messana1 , Loretta Masoero1 , Pier Luigi Acutis1 , Daniela Meloni1 , Franco Cardone4 , Maria Caramelli1 , Cristina Casalone1 and Cristiano Corona1*</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Objective: The spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent to small ruminants is still a major issue in the surveillance of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE with an unknown zoonotic potential that is transmissible to cattle and small ruminants. Our current knowledge of bovine atypical prion strains in sheep and goat relies only on experimental transmission studies by intracranial inoculation. To assess oral susceptibility of goats to L-BSE, we orally inoculated five goats with cattle L-BSE brain homogenates and investigated pathogenic prion protein (PrPsc) distribution by an ultrasensitive in vitro conversion assay known as Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC).</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Despite a prolonged observation period of 80 months, all these animals and the uninfected controls did not develop clinical signs referable to TSEs and tested negative by standard diagnostics. Otherwise, RT-QuIC analysis showed seeding activity in five out of five examined brain samples. PrPsc accumulation was also detected in spinal cord and lymphoreticular system. These results indicate that caprine species are susceptible to L-BSE by oral transmission and that ultrasensitive prion tests deserve consideration to improve the potential of current surveillance systems against otherwise undetectable forms of animal prion infections.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion and conclusions</div><div><br /></div><div>Data here presented indicate that caprine species are susceptible to L-BSE after oral administration and are able to produce very low levels of prions in both lymphatic and central nervous tissues as demonstrated by optimized, high-sensitive, RT-QuIC assay.</div><div><br /></div><div>At variance with goats intracerebrally infected with L-BSE [4], in this study, no animal developed clinical signs of disease despite prolonged periods of observation, suggesting a comparatively low efficiency of the oral route versus the intracerebral one in L-BSE, a feature that further distinguish this strain from classical BSE [14, 15].</div><div><br /></div><div>Interestingly, all goats tested negative by standard diagnostics for PrPsc performed on brainstem. This finding, associated with the low amount of PrPsc detected in different brain areas, suggests a partial strain-specific transmission barrier. Indeed, inoculation of a prion into a new host species can produce prolonged incubation periods and/or subclinical infection [16, 17]. In addition, the lack of clinical signs suggests that naturally L-BSE-infected goats may be asymptomatic similarly to what proposed by Okada et al. for oral L-BSE in cattle [17].</div><div><br /></div><div>In line with previous results [18], RT-QuIC detected lower levels of prions than traditional diagnostic tools. Rapid and confirmatory tests failed to identify any PrPsc in the subclinical animals, while RT-QuIC allowed us to detect misfolded prion protein in multiple brain regions, spinal cord and lymphoreticular system. Studies have established that the rate of fluorescence increase in RTQuIC, while not measuring infectivity, is directly related to the concentration of prions in the sample seeding the reaction [19, 20]. Prolonged lag phases of RT-QuIC reactions indicate relatively low amounts of PrPsc in the examined tissues and may reassure about the possibility of goat to play as silent L-BSE spreaders in natural conditions. However, we believe that prudence must be always adopted when dealing with the risk of prion spread in field conditions as also suggested by recent data by Denkers and colleagues, who showed that the oral route of infection for chronic wasting disease in deer, may be much more efficient than previously thought [21]. Furthermore, although the mere presence of PrPsc is not indicative of a possible infectivity of the tissue, the finding of positivity in the lymphoreticular tissue must alert to the potential distribution of PrPsc in peripheral body regions which may increase the risks for humans. Bioassay of infectivity by inoculation of susceptible animals with brains of these goats may help to clarify this issue.</div><div><br /></div><div>Based on the results achieved with this prion form and also other animal strains, it would be useful to consider the possibility to enlarge current diagnostic criteria to include, in defined conditions (e.g. very limited amounts of source tissue, or preclinical testing), the application of ultrasensitive diagnostic methods. This will not only improve the sensitivity of our surveillance systems but will also help to protect food chain from accidental spillovers of the agent of L-BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Limitations</div><div><br /></div><div>Te primary limitation of this work is that infectivity was not demonstrated by bioassay and the infectious titre was not determined. Terefore, we cannot comment the degree of risk for human.</div><div><br /></div><div>Despite these limitations, this work specifcally demonstrates prion-seeding activity in tissues of goats orally exposed to L-BSE and provide RT-QuIC as useful method to enhance surveillance of TSEs.</div><div><br /></div><div>Keywords: Prion, L-BSE, RT-QuIC, Goat, Oral transmission, PrPsc, Ultrasensitive detection</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text;</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC8650279&blobtype=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC8650279&blobtype=pdf</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Tuesday, May 31, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">89th General Session of the World Assembly of OIE Delegates image for WOAH General Summit 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Discussions and Concerns<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis? </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div><br /></div><div>SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div><br /></div><div>***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***> All sheep with the ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARR genotypes developed Atypical/Nor98 scrapie confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and one sheep with the VRQ/ARQ genotype had detectable PrPSc consistent with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie at the experimental endpoint of 8 years. </div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of the atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent to Suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes</div><div><br /></div><div>Eric D. Cassmann, Najiba Mammadova, S. Jo Moore, Sylvie Benestad, Justin J. Greenlee </div><div><br /></div><div>Published: February 11, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs in sheep. Atypical/Nor98 scrapie occurs in sheep that tend to be resistant to classical scrapie and it is thought to occur spontaneously. The purpose of this study was to test the transmission of the Atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent in three genotypes of Suffolk sheep and characterize the distribution of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Ten sheep were intracranially inoculated with brain homogenate from a sheep with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie. All sheep with the ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARR genotypes developed Atypical/Nor98 scrapie confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and one sheep with the VRQ/ARQ genotype had detectable PrPSc consistent with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie at the experimental endpoint of 8 years. Sheep with mild early accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum had concomitant retinal PrPSc. Accordingly, large amounts of retinal PrPSc were identified in clinically affected sheep and sheep with dense accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***> These data confirm that ARR/ARR sheep cannot be considered to be fully resistant to classical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>Journal of General Virology header logoVolume 98, Issue 8</div><div><br /></div><div>Classical scrapie transmission in ARR/ARR genotype sheep Free</div><div><br /></div><div>Caroline Lacroux1,†, Hervé Cassard1,†, Hugh Simmons2, Jean Yves Douet1, Fabien Corbière1, Severine Lugan1, Pierette Costes1, Naima Aron1, Alvina Huor1, Cécile Tillier1, Francois Schelcher1, Olivier Andreoletti1</div><div><br /></div><div>Published: 01 August 2017 <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000861" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000861</a> ;</div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT </div><div><br /></div><div>The ARR allele is considered to provide a very strong resistance against classical scrapie infection in sheep. In this study, we report the occurrence of clinical transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in ARR/ARR sheep, following their inoculation by the intracerebral route with a classical scrapie isolate. On first passage, the disease displayed an incomplete attack rate transmission, with incubation periods exceeding 6 years. On second passage, the obtained prion did not display better abilities to propagate than the original isolate. These transmission results contrasted with the 100 % attack rate and the short incubation periods observed in ARQ/ARQ sheep challenged with the same isolate. These data confirm that ARR/ARR sheep cannot be considered to be fully resistant to classical scrapie. However, they also support the contention that classical scrapie has a very limited capacity to transmit and adapt to ARR/ARR sheep.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000861#tab2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000861#tab2</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>''These data confirm that ARR/ARR sheep cannot be considered to be fully resistant to classical scrapie. However, they also support the contention that classical scrapie has a very limited capacity to transmit and adapt to ARR/ARR sheep.''</div><div><br /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Aug; 13(8): 1201–1207.</div><div><br /></div><div>doi: 10.3201/eid1308.070077</div><div><br /></div><div>PMCID: PMC2828083</div><div><br /></div><div>PMID: 17953092</div><div><br /></div><div>Classic Scrapie in Sheep with the ARR/ARR Prion Genotype in Germany and France</div><div><br /></div><div>Martin H. Groschup,corresponding author* 1 Caroline Lacroux,† 1 Anne Buschmann,* Gesine Lühken,‡ Jacinthe Mathey,† Martin Eiden,* Séverine Lugan,† Christine Hoffmann,* Juan Carlos Espinosa,§ Thierry Baron,¶ Juan Maria Torres,§ Georg Erhardt,‡ and Olivier Andreoletti†</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>In the past, natural scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infections have essentially not been diagnosed in sheep homozygous for the A136R154R171 haplotype of the prion protein. This genotype was therefore assumed to confer resistance to BSE and classic scrapie under natural exposure conditions. Hence, to exclude prions from the human food chain, massive breeding efforts have been undertaken in the European Union to amplify this gene. We report the identification of 2 natural scrapie cases in ARR/ARR sheep that have biochemical and transmission characteristics similar to cases of classic scrapie, although the abnormally folded prion protein (PrPSc) was associated with a lower proteinase-K resistance. PrPSc was clearly distinct from BSE prions passaged in sheep and from atypical scrapie prions. These findings strongly support the idea that scrapie prions are a mosaic of agents, which harbor different biologic properties, rather than a unique entity.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>The discovery of these 2 cases clearly indicates that the genetic resistance of ARR/ARR sheep to the so-called classic scrapie agent is not absolute. It also provides evidence that, rather than being a single entity, scrapie is a mosaic of infectious agents harboring different biologic properties in its natural host. Finally, although many thousands of cases of classic scrapie have been reported in sheep of other PrP genotypes and hundreds of thousands of rapid tests have been performed in Europe since the implementation of active TSE surveillance in small ruminants began in 2001, the discovery of these 2 ARR/ARR cases supports the idea that such infections are extremely rare.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828083/pdf/07-0077_finalR.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828083/pdf/07-0077_finalR.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>''The discovery of these 2 cases clearly indicates that the genetic resistance of ARR/ARR sheep to the so-called classic scrapie agent is not absolute.'' </div><div><br /></div><div>Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health. </div><div><br /></div><div>A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes </div><div><br /></div><div> Annick Le Dur*,?, Vincent Béringue*,?, Olivier Andréoletti?, Fabienne Reine*, Thanh Lan Laï*, Thierry Baron§, Bjørn Bratberg¶, Jean-Luc Vilotte?, Pierre Sarradin**, Sylvie L. Benestad¶, and Hubert Laude*,? +Author Affiliations </div><div><br /></div><div>*Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires and ?Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ?Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, 31066 Toulouse, France; §Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Unité Agents Transmissibles Non Conventionnels, 69364 Lyon, France; **Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France; and ¶Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, 0033 Oslo, Norway </div><div><br /></div><div>***Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco, CA (received for review March 21, 2005) </div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie in small ruminants belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, a family of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and can transmit within and between species by ingestion or inoculation. Conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), normal cellular PrP (PrPc), into a misfolded form, abnormal PrP (PrPSc), plays a key role in TSE transmission and pathogenesis. The intensified surveillance of scrapie in the European Union, together with the improvement of PrPSc detection techniques, has led to the discovery of a growing number of so-called atypical scrapie cases. These include clinical Nor98 cases first identified in Norwegian sheep on the basis of unusual pathological and PrPSc molecular features and "cases" that produced discordant responses in the rapid tests currently applied to the large-scale random screening of slaughtered or fallen animals. Worryingly, a substantial proportion of such cases involved sheep with PrP genotypes known until now to confer natural resistance to conventional scrapie. Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice. *** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health. </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>''These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health.''</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Steve Dealler =============== </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <a href="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk">deal@airtime.co.uk</a> </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div class="yiv3755247304SubmissionTitle" id="yiv3755247304ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div class="yiv3755247304SubmissionTitle" id="yiv3755247304ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div class="yiv3755247304SubmissionTitle" id="yiv3755247304ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27, 2022 </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">SEAFWA COMMITTEE Cervid Working Group Report August 16, 2022 CWD TSE Prion Report </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/10/seafwa-committee-cervid-working-group.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/10/seafwa-committee-cervid-working-group.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><div>FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Texas CWD TSE Prion 409 Cases Confirmed To Date TPWD emergency rule adds two new surveillance zones located primarily in Gillespie and Limestone counties</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/11/texas-cwd-tse-prion-409-cases-confirmed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/11/texas-cwd-tse-prion-409-cases-confirmed.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><div class="yiv3755247304eletters-comment__description yiv3755247304serif yiv3755247304text-ellipses yiv3755247304truncated yiv3755247304collapse yiv3755247304show" id="yiv3755247304x697946"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div>MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>589.2001 BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a></div></div><div> </div><div>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div class="yiv3755247304SubmissionTitle" id="yiv3755247304ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div class="yiv3755247304SubmissionTitle" id="yiv3755247304ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022<br /></div><div class="yiv3755247304SubmissionTitle" id="yiv3755247304ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div class="yiv3755247304SubmissionTitle" id="yiv3755247304ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </span></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"> Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html</a></div></div></div><div><pre><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2022 </span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">
</span><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;">SEAC Position statement Chronic wasting disease in UK deer January 2005 (updated July 2006) to 2021</div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">
</span><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/11/seac-position-statement-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/11/seac-position-statement-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">
</span><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 1, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;">SEAC Scientific Steering Committee on TSE Prion</div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">
</span><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/seac-scientific-steering-committee-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/seac-scientific-steering-committee-on.html</a></div><div><pre><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2022 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">EFSA Network on BSE-TSE Minutes of the 17th meeting Held on 13-14 October 2022 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/11/efsa-network-on-bse-tse-minutes-of-17th.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/11/efsa-network-on-bse-tse-minutes-of-17th.html</a><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">***> CANADA BSE MAD COW HISTORY <***</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre;">"I guess any self-respecting rancher would have shot, shovelled and shut up, but he didn't do that." </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><div style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">EDMONTON - Some of former Alberta premier Ralph Klein's most colourful quotes — and the reactions they elicited:
SNIP...
"This all came about through the discovery of a single, isolated case of mad cow disease in one Alberta cow on May 20th.
The farmer — I think he was a Louisiana fish farmer who knew nothing about cattle ranching.
"I guess any self-respecting rancher would have shot, shovelled and shut up, but he didn't do that." </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">— Klein recalls how the </span></div><div style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">mad cow crisis started and rancher Marwyn Peaster's role. The premier was speaking at the Western Governors Association
meeting in Big Sky, Mont. September 2004.
"The premier meant that in an ironic or almost a sarcastic way."
— Klein spokesman Gordon Turtle. --- "You would have to eat 10 billion meals of brains, spinal cords, ganglia, eyeballs and tonsils."
— Klein s peaking in Montreal in January 2005 on the risk of humans contracting mad cow disease.
--- "I would offer $5 billion to have a Japanese person to come over here and eat nothing but Alberta beef for a year.
And if he gets mad cow disease, I would be glad to give him $5 billion — make it $10 billion — Canadian." — Klein speaking after Japan
closed its borders to Canadian beef. ---
http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Kleinisms+former+Alberta+premier+Ralph+Klein+sound+bite/8171110/story.html
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/disemala/bseesb/comenqe.shtml </span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><div style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: arial;">***> CANADA MBM LIVE CATTLE BSE TSE PRION TO USA <***</span></div><div style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2003 02:23:12 +0200 </span></div><div style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/01/canada-mbm-live-cattle-bse-tse-prion-to.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/01/canada-mbm-live-cattle-bse-tse-prion-to.html</a></span></div><div style="white-space: pre;"><br /></div><div style="white-space: pre;"><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wednesday, August 11, 2010
REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SIXTEENTH CASE OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN CANADA
<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/08/report-on-investigation-of-sixteenth.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/08/report-on-investigation-of-sixteenth.html</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Thursday, August 19, 2010
REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SEVENTEENTH CASE OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN CANADA
<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/08/report-on-investigation-of-seventeenth.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/08/report-on-investigation-of-seventeenth.html</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Friday, March 4, 2011
Alberta dairy cow found with mad cow disease
<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/alberta-dairy-cow-found-with-mad-cow.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/alberta-dairy-cow-found-with-mad-cow.html</a></span></div></div></div></pre></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 2, 2010
BSE surveillance front and centre: CFIA and USA
<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-surveillance-front-and-centre-cfia.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-surveillance-front-and-centre-cfia.html</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2011
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY REPORT UPDATE CANADA FEBRUARY 2011 and how to hide mad cow disease in Canada
</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2011/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2011/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thursday, February 10, 2011
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY REPORT UPDATE CANADA FEBRUARY 2011
and how to hide mad cow disease in Canada Current as of: 2011-01-31
</span><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2011/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2011/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Friday, March 4, 2011
Alberta dairy cow found with mad cow disease
<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/alberta-dairy-cow-found-with-mad-cow.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/alberta-dairy-cow-found-with-mad-cow.html</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
SUNDAY, DECEMBER 2, 2012
CANADA 19 cases of mad cow disease
SCENARIO 4: ‘WE HAD OUR CHANCE AND WE BLEW IT’
<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2012/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2012/</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Tuesday, October 2, 2012
Canadian veterinarian fined after approving banned BSE high risk cattle for export to U.S.A.
<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/10/canadian-veterinarian-fined-after.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/10/canadian-veterinarian-fined-after.html</a></span></div><div><pre><div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 17, 2013 </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CANADA MBM LIVE CATTLE BSE TSE PRION TO USA </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/01/canada-mbm-live-cattle-bse-tse-prion-to.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/01/canada-mbm-live-cattle-bse-tse-prion-to.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre;">Tuesday, May 21, 2013
Canada, USA, Bad feed, mad cows: Why we know three BSE cases had a common origin and why the SSS policy is in full force $$$
</span><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/canada-usa-bad-feed-mad-cows-why-we.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/canada-usa-bad-feed-mad-cows-why-we.html</a></div></pre></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Herds infected with Chronic Wasting Disease in Canada in 2015
The CFIA works with provincial governments and industry to conduct regular Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) surveillance.
Ongoing provincial surveillance for CWD varies with each particular province's perceived threat and infection status.
Testing is mandatory in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Yukon; it is voluntary, completed by random submission,
or organized through policy in other provinces and territories. In addition, CWD is a reportable disease under the Health of Animals Regulations.
This means that all suspected cases must be reported to the CFIA.
Current as of: 2015-11-30 Domestic cervid herds confirmed to be infected with CWD in Canada in 2015
Date confirmed Location Animal type infected
November 25 Saskatchewan Deer
July 16 Alberta Elk June 11
Saskatchewan Elk April 9
Saskatchewan Deer March 19
Saskatchewan Elk January 16
Alberta Elk
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/herds-infected-in-2015/eng/1423161988955/1423161989752
Flocks infected with Scrapie in Canada in 2015
The CFIA, in co-operation with provincial governments and industry, launched a national scrapie surveillance program in 2005.
Under the program, producers are encouraged to report animals that die on the farm or exhibit symptoms of the disease.
In addition, scrapie is a reportable disease under the Health of Animals Regulations.
This means that all suspected cases must be reported to the CFIA.
Current as of: 2015-11-30
Sheep flocks and/or goat herds confirmed to be infected with classical scrapie in Canada in 2015
Date confirmed Location Animal type infected
January 5 Ontario Goat
May 22 Quebec Sheep
June 16 Ontario Sheep
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/2015/scrapie-2015-/eng/1423162035296/1423162036030 <br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Monday, November 30, 2015
*** Report on the Investigation of the Nineteenth Case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Canada November 2015 ***
</span><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/11/report-on-investigation-of-nineteenth.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/11/report-on-investigation-of-nineteenth.html</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Monday, February 23, 2015
20th BSE Case Raises New Concerns about Canada's Feeding Practices and Voluntary Testing Program; Highlights Importance of COOL
<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/02/20th-bse-case-raises-new-concerns-about.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/02/20th-bse-case-raises-new-concerns-about.html</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Friday, February 20, 2015
A BSE CANADIAN COW MAD COW UPDATE Transcript - Briefing (February 18, 2015)
<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/02/a-bse-canadian-cow-mad-cow-update.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/02/a-bse-canadian-cow-mad-cow-update.html</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Saturday, February 14, 2015
Canadian Food Inspection Agency Confirms Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Alberta
<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/02/canadian-food-inspection-agency.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/02/canadian-food-inspection-agency.html</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Friday, July 10, 2015
CANADA TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION UPDATE
</span><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/canada-transmissible-spongiform.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/canada-transmissible-spongiform.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CANADA'S 21st CASE OF MAD COW DISEASE
CFIA Canada Alberta Laboratory detection of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy
</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/12/cfia-canada-alberta-laboratory.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/12/cfia-canada-alberta-laboratory.html</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><pre><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 30, 2022 </span></pre><pre><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Why is USDA "only" testing 25,000 samples a year?</span>
</pre><pre><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/why-is-usda-only-testing-25000-samples.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/why-is-usda-only-testing-25000-samples.html</a></span></pre></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
TUESDAY, APRIL 05, 2022 2022
American Academy of Neurology Emerging Sciences Abstract Website Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014
<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </span></div></div></pre></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-27490215849632037212022-11-01T15:30:00.003-05:002022-11-01T15:30:23.923-05:00SEAC Scientific Steering Committee on TSE Prion <p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SEAC Scientific Steering Committee on TSE Prion </span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SEAC PUBLICATIONS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/publicats.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/publicats.htm</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">89th meeting on Thursday 22nd September 2005</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010133015/http://www.seac.gov.uk/agenda/agen220905.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010133015/http://www.seac.gov.uk/agenda/agen220905.htm</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/press.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Press Releases</a></li></ul><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/press.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/press.htm</a><br /></span></span></div><ul style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><li style="color: #003399; font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="color: #333333;">SEAC Reviews;</span></li><li style="color: #003399; font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></li><ul style="color: #003399; font-size: 14.44px;"><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/Review1997.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.718px;" target="_blank">1997</a><span><span style="color: #333333;"> (PDF 2.37 MB)</span></span> <span style="color: #333333;">&</span></li><li><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></li></ul><li><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14.44px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/Review1997.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/Review1997.pdf</a><br /></span></span></li><li><span style="color: #333333;"><br /></span></li><ul style="color: #003399; font-size: 14.44px;"><li><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/committee/review.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.718px;" target="_blank">2002</a></li></ul></ul><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.44px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/committee/review.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/committee/review.htm</a><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132949/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/seac_review_2002.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132949/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/seac_review_2002.pdf</a><br /></span></div><ul style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><ul style="color: #003399; font-size: 14.44px;"><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/review-2008.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.718px;" target="_blank">The 2008 review</a> (PDF 100KB)</li></ul></ul><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.44px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132956/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/review-2008.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132956/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/review-2008.pdf</a><br /></span></span></div><ul style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><ul style="color: #003399; font-size: 14.44px;"><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/review-2008-response.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.718px;" target="_blank">The response to the 2008 review</a> (PDF 21KB)</li></ul></ul><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132952/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/review-2008-response.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132952/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/review-2008-response.pdf</a><br /></div><ul style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><ul style="color: #003399; font-size: 14.44px;"><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/wiring-diagrams080623.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.718px;" target="_blank">The “wiring diagram” described in the 2008 response</a> (PDF 100KB)</li></ul></ul><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.44px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132955/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/wiring-diagrams080623.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132955/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/wiring-diagrams080623.pdf</a></span></span></div><ul style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><li style="color: #003399; font-size: 15.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/statements.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">SEAC Statements</a></li></ul><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/statements.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/statements.htm</a><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><h2 align="center" style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SEAC Statements</h2><hr align="center" style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; font-family: New; font-size: medium; width: 411px;" width="50%" /><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Use of SEAC opinions</h4><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/procedure.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Procedure for use of previous SEAC opinions</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span> (16 KB)</div><hr align="center" style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; font-family: New; font-size: medium; width: 411px;" width="50%" /><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/feedban-oct08.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Statement on options relating to modification of the total feed ban</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span> (60 KB) .</li><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/committee/sheepsubgroupreport07.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">SEAC Sheep Subgroup report of 2007 meeting</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span> (67 KB)</li><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/scrapiestatement080207.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Statement on the potential human health risk from changes to classical scrapie controls</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span> (41 KB)</li><li><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/newforms-bse.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Position statement - New forms of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</a></li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Position statement - Prevalence of subclinical variant creutzfeldt - Jakob disease infections</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state-cjd-infections.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Position statement - Prevalence of subclinical variant creutzfeldt - Jakob disease infections</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span> (60KB)<br /></li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Position statement - Food Standards Agency atypical scrapie contingency plan</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/fsa-scrapieplan.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Position statement - Food Standards Agency atypical scrapie contingency plan</a>.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Position statement vCJD and dentistry</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>SEAC <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state-vcjd-dentrstry.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">position statement</a> vCJD and dentistry.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Sheep Subgroup Statement</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/sheepsubgrp-statement131006.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">SEAC Sheep Subgroup Statement</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span> (97 KB).</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Position statement on the vCJD epidemic</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>SEAC epidemiology subgroup <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state260106subgroup.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">position statement</a> on the vCJD epidemic.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Evaluation criteria for ante mortem diagnostic tests for subclinical vCJD</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/statement-vcjd.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Evaluation criteria for ante mortem diagnostic tests for subclinical vCJD</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /> (35 KB)</span>.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Position statement on methods to evaluate decontamination technologies for surgical instruments</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/statement310806.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Position statement on methods to evaluate decontamination technologies for surgical instruments</a>.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Position statement on TSE infectivity in blood</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/statement0806.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Position statement on TSE infectivity in blood</a>.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Position statement on vCJD and Endodontic dentistry</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>This <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/statement0506.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">position statement</a> summarises SEAC's consideration of the potential for transmission of vCJD via endodontic dentistry.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Position statement on atypical scrapie</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>SEAC <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/positionstatement-sheep-subgroup.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">sheep subgroup position statement</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span> <span>(81 KB)</span> has also been published.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Position statement on the vCJD epidemic</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>SEAC <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state260106.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">response</a> to the SEAC epidemiology subgroup position statement on the vCJD.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Hypothesis that BSE originated from a human TSE</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>This <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state191005.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">position statement</a> summarises SEAC's discussion of a hypothesis that BSE was originally derived from a human TSE.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Summary of SEAC discussion of vertebral column: age at which specified risk material</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>This <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state210405.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">statement</a> provides a summary of SEAC's discussion on review of an assessment of the BSE exposure risk from vertebral column.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Early phase of vCJD infection in blood transfusion recipients</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>Position statement on <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/cjd.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Early phase of vCJD infection in blood transfusion recipients</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span><span> (31 KB)</span></li></ul><h4 align="left" style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Potential for maternal transmission of vCJD</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>This <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/cjdtransmissionfinal.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">position statement</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /> (34 KB)</span> summarises SEAC's consideration of the potential for transmission of vCJD from mother to child.</li></ul><h4 align="left" style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Chronic wasting disease in UK deer</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>This position statement summarises <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state0706.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">SEAC's consideration of the possible public and animal health implications of chronic wasting disease in UK deer</a>. The committee also considered the possibility that BSE may be present in UK deer.</li></ul><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">SEAC Sheep Subgroup's views</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/sheepsubgrp_statement.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">SEAC Sheep Subgroup's views</a> (October 2004) on future operation of the National Scrapie Plan</li></ul><h4 align="left" style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Blood transfusion-associated infection with vCJD.</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>This <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state070804.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">statement</a> provides a summary of SEAC’s discussion on the second presumed case.</li></ul><h4 align="left" style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">New Chair of SEAC announced</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>The appointment of Professor Chris Higgins as the new <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state15jul04.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Chair for the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC)</a> <img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(14 KB)</span> has been announced</li></ul><h4 align="left" style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Susceptibility of different genotypes in sheep to experimental BSE .</h4><ul style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><li>This <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/sheep_final_statement.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">statement</a><span> <img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" />(25 KB) </span>represents the opinion of a specialist sub-group of SEAC which met on 11th December 2002 to consider this specific issue. The statement was ratified by SEAC on February 11th 2003.</li></ul><h4 align="left" style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Infectivity in Bovine Tonsil</h4><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;">We were asked by the Food Standards Agency (FSA) to review preliminary results from a long-term study of experimental BSE in cattle.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;">This research is funded by the Food Standards Agency and is being carried out by researchers from the Veterinary Laboratory Agency. This research forms part of a large long-term experiment, which is ongoing. However, the Food Standards Agency and the researchers have released these preliminary results so that any appropriate public health action can be considered.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;">We have reviewed the results of this ongoing research and have prepared a summary of our advice. We make recommendations regarding further information required to conduct a risk assessment.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;">This <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/tonsil211002.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">statement</a><span> <img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132958im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=V3RuAIkCsk4aeXa7Gl9S3Q--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" />(17 KB) </span>has been released with the full agreement of both the Food Standards Agency and the researchers. A <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/94708" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">press release issued by the FSA</a> on 17 October 2002 is also available.</div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: New; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr valign="top"><td height="20" style="outline: none;"><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a name="previous" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;"></a>Previous Statements</h4></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="20" style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state23may97.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">Review of the theoretical risk of BSE in sheep</a> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(23/5/97)</span></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="20" style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state16apr97.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">Maternal transmission of BSE - <span>Report of Epidemiology sub committee</span></a> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(16/4/97)</span></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="20" style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state29jul96.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">Maternal transmission of BSE </a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(29/7/96)</span></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="20" style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state10jul96.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">Experimental transmission of BSE to sheep and risk of exposure to BSE through feed</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (10/7/96)</span></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="20" style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state07jun96.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">Handling of waste material from cattle</a> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(7/6/96)</span></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="20" style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state24mar96.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">New variant of CJD - Risk Assessment</a> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(24/3/96)</span></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="20" style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132958/http://www.seac.gov.uk/statements/state20mar96.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">New variant of CJD - Initial Recommendations</a> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(20/3/96)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><ul style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><li style="color: #003399; font-size: 15.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/sheep_subgrp_report.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">SEAC sheep subgroup report</a></li></ul><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132947/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/sheep_subgrp_report.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132947/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/sheep_subgrp_report.htm</a><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132947/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/sub-rep.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132947/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/sub-rep.pdf</a><br /></span></div><ul style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><li style="color: #003399; font-size: 15.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreports.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Previous Annual Reports</a></li></ul><div><span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15.2px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132944/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2003.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">2003</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132944im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=4yKwmyAjB94AV3Xf9PXTHQ--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" />(168 KB)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;">This is SEAC's seventh annual report and covers the terms of reference, structure, membership and operations of the Committee. The report also summarises the Committee’s work on CJD and public health, food safety and the protection of animal health and environmental issues. Details of the work of its sub-committees are also included, together with the texts of all statements and advice. The latter covers the statements on infectivity in bovine tonsil, susceptibility of different genotypes in sheep to experimental BSE and unconfirmed ELISA positive samples in the UK national scrapie survey of cull sheep.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132944/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2002.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">2002</a><span> <img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132944im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=4yKwmyAjB94AV3Xf9PXTHQ--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" />(160 KB)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;">This is SEAC's sixth annual report and covers the terms of reference, structure, membership and operations of the Committee. The report also summarises the Committee’s work on CJD and public health, food safety and the protection of animal health and environmental issues. Details of the work of its sub-committees are also included, together with the texts of all statements and advice. The latter covers the Public Consultation on Death Certification and Coroner’s services and statements on infectivity in bovine Tonsil and susceptibility of different genotypes in sheep to experimental BSE.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132944/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/SEAC_01-02.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">2001-2002</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132944im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=4yKwmyAjB94AV3Xf9PXTHQ--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" />(187 KB)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;">This is SEAC's fifth annual report and covers the terms of reference, structure, membership and operations of the Committee. The report also summarises the Committee’s work on CJD and public health, food safety and the protection of animal health and environmental issues. Details of the work of its sub-committees are also included, together with the texts of all statements and advice. The latter covers the use of ophthalmic fitting sets and other ophthalmic devices and an interim report on the over thirty month rule.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132944/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/SEAC_00-01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">2000-2001</a> <span><span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132944im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=4yKwmyAjB94AV3Xf9PXTHQ--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span></span><span>(228 KB)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132944/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/seac9900.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">1999-2000</a><span> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132944im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=4yKwmyAjB94AV3Xf9PXTHQ--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" />(245 KB)</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132944/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/98-9rep.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">1998-1999</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132944im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=4yKwmyAjB94AV3Xf9PXTHQ--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(147 KB)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132944/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/seacrept.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">1997/1998</a> <span><img fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132944im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=4yKwmyAjB94AV3Xf9PXTHQ--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(134 KB)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132944/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreports.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132944/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreports.htm</a><br /></span></div></div><ul style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><li style="color: #003399; font-size: 15.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/references.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">Lists of scientific papers</a></li></ul><div><h4 align="center" style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">List of Scientific Papers supplied to SEAC members by the secretariat</h4><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"> </div><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="font-family: New; width: 99%px;"><tbody><tr valign="top"><td height="22" style="outline: none;"><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2008</h4></td><td style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/scientific-paper-list0605.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">January</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (42 KB)</span></td><td style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/scientificpaperlist-0804.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">April</a> <img align="top" alt="pdf logo" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (45 KB)</span></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="22" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/scientificpaperlist-0806.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">June</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (50 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="22" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="3" height="22" style="outline: none;"><hr align="center" style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; width: 403.875px;" width="75%" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="22" style="outline: none;"><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2007</h4></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/scientificpaperlist-0107.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">January</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (42 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers0807.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">August</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (42 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="22" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers_0307.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">March</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (41 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers1007.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">October</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (42 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="26" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers0607.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">June</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (42 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"> </div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="21" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="3" height="26" style="outline: none;"><hr align="center" style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; width: 403.875px;" width="75%" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="22" style="outline: none;"><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2006</h4></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers_0206.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">February</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (47 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers0706.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">July</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (62 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="22" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci-papers0506.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">May</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (44 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers0906.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">September</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (113 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="21" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="3" height="26" style="outline: none;"><hr align="center" style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; width: 403.875px;" width="75%" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="22" style="outline: none;"><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2005</h4></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers0105.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">January</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (28 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/scientificpaperlist-0805.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">August </a><img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (45 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/scientific-paper-list.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">April</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (50 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/sci-paper1005.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">October</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (45 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/scientific-paper-list0605.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">June</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (105 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/sci-paper1205.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">December</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (85 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="3" style="outline: none;"><hr align="center" style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; width: 403.875px;" width="75%" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;" width="12%"><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2004</h4></td><td style="outline: none;" width="52%"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers_81.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">January</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (28 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;" width="36%"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers_july04.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">July</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (43 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="22" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/seac-sci-82.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">March</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(27 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers_sept04.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">September</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (48 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="22" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci_papers_may04.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">May</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (36 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/sci-papers-nov04.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">November</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (43 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="21" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="3" height="26" style="outline: none;"><hr align="center" style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; width: 403.875px;" width="75%" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;"><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2003</h4></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/scientificpapers_Mar03.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">March</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(28 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/SEAC-SCI-80.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">October</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (34 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/SEAC-SCI-79.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">June</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (34 KB)</span></div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/SEAC-SCI-81.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">December</a> <img align="top" fg_scanned="1" height="20" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20091010132946im_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.seac.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpdf.gif&t=1667334478&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a000a018a00&sig=k4ec7RorwTVq9Afc_5UoJA--~D" style="visibility: visible;" width="34" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (25 KB)</span></div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="21" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"> </div></td><td style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"> </div></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="3" height="27" style="outline: none;"><hr style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; width: 403.875px;" width="75%" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;"><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2002</h4></td><td style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">None available</span></td><td style="outline: none;"> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td height="21" style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="3" height="25" style="outline: none;"><hr style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; width: 403.875px;" width="75%" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;"><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2001</h4></td><td style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/ref_280201.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">29th Nov 2000 - 28th Feb 2001</a></td><td style="outline: none;"> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"> </td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="3" style="outline: none;"><hr style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; width: 403.875px;" width="75%" /></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;"><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2000</h4></td><td style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/ref_110500.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">16th Feb - 11th May</a></td><td style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/ref_290900.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">18th July - 29th Sept</a></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="outline: none;"> </td><td style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/ref_170700.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">12th May - 17th July</a></td><td style="outline: none;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/ref_281100.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;" target="_blank">30th Sept - 28 Nov</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"> </div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/references.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/references.htm</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><br /></div></div><hr align="center" color="#003399" noshade="" style="border-style: solid; color: #003399; font-family: New; font-size: medium; width: 411px;" width="75%" /><h4 style="color: #000099; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b>Annual Reports</b></h4><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/annualreport2008.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">2008</a> (PDF 100KB)</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132932/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/annualreport2008.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132932/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/annualreport2008.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2007.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">2007</a> <span>(PDF 241 KB)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2007.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2007.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2006.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">2006</a> <span>(PDF 239 KB)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132945/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2006.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132945/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2006.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/annualreport05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">2005</a> <span>(PDF 239 KB)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132948/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/annualreport05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132948/http://www.seac.gov.uk/pdf/annualreport05.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2004.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #003399; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14.44px;" target="_blank">2004</a><span> (PDF 186 KB)</span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2004.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/annualreport2004.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">In BSE in cattle there is early infection of the ileum and tonsils, followed by later</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">infection of the CNS, dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia. Emerging Japanese</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">data suggests that there may be infectivity in peripheral nerves in clinical BSE.</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010133408/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010133408/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05.pdf</a><br style="color: #141414; font-size: 16px;" /></span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">TSE Roadmap - Scientific Opinions Final Version 6 September 2005</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Page</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">1.1.7. SSC Opinion on Chronic Wasting Disease and Tissues that might carry a</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">risk for Human and Animal Feed Chains, 6-7 March 2003</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Theoretical risk for prion transmission to humans consuming products of CWD</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">affected cervids of all ages cannot be excluded.</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Similarly, transmission risk to domestic animals cannot be excluded4.</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Early and widespread involvement of tissues in CWD-infected animals does not allow</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">definition of SRM list, nor to define age limits. Insufficient data to define exclusions or</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">amendment of any SRM rule on the basis of relative genetic resistance to infection.</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Important to be certain that no risk of transmission of CWD from North America to EU</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">through trade in live cervids or their products.</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">No scientific data that CWD is present in countries outside North America (except</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">single import to Korea). However further European surveillance necessary.</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">1.1.8. SSC Opinion on BSE Risk of Autonomic Nervous System, 6-7 March 2003</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Infectivity found in vagus nerve and sympathetic mesenteric ganglia of experimental</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">animals (mice/hamsters) and sheep infected with scrapie. Experimental data from</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">cattle insufficient, but infectivity in these tissues has not been shown in cattle5 other</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">than the inconsistent presence of disease-related PrP in the myenteric plexus</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">(network of nerve fibres throughout muscle of digestive tract) of cattle during the</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Unclear whether scrapie models are applicable to pathogenesis of BSE. Cannot</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">exclude possibility that other autonomic NS structures carry infectivity in BSEinfected</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Recommend collection of tissue samples appropriate to improving understanding role</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">of PNS and particularly the autonomic NS, from field cases and cattle in</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">4 See also 1.1.2. Experimental Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent from</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Mule Deer to Cattle by Intracerebral Route, Hamir et al.2005, J Vet Diagn Invest</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">5 The Japanese Institute for Animal Health has detected Western Blot positives in</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">peripheral nerves in a fallen bovine. Further results are expected in late 2005/early</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">TSE Roadmap - Scientific Opinions Final Version 6 September 2005</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Page 8 of 18</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">9 EC FAIR CT97 3308 Project</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">10 Refers to April 2004 SSC Opinion on oral exposure of humans to BSE agent:</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">infective dose and species barrier. This refers to small amount of tissue that can</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">contain an infective dose of BSE agent for cattle and sheep ( < 1 gram of</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">homogenised brain tissue). 2005 data suggests 1mg is sufficient to infect calves.</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">SNIP...</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">TSE Roadmap - Scientific Opinions Final Version 6 September 2005</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Page 9 of 18</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">2.3.2. Unpublished Data from VLA, 2005</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Unpublished data from a pressure rendering study indicates that BSE infectivity can</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">survive in tallow recovered by centrifugation and tallow recovered by solvent</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">extraction.</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05-app3.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05-app3.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010133412/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05-app3.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010133412/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05-app3.pdf</a><br style="color: #141414; font-size: 16px;" /></span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Appendix 4 - A Summary of Opinions from the Spongiform</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC)</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05-app4.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05-app4.pdf</a></span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /></div><div style="font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 15.2px;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010133406/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05-app4.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010133406/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/tseroadmap05-app4.pdf</a><br /></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SEAC 99</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2003/04/dl/s0417-4c.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2003/04/dl/s0417-4c.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_ssc_out45_en.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_ssc_out45_en.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SEAC 1997 TO 2003</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_ssc_out364_en.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_ssc_out364_en.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TAFS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tafsforum.org/download.php?file=TXpRPQ" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tafsforum.org/download.php?file=TXpRPQ</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE GBR 2007</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fsc.go.jp/fsciis/attachedFile/download?retrievalId=kai20071114pr1&fileId=105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fsc.go.jp/fsciis/attachedFile/download?retrievalId=kai20071114pr1&fileId=105</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/publicats.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132911/http://www.seac.gov.uk/publicats/publicats.htm</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-58325061723315251322022-10-30T12:49:00.004-05:002022-10-30T19:22:18.820-05:00Why is USDA "only" testing 25,000 samples a year?<p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Why is USDA "only" testing 25,000 samples a year?</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">SIMPLE MATH, IF YOU DON'T TEST IN SUFFICIENT NUMBERS, YOU DON'T FIND, PROBLEM SOLVED!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Why is USDA "only" testing 25,000 samples a year? </span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>USDA's surveillance strategy is to focus on the targeted populations where we are most likely to find disease if it is present. This is the most effective way to meet both OIE and our domestic surveillance standards. After completing our enhanced surveillance in 2006 and confirming that our BSE prevalence was very low, an evaluation of the program showed that reducing the number of samples collected to 40,000 samples per year from these targeted, high risk populations would allow us to continue to exceed these standards. In fact, the sampling was ten times greater than OIE standards. A subsequent evaluation of the program in 2016 using data collected over the past 10 years showed that the surveillance standards could still be met with a further reduction in the number of samples collected by renderers and 3D/4D establishments which have a very low OIE point value because the medical history of these animals is usually unknown. Therefore, in 2016, the number of samples to be tested was reduced to 25,000 where it remains today.</div><div><br /></div><div>How can USDA find every case of BSE in the United States when you are only testing 25,000 animals? The goal of our BSE surveillance program, even under the enhanced program, has never been to detect every case of BSE. Our goal is determine whether the disease exists at very low levels in the U.S. cattle population, and we do this by testing those animals most likely to have BSE. It is the longstanding system of interlocking safeguards, including the removal of specified risk materials - or the parts of an animal that would contain BSE - at slaughter and the FDA's ruminant-to- ruminant feed ban that protect public and animal health from BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Why didn’t USDA continue to test animals at the enhanced surveillance level? USDA's 2004-2006 enhanced surveillance program was initiated in response to the first detection of BSE in the United States and was designed to detect the overall prevalence of the disease in this country. This required a very intensive effort and it allowed us to estimate extremely low prevalence levels of disease. Once that prevalence level was determined, USDA modified its testing levels to monitor any changes in the level of disease. Our current testing of approximately 25,000 targeted animals a year allows USDA to detect BSE at the very low level of less than 1 case per million adult cattle, assess any change in the BSE status of U.S. cattle, and identify any rise in BSE prevalence in this country.</div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">This transcripts has not been edited or corrected, but appears as received from the commercial transcribing service. Accordingly, the food and Drug Administration makes no representation as to its accuracy. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Meeting of: TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE September 18, 2006 <br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Let's move to North America and a brief update here on BSE in Canada. As a reminder, Canada has been doing active surveillance, targeted surveillance, in the population where they are most likely to find disease since 1991.</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><br /></div><div>As everybody knows, in 2003, they identified their first native case, in May of 2003. After that period, they significantly increased their surveillance.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, these are just their numbers, in 2003, about 5,700 samples, two positives. One was the one that we found here in the United States in Washington State in December of 2003. So, increasing their surveillance again, with no cases in 2004, two in 2005, and five to date in 2006.</div><div><br /></div><div>They did provide a very detailed epidemiological summary that was made public in January of this year. They are continuing that work and hopefully will have some more updates out fairly soon.</div><div><br /></div><div>What this summary shows, it really talks about their geographic cluster theory, and the idea that the links between rendering, feed production, livestock production, tend to occur in clusters, in a fairly well defined geographic area. It is only logical, then, that that would be where the disease could cycle, would be in that type of a cluster.</div><div><br /></div><div>What this report shows, which went through the first five cases, I believe, it does define links between most of these cases and links in this cluster.</div><div><br /></div><div>There are also linkages in the more recent cases, again, to that same cluster and, as I mentioned earlier, hopefully they will be putting out some more updates with as good epi work in the near future.</div><div><br /></div><div>To focus a bit on Japan, BSE was first identified in Japan in late 2001. Actually, it was September 2001. They imposed a feed ban, than, after that first diagnosis. So, the feed ban has only been in place since 2001.</div><div><br /></div><div>Here is the number of cases. It stays about the same here until the past two years, where it has jumped up a bit.</div><div><br /></div><div>One note about Japan. A lot of their surveillance and the testing numbers that you see have been primarily in clinically normal animals, or animals presented at slaughter.</div><div><br /></div><div>It has only been since about 2004 that they have really increased their focus on the targeted animals or the risk population, as we would define it.</div><div><br /></div><div>Now, let's move to the United States. As everybody knows, we have been doing active surveillance in the United States since 1990, and we are targeting the population where the disease is most likely to be diagnosed. That is the most efficient way for us to conduct a surveillance system.</div><div><br /></div><div>The assumption is that if we can't find disease in that population, then it is even more unlikely for us to find it in the non-targeted population.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, we can use the data that we get from that targeted sampling to extrapolate information to the broader cattle population.</div><div><br /></div><div>Our targeted population has always been, and continues to be, those animals that have some type of a clinical abnormality that could even remotely be considered consistent with BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, these would be non-ambulatory animals, dead stock, which are animals that die for some unexplained reason, central nervous system cases, either called to our field people or on farms.</div><div><br /></div><div>We work with veterinary diagnostic labs, public health labs, for rabies negative animals, and then we also work with our colleagues in FSIS, for those animals that are condemned on ante-mortem inspections when presented to slaughter.</div><div><br /></div><div>Everybody knows we ran an enhanced BSE surveillance program that began in June 2004. Our initial intention was to run that for 12 to 18 months, with the goal of getting as many samples from the targeted population as we could.</div><div><br /></div><div>We actually ran on a bit longer than the 18 months and ran through August of 2006, greater than 785,000 tests during that whole enhanced program. During that time frame, there were two positives identified during that effort.</div><div><br /></div><div>Just to show on a monthly basis what we did in our enhanced program, as you can see, there is a little bit of a cycle.</div><div><br /></div><div>With the population that we are sampling -- these are animals that are clinically abnormal in some way, and with the facilities where we were collecting, these are animal disposal facilities, rendering facilities, 3D, 4D, salvage slaughter plants.</div><div><br /></div><div>Animals tend to get sicker, die, be culled in the winter. So, we always had a little peak in the winter. I just wanted to show folks, most folks don't quite understand exactly where we were sampling and why that might occur.</div><div><br /></div><div>Let me explain a bit about OIE standards. These are the international animal health standards for BSE surveillance.</div><div><br /></div><div>This reflects changes to those standards in May 2005. This is what we are using as our guidance for how we do surveillance from here on out.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is a weighted point system. Previously it was a simple table that said if you had cattle population X, you need to get Y number of samples.</div><div><br /></div><div>Now it is an interesting system where it recognizes that you are more likely to find the disease in certain subpopulations.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, you get more points for that population where you are most likely to find the disease. We have four surveillance streams.</div><div><br /></div><div>They are clinical suspect, which would be those animals with really pretty classic clinical signs of BSE, causality slaughter -- these would be those animals -- these are European terms, sometimes they fit with North American terms, sometimes they don't.</div><div><br /></div><div>Casualty slaughter are those animals that are clinically abnormal. They would be condemned on antemortem inspections.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, these are those non-ambulatory animals, could be the very weak, emaciated, thin, just some type of a subtle abnormality.</div><div><br /></div><div>Fallen stock are dead stock, essentially, those animals that die for unknown reasons. Then, healthy slaughter is pretty self explanatory.</div><div><br /></div><div>I don't know if you can actually read this. Hopefully you can. This shows the point system where it recognizes that you are most likely to find disease here in a clinical suspect.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, you get 750 points for a clinical suspect between four and seven years old. That subpopulation is where you are really most likely to find disease if it is present.</div><div><br /></div><div>You get essentially limited points for sampling in routine slaughter. So, what countries can do to use this table, you can access whatever population you like to meet the standards, and then the table says you need to get X number of points for a certain design prevalence, 300,000 points over a seven year period at a design prevalence of one in 100,000.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, a country can then use this table and figure out what type of samples in what population they want to sample to reach those numbers of points.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, you could sample a pretty small number of clinical suspects and reach that point value, or design prevalence, or you can sample a much higher number of routine slaughters. It recognizes that you can access both of those populations. It is just how many samples you want to get.</div><div><br /></div><div>We did a summary of not only our enhanced surveillance program, but also what we have done for surveillance for the past seven years. That was made public in April of this year.</div><div><br /></div><div>Just to give you kind of a graphic example of how to do this point system, these are the points that we obtained in our surveillance for the past seven years.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, close to three million OIE points over the past seven years in the different surveillance streams. For those who ask about this healthy slaughter one, knowing that we really are not sampling healthy slaughter animals, this is a function of our data base.</div><div><br /></div><div>Especially in some of these earlier years, our data might be somewhat limited. If we could not pull out of the data base a specific clinical sign, to assign this to one of the other surveillance streams, by default it would go into the healthy slaughter for this calculation.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, with that summary of data, not only did we put out there just a raw data summary, we also did an estimate of BSE prevalence in the United States.</div><div><br /></div><div>We used two methods to do this. One is the BsurvE model, which is a model developed by the Europeans with some input from our colleagues down under in New Zealand.</div><div><br /></div><div>It looks at what we know from the epidemiology of the disease in Europe and factors in population data when animals are most likely to leave the population.</div><div><br /></div><div>It can be used to help a country set up a surveillance system, can also be used to estimate prevalence.</div><div><br /></div><div>We then also tweaked this model a bit and came up with what we call the Baysian birth cohort model, which incorporates what we would expect to see the effects of a feed ban, which the Bsurv doesn't show, and it also sets up some linkages between birth cohorts.</div><div><br /></div><div>We also did several sensitivity analyses in this report, just to make sure that our assumptions weren't way off base.</div><div><br /></div><div>The overall conclusion was that the BSE prevalence in the United States is very low, less than one infected animal per one million adult cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>If you are interested in most likely values, with the Bsurv model the most likely value was seven infected animals, with the BBC model the most likely value was four.</div><div><br /></div><div>With the sensitivity analyses, those values ranged from one up to about 40, which all of those then led us to this conclusion, pretty solid, that the prevalence is less than one infected animal per one million cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, what are we doing now and where are we going from there? We have used these same methods and have moved forward into what we call ongoing surveillance.</div><div><br /></div><div>We have been transitioning here since the end of August. What we figure is about 40,000 samples per year, again, still from this targeted population.</div><div><br /></div><div>This will allow us to continue to monitor the status of U.S. cattle and will allow us to detect prevalence if it starts to increase.</div><div><br /></div><div>We did this calculation, again, based on our analysis of the enhanced surveillance data and using the Bsurv model.</div><div><br /></div><div>We first of all looked at OIE recommendations, which are at a design prevalence of one in 100,000. We wanted to make that a bit more sensitive. We wanted to stick with one per one million. So, we used the Bsurv model to estimate sample numbers and points.</div><div><br /></div><div>Again, think of that basic premise that I described for the OIE, with a different number of points for different subpopulations.</div><div><br /></div><div>With this, we need to get three million analytical points over a seven year time frame. When we look at what we did in enhanced, we averaged about 9.5 points per sample. So, we just divided and that gets you to about 40,000 samples per year, assuming we will get the same average points over a seven year time frame.</div><div><br /></div><div>That is a very quick run through of both an update of what is going on in the world, what the international standards are, and where we are headed in the future. I think I have time for questions.</div><div><br /></div><div>DR. TELLING: Yes, you do. Thank you, Dr. Ferguson. Are there any questions?</div><div><br /></div><div>DR. GESCHWIND: Dr. Ferguson, when you were talking about the Japanese cases, could you comment about the ages of the animals?</div><div><br /></div><div>Before 2004, I believe they were testing every cattle within a certain age range, and that they did find BSE cattle among those that would not be identified with the current methods in the United States. Can you comment on that?</div><div><br /></div><div>DR. FERGUSON: I am not quite sure what you expect me to comment on. I think as we all know Japan, in 2001, by their regulations, required that every animal slaughtered, regardless of age, be tested for BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>They have recently changed that reg slightly, and it is only animals 20 months of age and older be tested at slaughter.</div><div><br /></div><div>They did find two animals, a 21 month old and a 23 month old -- unless my memory escapes me at this point in time -- young animals, apparently normal at slaughter. </div><div><br /></div><div>They were positive on the screening tests, negative on IHC, and then positive again with the way Japan has done the western blot.</div><div><br /></div><div>They have put those into mice to see if there is transmission. To the best of my knowledge, those results aren't out there yet, but there is no indication that they have gotten any signs of disease in those mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full report;</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20111118134550/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/1006-4240t1.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20111118134550/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/1006-4240t1.htm</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/compliance-enforcement/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy" style="background-color: transparent; color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch"; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/compliance-enforcement/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy</a><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 26.6667px; margin: 0pt 0pt 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/ruminant-feed-inspections" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/ruminant-feed-inspections</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 26.6667px; margin: 0pt 0pt 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><div><div>October 6th-12th, 126th Meeting 2022 Resolutions </div><div><br /></div><div>RESOLUTION NUMBER: 33 Approved</div><div><br /></div><div>SOURCE: COMMITTEE ON CATTLE AND BISON</div><div><br /></div><div>SUBJECT MATTER: Cattle Contact Tracing System </div><div><br /></div><div>BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal health officials across the United States (US) are tasked with protecting the cattle industry. Animal disease traceability (ADT) is a critical component to mitigating potentially economic significant diseases that could be detrimental to normal business operations. Traces are routinely conducted by animal health officials on cattle to mitigate potential disease spread. Traditional components of ADT have limited animal health officials to effectively perform a quick traceback and subsequent response time. Current ADT tools that are available for animal health officials allow for a limited trace on a current animal forward and backward (bookend tracing). Additional contacts during a trace can be determined throughout the process. However, with the current information flow, these close contacts may take additional time that could hinder a response which could be economically detrimental to the industry in the case of a potential foreign animal disease such as foot and mouth disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>In early 2018, Kansas cattle producers led an effort that resulted in the CattleTrace pilot project which began work to develop a purpose-built infrastructure to track cattle movement through the supply chain (contact tracing) to collect the minimal data necessary for contact tracing. The data points include an individual animal identification (ID) number, a GPS location, and date and time of the read to track animals in the event of a disease outbreak. Tag readers were located at producers’ operations, livestock markets, feed yards and beef processors. The pilot project was a collaborative partnership between the state of Kansas, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and producer stakeholders.</div><div><br /></div><div>The goal for the pilot project was to:</div><div><br /></div><div> Develop a purpose-built infrastructure for a contact traceability system,</div><div><br /></div><div> Evaluate the infrastructure,</div><div><br /></div><div> Determine the value proposition of the system at each production segment and across the industry.</div><div><br /></div><div>Simultaneously, multiple other states including Florida, Texas, and Kentucky conducted pilot projects with collaborative funding from USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Project objectives ranged from testing effectiveness of both forms of radio</div><div><br /></div><div>USAHA 2022 Resolution 33 / page 2 </div><div><br /></div><div>frequency identification (RFID) along with different forms of RFID identification, such as ultra-high frequency backtags.</div><div><br /></div><div>In January 2020, these efforts from major beef producing regions announced a partnership to form US CattleTrace, a stand-alone, non-profit organization solely focused on animal disease contact traceability. Today, the goal is to develop a national infrastructure for disease contact traceability used by state and federal animal health officials fed by private industry’s use of the infrastructure for individualized management practices. The organization aims to continue pursuing a voluntary, hands-free, speed of commerce contact tracing system. The organization will utilize the most current forms of ID that allow for the animal disease traceability system to operate at the speed of commerce within multiple segments of the cattle industry.</div><div><br /></div><div>State and federal animal health officials’ continued support of RFID tags and collaboration with industry directed at utilization of a contact tracing infrastructure would directly enhance animal disease traceability efforts of cattle on a national level for a quick, accurate and timely response.</div><div><br /></div><div>Additionally, sharing of existing contact trace data (ID, time, date, location) by individual state and federal animal health officials with contact tracing systems such as US CattleTrace would serve to expand the database size and geography enhancing the effectiveness and accuracy of contact traces.</div><div><br /></div><div>RESOLUTION:</div><div><br /></div><div>The United States Animal Health Association urges state animal health officials and the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services to work with industry to enhance cattle contact tracing efforts for economically significant diseases through collaboration and sharing of current cattle contact traceability data. This data should utilize and grow the cattle contact trace infrastructure in which readers can collect and share the critical datapoints (ID, Time, Date & GPS Location). </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_33_Cattle_Cont.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_33_Cattle_Cont.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">SE1796 Atypical Prion Proteins in cattle - SE1796</span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210610115422/http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=SE1796_8548_FIN.doc" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20210610115422/http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=SE1796_8548_FIN.doc</a><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID=14257&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=SE1796&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID=14257&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=SE1796&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10</a><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">***>Assuming no other factors influenced the levels of correct diagnosis and that the numbers estimated for 1997 to 1999 were a true representation of the potential under-diagnosis of the entire epidemic up until 1999, then the total number of missed cases positive for BSE could have been in the region of 5,500.</span><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div style="color: #29303b;">USDA did not test possible mad cows</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">By Steve Mitchell</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">United Press International</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">Published 6/8/2004 9:30 PM</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">WASHINGTON, June 8 (UPI) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture claims ittested 500 cows with signs of a brain disorder for mad cow disease last year, but agency documents obtained by United Press International show the agency tested only half that number.</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090424001240/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090424001240/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">"These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">TEXAS 2ND MAD COW THAT WAS COVERED UP, AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS, AND CALLS FROM TSE PRION SCIENTIST AROUND THE GLOBE, THIS 2ND MAD COW IN TEXAS WAS CONFIRMED</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">THE USDA MAD COW FOLLIES POSITIVE TEST COVER UP</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">JOHANNS SECRET POSTIVE MAD COW TEST THAT WERE IGNORED</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">OIG AND THE HONORABLE FONG CONFIRMS TEXAS MAD AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS 7 MONTHS LATER</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">TEXAS MAD COW</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">THEY DID FINALLY TEST AFTER SITTING 7+ MONTHS ON A SHELF WHILE GW BORE THE BSE MRR POLICY, i.e. legal trading of all strains of TSE. now understand, i confirmed this case 7 months earlier to the TAHC, and then, only after i contacted the Honorable Phyllis Fong and after an act of Congress, this animal was finally confirmed ;</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">During the course of the investigation, USDA removed and tested a total of 67 animals of interest from the farm where the index animal's herd originated. All of these animals tested negative for BSE. 200 adult animals of interest were determined to have left the index farm. Of these 200, APHIS officials determined that 143 had gone to slaughter, two were found alive (one was determined not to be of interest because of its age and the other tested negative), 34 are presumed dead, one is known dead and 20 have been classified as untraceable. In addition to the adult animals, APHIS was looking for two calves born to the index animal. Due to record keeping and identification issues, APHIS had to trace 213 calves. Of these 213 calves, 208 entered feeding and slaughter channels, four are presumed to have entered feeding and slaughter channels and one calf was untraceable.</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/%21ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/%21ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090117161610/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml">http://web.archive.org/web/20090117161610/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">Executive Summary In June 2005, an inconclusive bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) sample from November 2004, that had originally been classified as negative on the immunohistochemistry test, was confirmed positive on SAF immunoblot (Western blot). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) identified the herd of origin for the index cow in Texas; that identification was confirmed by DNA analysis. USDA, in close cooperation with the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), established an incident command post (ICP) and began response activities according to USDA’s BSE Response Plan of September 2004. Response personnel removed at-risk cattle and cattle of interest (COI) from the index herd, euthanized them, and tested them for BSE; all were negative. USDA and the State extensively traced all at-risk cattle and COI that left the index herd. The majority of these animals entered rendering and/or slaughter channels well before the investigation began. USDA’s response to the Texas finding was thorough and effective.</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">snip...</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">Trace Herd 3 The owner of Trace Herd 3 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest. The herd was placed under hold order on 7/27/05. The herd inventory was conducted on 7/28/05. The animal of interest was not present within the herd, and the hold order was released on 7/28/05. The person who thought he sold the animal to the owner of Trace Herd 3 had no records and could not remember who else he might have sold the cow to. Additionally, a search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable because all leads were exhausted.</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">Trace Herd 4 The owner of Trace Herd 4 was identified as having received one of the COI through an order buyer. Trace Herd 4 was placed under hold order on 7/29/05. A complete herd inventory was conducted on 8/22/05 and 8/23/05. There were 233 head of cattle that were examined individually by both State and Federal personnel for all man-made identification and brands. The animal of interest was not present within the herd. Several animals were reported to have died in the herd sometime after they arrived on the premises in April 2005. A final search of GDB records yielded no further results on the eartag of interest at either subsequent market sale or slaughter. With all leads having been exhausted, this animal of interest has been classified as untraceable. The hold order on Trace Herd 4 was released on 8/23/05.</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">Trace Herd 5 The owner of Trace Herd 5 was identified as having received two COI and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 5 is made up of 67 head of cattle in multiple pastures. During the course of the herd inventory, the owner located records that indicated that one of the COI, a known birth cohort, had been sold to Trace Herd 8 where she was subsequently found alive. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the other animal of interest was not found within the herd. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 5 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest and she was subsequently classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 5 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">Trace Herd 6 The owner of Trace Herd 6 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. This herd is made up of 58 head of cattle on two pastures. A herd inventory was conducted and the animal of interest was not present within the herd. The owner of Trace Herd 6 had very limited records and was unable to provide further information on where the cow might have gone after he purchased her from the livestock market. A search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. Additionally, many of the animals presented for sale by the owner of the herd had been re-tagged at the market effectually losing the traceability of the history of that animal prior to re-tagging. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 6 was released on 8/3/05.</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">Trace Herd 7 The owner of Trace Herd 7 was identified as having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 7 contains 487 head of cattle on multiple pastures in multiple parts of the State, including a unit kept on an island. The island location is a particularly rough place to keep cattle and the owner claimed to have lost 22 head on the island in 2004 due to liver flukes. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the animal of interest was not found present within Trace Herd 7. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 7 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest. The cow was subsequently classified as untraceable. It is quite possible though that she may have died within the herd, especially if she belonged to the island unit. The hold order on Trace Herd 7 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20051018125047/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20051018125047/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div><div style="color: #29303b;">Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">snip...</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;">4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100120103527/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100120103527/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><div>Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div><br /></div><div>UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL Washington, D.C. 20250 January 25, 2006 REPLY TO ATTN OF: 50601-10-KC TO: W. Ron DeHaven Administrator Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Barbara Masters Administrator Food Safety and Inspection Service ATTN: William J. Hudnall Deputy Administrator Marketing Regulatory Program Business Services William C. Smith Assistant Administrator Office of Program Evaluation, Enforcement, and Review FROM: Robert W. Young /s/ Assistant Inspector General for Audit SUBJECT: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III This report presents the results of our audit of the enhanced BSE surveillance program and controls over specified risk materials and advanced meat recovery products. Your written response to the official draft report, dated January 20, 2006, is included as exhibit G with excerpts of the response and the Office of Inspector General’s (OIG) position incorporated into the Findings and Recommendations section of the report, where applicable. We accept the management decisions for all recommendations. Please follow your agency’s internal procedures in forwarding documentation for final action to the Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO). We are providing a separate memorandum to the agencies and OCFO that provides specific information on the actions to be completed to achieve final action. We appreciate your timely response and the cooperation and assistance provided to our staff during the audit USDA/OIG-A/50601-10-KC/ Page i</div><div><br /></div><div>Executive Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div><br /></div><div>Results in Brief This report evaluates elements of the interlocking safeguards in place to protect United States (U.S.) beef from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, widely known as BSE or "mad cow disease." Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), has led a multi-agency effort to monitor and prevent BSE from entering the food supply. After discovering a BSE-positive cow in December 2003, APHIS expanded its BSE surveillance program. To further protect the food supply, USDA banned materials identified as being at risk of carrying BSE (specified risk materials (SRM)), such as central nervous system tissue. As part of this effort, USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) required beef slaughter and processing facilities to incorporate controls for handling such materials into their operational plans. Onsite FSIS inspectors also inspect cattle for clinical signs in order to prevent diseased animals from being slaughtered for human consumption. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safeguards, we assessed APHIS’ implementation of the expanded surveillance program, as well as FSIS’ controls to prevent banned SRMs from entering the food supply.</div><div><br /></div><div>In June 2004, APHIS implemented its expanded surveillance program; participation by industry in this surveillance program is voluntary. As of May 2005, over 350,000 animals were sampled and tested for BSE. To date, two animals tested positive for BSE; one tested positive after implementation of the expanded surveillance program.</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA made significant efforts to implement the expanded BSE surveillance program. Much needed to be done in a short period of time to establish the necessary processes, controls, infrastructure, and networks to assist in this effort. In addition, extensive outreach and coordination was undertaken with other Federal, State, and local entities, private industry, and laboratory and veterinary networks. This report provides an assessment as to the progress USDA made in expanding its surveillance effort and the effectiveness of its controls and processes. This report also discusses the limitations of its program and data in assessing the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. herd.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>40 ELISA test procedures require two additional (duplicate) tests if the initial test is reactive, before final interpretation. If either of the duplicate tests is reactive, the test is deemed inconclusive.</div><div><br /></div><div>41 Protocol for BSE Contract Laboratories to Receive and Test Bovine Brain Samples and Report Results for BSE Surveillance Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), dated October 26, 2004.</div><div><br /></div><div>42 The NVSL conducted an ELISA test on the original material tested at the contract laboratory and on two new cuts from the sample tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>43 A visual examination of brain tissue by a microscope.</div><div><br /></div><div>44 A localized pathological change in a bodily organ or tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE SEE FLAMING EVIDENCE THAT THE USDA ET AL COVERED UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS ;</div><div><br /></div><div>PAGE 43;</div><div><br /></div><div>Section 2. Testing Protocols and Quality Assurance Controls</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>FULL TEXT 130 PAGES</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090424001240/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090424001240/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS.</div><div><br /></div><div>Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary.</div><div><br /></div><div>This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind:</div><div><br /></div><div>Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a>]</div><div><br /></div><div>Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090423190828/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090423190828/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002.</div><div><br /></div><div>October 31, 2002 Review of the Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States Conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health and Center for Computational Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University Final Report Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Office of Public Health and Science Prepared by RTI Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 RTI Project Number 07182.024</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061022043348/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20061022043348/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Thursday, April 9, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No. FDA2002N0031 (formerly Docket No. 2002N0273) RIN 0910AF46 Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food or Feed; Final Rule: Proposed Thursday, April 09, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No. FDA2002N0031 (formerly Docket No. 2002N0273) RIN 0910AF46 Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food or Feed; Final Rule: Proposed</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="mailto:burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov">mailto:burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov</a></div><div><br /></div><div>FULL TEXT OF GOA REPORT BELOW (takes a while to load)</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts. GAO-02-183, January 25.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-183" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-183</a></div><div><br /></div><div>8 hr BSE confirmation turnaround took 7+ months to confirm this case, so the BSE MRR policy could be put into place. ...TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>-------- Original Message --------</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: re-USDA's surveillance plan for BSE aka mad cow disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Mon, 02 May 2005 16:59:07 -0500</div><div><br /></div><div>From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div><br /></div><div>To: <a href="mailto:paffairs@oig.hhs.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:paffairs@oig.hhs.gov">paffairs@oig.hhs.gov</a>, <a href="mailto:HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov">HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov</a>, <a href="mailto:contactOIG@hhsc.state.tx.us" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:contactOIG@hhsc.state.tx.us">contactOIG@hhsc.state.tx.us</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings Honorable Paul Feeney, Keith Arnold, and William Busbyet al at OIG, ...............</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>There will be several more emails of my research to follow. I respectfully request a full inquiry into the cover-up of TSEs in the United States of America over the past 30 years. I would be happy to testify...</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you, I am sincerely, Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box , Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 xxx xxx xxxx</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: June 14, 2005 at 1:46 pm PST</div><div><br /></div><div>In Reply to:</div><div><br /></div><div>Re: Transcript Ag. Secretary Mike Johanns and Dr. John Clifford, Regarding further analysis of BSE Inconclusive Test Results</div><div><br /></div><div>posted by TSS on June 13, 2005 at 7:33 pm:</div><div><br /></div><div>Secretary of Agriculture Ann M. Veneman resigns Nov 15 2004, three days later inclusive Mad Cow is announced. June 7th 2005 Bill Hawks Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs resigns. Three days later same mad cow found in November turns out to be positive. Both resignation are unexpected. just pondering... TSS</div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: black; letter-spacing: inherit;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2022 </div><div style="color: black; letter-spacing: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; letter-spacing: inherit;">USDA Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027 </div><div style="color: black; letter-spacing: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; letter-spacing: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/10/usda-transmissible-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/10/usda-transmissible-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="color: black; letter-spacing: inherit;"><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: start;"><h1 class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308bh3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmt-0 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-1 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bfont-weight-bold yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-title" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.42858; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</h1><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Posted by the <span style="font-weight: 700;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</span> on Sep 8, 2022</p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank"></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a><br /></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">August 2007</span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory</span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, surgical, blood, medical, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.</span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub-clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE (one strain TSE in cows), and the nv/v CJD (one strain TSE humans) and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD (when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al), and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans, to continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human.</span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants</span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Manuscript</span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 flounder9@verizon.net</span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110507181935/http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20110507181935/http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf</a><br /></span></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 14px;">[Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirement for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</span><br style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 14px;">9/13/2005</span><br /></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="yiv3378808715ydp474c308blead yiv3378808715ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3378808715ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3378808715ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090413221510/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090413221510/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a></p><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION
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Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary
Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ...
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Subject: SV: McDonald's Corp. seven scientists and experts and a pharmaceutical supplier Seriologicals Corp. U.S. NOT PROTECTED AGAINST MAD COW DISEASE </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">From: </span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px;">Karin Irgens <<a href="mailto:Karin.Irgens@MATTILSYNET.NO" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">Karin.Irgens@MATTILSYNET.NO</a>> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px;">Reply To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <<a href="mailto:BSE-L@LISTS.AEGEE.ORG" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">BSE-L@LISTS.AEGEE.ORG</a>> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px;">Date: Thu, 12 Jan 2006 16:54:12 +0100 Content-Type: text/plain Parts/Attachments: text/plain (8651 lines) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px;">##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Hello Terry</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Do you have the link for this text from 7 scientists ?</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Best regards, Karin </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">-----Opprinnelig melding-----</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Fra: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [<a href="mailto:BSE-L@aegee.org" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">mailto:BSE-L@aegee.org</a>] På vegne av Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Sendt: 11. januar 2006 19:31</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Til: <a href="mailto:BSE-L@aegee.org" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">BSE-L@aegee.org</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Emne: Re: McDonald's Corp. seven scientists and experts and a pharmaceutical supplier Seriologicals Corp. U.S. NOT PROTECTED AGAINST MAD COW DISEASE</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Subject: Re: McDonald's Corp. seven scientists and experts and a pharmaceutical supplier Seriologicals Corp. U.S. NOT PROTECTED AGAINST MAD COW DISEASE</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Date: January 11, 2006 at 9:27 am PST</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">December 19, 2005 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Food and Drug Administration</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">5630 Fishers Lane</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Room 1061 Rockville, MD 20852</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Re: Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Dear Sir or Madame:</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The McDonalds Corporation buys more beef than any other restaurant in the United States. It is essential for our customers and our company that the beef has the highest level of safety. Concerning BSE, the most effective way to insure this is to create a system that processes cattle that are not exposed to the disease. As a company we take numerous precautions via our strict specifications to help and assure this, however we feel that the force of federal regulation is important to ensure that the risk of exposure in the entire production system is reduced to as close to zero as possible. The exemptions in the current ban as well as in the newly proposed rule make this difficult if not impossible, as there are still legal avenues for ruminants to consume potentially contaminated ruminant protein. In addition, the USDA still has not implemented a system of identification and traceability. It is our opinion that the government can take further action to reduce this risk and appreciate the opportunity to submit comments to this very important proposed rule.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">After the identification of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in indigenous North American cattle, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) responded rapidly to implement measures to protect public health in regard to food. Our company recognizes and supports the importance of the current feed ban which went into effect in August 1997. However, given what is known about the epidemiology and characteristically long incubation period of BSE, we urge the FDA to act without further delay and implement additional measures which will reduce the risk of BSE recycling in the US cattle herd. We caution against using the 18 month enhanced surveillance as a justification to relax or impede further actions. While this surveillance indicates an epidemic is not underway, it does not clear the US cattle herd from infection. The positive cases indicate probable exposure prior to the 1997 feed ban, a time when BSE appears to have been circulating in animal feed. BSE cases are most likely clustered in time and location, so while enhanced surveillance provides an 18 month snapshot, it does not negate the fact that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE and that the current feed controls contain “leaks”.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">We feel that for the FDA to provide a more comprehensive and protective feed ban, specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock must be removed from all animal feed and that legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk) should be discontinued.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">SRMs, as defined by the USDA, are tissues which, in a BSE infected animal, are known to either harbor BSE infectivity or to be closely associated with infectivity. If SRMs are not removed, they may introduce BSE infectivity and continue to provide a source of animal feed contamination. Rendering will reduce infectivity but it will not totally eliminate it. This is significant, as research in the United Kingdom has shown that a calf may be infected with BSE by the ingestion of as little as .001 gram of untreated brain.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The current proposed rule falls short of this and would still leave a potential source of infectivity in the system. In fact by the FDA’s own statement the exempted tissues which are known to have infectivity (such as distal ileum, DRGs, etc) would cumulatively amount to approximately 10% of the infectivity in an infected animal. Leaving approximately 10% of the infectious tissues in the system is not good enough. The proposed rule still allows the possibility for cattle to be exposed to BSE through:</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Feeding of materials currently subject to legal exemptions from the ban (e.g., poultry litter, plate waste) Cross feeding (the feeding of non-ruminant rations to ruminants) on farms; and Cross contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant feed</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">We are most concerned that the FDA has chosen to include a provision that would allow tissues from deadstock into the feed chain. We do not support the provision to allow the removal of brain and spinal cord from down and deadstock over 30 months of age for several reasons. These are the animals with the highest level of infectivity in tissues which include more than brain and spinal cord. Firstly, there are two issues regarding the complex logistics of this option. We do not feel that it is possible to have adequate removal especially during the warmer months. In addition, we do not feel that there are adequate means to enforce complete removal. Unlike slaughterhouses, there are no government inspectors at rendering plants or deadstock collection points.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Most importantly, there is emerging information that at end stage disease (a natural BSE case); infectivity may also be included in additional tissues such as peripheral nerves (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005 – see attached). This published work supports publicly reported studies in Japan where by western blot testing, prions have been found in the peripheral nerves of a naturally infected 94-month-old cow. If this is the case, the amount of infectivity left in the system from an infected bovine would surpass 10% and the full extent is still unknown.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">McDonalds has convened it own International Scientific Advisory Committee (ISAC) as well as co-sponsored a symposium of TSE scientists on the issue of tissue distribution. The consensus of both groups was that the pathogenesis of BSE might not be entirely different from TSEs in other species at the point where the animal is showing signs of the disease. These scientists feel that the studies as reported above have merit. The current studies not only re-enforce the risk of down and deadstock but also appear to provide additional information that these animals may be a potential source of greater levels of infectivity into the feed system. Hence, we suggest that the FDA consult with TSE scientists as well.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Leaving the tissues from the highest risk category of cattle in the animal feed chain will effectively nullify the intent of this regulation. This point is illustrated by the 2001 Harvard risk assessment model that demonstrated that eliminating dead and downer, 4D cattle, from the feed stream was a disproportionately effective means of reducing the risk of re-infection.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">“The disposition of cattle that die on the farm would also have a substantial influence on the spread of BSE if the disease were introduced.” The base case scenario showed that the mean total number of ID50s (i.e., dosage sufficient to infect 50 percent of exposed cattle) from healthy animals at slaughter presented to the food/feed system was 1500. The mean total number of ID50s from adult cattle deadstock presented to the feed system was 37,000. This illustrates the risk of “4D cattle” (i.e., deadstock). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">From the Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001, Appendix 3A Base Case and Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001 Executive Summary</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">McDonalds also urges agencies of the US government to work with academia and industry on research in the following areas:</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">· Methods to inactivate TSEs agents which then may allow a product to be used and even fed to animals without risk</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">· Alternative uses for animal byproducts which would maintain some value</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">In July 2004, McDonalds in cooperation with others sponsored a meeting at Penn State. The purpose of the meeting was to review work conducted by Dr. Bruce Miller looking at the feasibility of using carcasses and animal byproducts as renewable alternatives to fossil fuels in large energy generating boilers. A number of government representatives were also invited to this meeting. We are aware that Dr. Miller continues this work which shows great promise. We suggest that the FDA explore the possibility of this alternative use that may also have a positive impact on the environment.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The McDonalds Corporation will continue to work with the FDA and other government agencies to implement a strong BSE risk control program. We would like to reiterate our opinion that for the FDA to provide a more comprehensive and protective feed ban, specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock must be removed from all animal feed and that legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk) should be discontinued. Thank you for the opportunity to submit these comments to the public record. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Respectfully,</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Dick Crawford</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Corporate Vice President, Government Relations </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><a href="mailto:dick.crawford@mcd.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">dick.crawford@mcd.com</a> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">===========================================================================</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">December 20, 2005</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Food and Drug Administration</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">5630 Fishers Lane</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Room 1061</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Rockville, MD 20852 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Re: Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Dear Sir or Madame:</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">As scientists and recognized experts who have worked in the field of TSEs for decades, we are deeply concerned by the recent discoveries of indigenous BSE infected cattle in North America and appreciate the opportunity to submit comments to this very important proposed rule We strongly supported the measures that USDA and FDA implemented to protect public health after the discovery of the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) found in Washington State in 2003. We know of no event or discovery since then that could justify relaxing the existing specified risk material (SRM) and non-ambulatory bans and surveillance that were implemented at that time. Further, we strongly supported the codification of those changes, as well as additional measures to strengthen the entire feed and food system. The discovery of additional cases of indigenous BSE in North America since that time has validated our position and strengthened our convictions.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">We caution against using the 18 month enhanced surveillance as a justification to relax or impede further actions. While this surveillance has not uncovered an epidemic, it does not clear the US cattle herd from infection. While it is highly likely that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE prior to the 1997 feed ban, we do not know how many cattle were infected or how widely the infection was dispersed. BSE cases are most likely clustered in time and location, so while enhanced surveillance provides an 18 month snapshot, it does not negate the fact that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE. We also do not know in any quantitative or controlled way how effective the feed ban has been, especially at the farm level. At this point we cannot even make a thorough assessment of the USDA surveillance as details such as age, risk category and regional distribution have not been released. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">A number of countries initially attempted to take partial steps in regard to feed controls only to face repeated disappointments in predicted downturns of the epidemic course. We in North America could do this experiment all over again, waiting for each new warning before adding more stringency to our control measures, or we can benefit from the experience of others and take decisive measures now to arrest any further development of underlying cases that is implicit in those already discovered to date.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The discovery of 5 indigenous North American cases, including one born after the implementation of the current feed ban, should provide the necessary incentive to implement, monitor and enforce a comprehensive and protective feed ban that is more congruent with the measures that have been proven to be effective throughout the world. In particular, we urge the FDA to act without further delay to strengthen the animal feed regulations by implementing the program proposed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) in the December 11, 2004 Gazette. This includes removing all specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock from all animal feed. We also urge that the FDA discontinues the legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk). Many of these exemptions do not exist in other countries. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Bovine products and byproducts are used for both food and pharmaceuticals. These human uses require the highest level of safety. Because of the hardy nature of the BSE agent and its high potential for cross contamination, the most effective way to protect bovine products and bovine derived materials from contamination by BSE is to ensure that infected animals or carcasses never enter processing plants. The goal would be to discover and remove infected animals from production as early as possible in the infection and long before they would be sent to slaughter. Until we have diagnostic tools powerful enough to allow us to discover the disease early in its prolonged pre-clinical incubation, we have to rely on the next best strategy which is to prevent any exposure through feed. The exemptions in the current ban as well as in the newly proposed rule make this difficult if not impossible, as they still provide legal avenues for ruminants to consume potentially contaminated ruminant protein. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">It is our opinion that the proposed rule falls woefully short in effective measures to minimize the potential for further transmissions of the disease. By the FDA’s own analysis, exempted tissues (such as distal ileum, DRGs, etc) contain approximately 10% of the infectivity in affected animals. Thus the proposed rule still allows the possibility for cattle to be exposed to BSE through: </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">1. Feeding of materials currently subject to legal exemptions from the ban (e.g., poultry litter, plate waste)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">2. Cross feeding (the feeding of non-ruminant rations to ruminants) on farms; and</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">3. Cross contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant feed </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">We are most concerned that the FDA has chosen to include a provision that would allow tissues from deadstock into the feed chain. We do not believe that down or dead stock should be allowed into the food or feed chain whatever the age of the animal and whether or not the CNS tissues are removed. We do not support the provision to allow removal of brain and spinal cord from deadstock over 30 months for a number of reasons. [RR1] This category of animals contains the highest level of infectivity and that infectivity is in other tissues besides just brain and spinal cord. Recent improvements in the BSE bioassay, have now made it possible to detect BSE infectivity 1000 time more efficiently than before. This assay has revealed the presence of BSE infectivity in some but not all peripheral nerves and in one muscle. (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005) This published and peer reviewed work is consistent with other publicly reported studies in Japan where, by western blot testing, prions were found in the peripheral nerves of a naturally infected 94-month-old cow. We feel that the studies as reported above have merit. The current studies not only re-enforce the risk of down and deadstock but also appear to provide additional information that these animals may be a potential source of greater levels of infectivity into the feed system. We also doubt that brain and spinal cord can be completely removed especially during warmer weather. Given the biological composition of these tissues, they are predisposed to rapid autolysis. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">As world wide surveillance for BSE increases, several atypical cases of bovine TSE have been discovered. These cases either show no clinical signs, or present as ‘downers’, and have an atypical neuropathology with respect to lesion morphology and distribution, causing problems in both clinical and post-mortem diagnosis. The origin of the cases are unclear but they suggest that even should typical BSE be eliminated, there may be other TSE diseases of cattle that could result by “mutation” and selection. Refeeding of contaminated protein could potentially perpetuate transmission much like typical BSE. An effective feed ban could prevent the expansion of such strains. We also note that there are other species which are susceptible to BSE and the current regulations allow for SRMs to be included in feed for these animals. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> For BSE to be perpetuated, the animal production system must have a source of agent and a means by which cattle or other susceptible species are exposed to this agent. We feel that in North America, the source and routes of exposure still exist, hence allowing for the continued recycling of BSE. We have detailed the scientific justifications for our position below.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Source of the agent: SRMs (Specified Risk Materials) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">SRMs, as defined by the USDA, are tissues which, in a BSE infected animal, are known to either harbor BSE infectivity or to be closely associated with infectivity. If SRMs are not removed, they may introduce BSE infectivity and continue to provide a source of animal feed contamination. For example, the skull and vertebral column which encase the brain and spinal cord, respectively, can be assumed to have gross contamination. Rendering will reduce infectivity but it will not totally eliminate it. This is significant as research in the United Kingdom has shown that a calf may be infected with BSE by the ingestion of as little as .001 gram of untreated brain. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The tissue distribution of infectivity in BSE infected cattle has primarily been determined by 3 studies conducted in the United Kingdom all of which had limitations. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">In two of the studies, bioassays were done in mice which are at least 1000 fold less sensitive to BSE infection than cattle themselves. Only higher titers of infectivity can be detected by this method. These investigations found infectivity in the brain, spinal cord, retina, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, distal ileum and bone marrow (the bone marrow finding was from one animal). Infectivity was found in distal ileum of experimentally infected calves beginning six months after challenge and continuing at other intervals throughout life. (Wells et. al., 1994; 1998). The bioassay study in calves has produced similar results and in addition infectivity has been found in tonsil. The study is still in progress. Another project has found infectivity in the lymphoid tissue of third eyelid from naturally infected animals. (Dr. Danny Matthews, UK DEFRA, personal communication). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">While bioassay in cattle is far preferable to mice in terms of sensitivity, cattle nevertheless present their own limitations in terms of the long incubation time and the limited number of animals that can be used for assay compared to rodents. As a consequence the significance of the negative finding for many tissues is questionable. In fact, by the end of 2004 there was increasing evidence in species other than cattle that peripheral nerves and muscle have infectivity. (Bosque et al., 2002; Glatzel et al., 2003;Bartz et al., 2002; Androletti et al., 2004; Mulcahy et al., 2004; Thomzig et al., 2003; Thomzig et al., 2004) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">In some of these species, studies indicate that the agent migrates to the brain and spinal cord, replicates to high levels in the CNS and then spreads centrifugally from the spinal cord back down through the spinal neurons to the junction of the nerves and muscle into the muscle cells themselves. A recent German study (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005) examined nerves and muscle from a cow naturally infected with BSE and found that infectivity was present in several peripheral nerves and one muscle. The method of detection was bioassay in bovinized transgenic mice that show the same or greater sensitivity to transmission of BSE as cattle. This research concurs with findings by Japanese scientists that BSE infectivity is present in peripheral nerves at least in the clinical stage of disease. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">It is our opinion that there is increasing evidence that the pathogenesis of BSE might not be entirely different from TSEs in other species at the point of clinical disease in that there is peripheral involvement. We feel that the studies as reported above have merit. The current studies not only re-enforce the risk of down and deadstock but also appear to provide additional information that these animals may be a potential source of greater levels of infectivity into the feed system. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">In the event that FDA may confer with USDA about the risks associated with peripheral nerves we want to point out one issue. In the recent publication of the final rule on the importation of whole cuts of boneless beef from Japan, 9 CFR Part 94 [Docket No. 05-004-2] RIN 0579-AB93, we disagree with the interpretation provided by USDA, APHIS. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> APHIS seems to discount the studies conducted by Groschup et al. 2005. on the basis that the transgenic mouse bioassay that they used may be too sensitive. In taking this position they have failed to realize that the point of an assay is to reveal in which tissues the infectivity resides and its relative concentration to brain or spinal cord. For this purpose, no assay can be too sensitive. Of course, the probability of an actual infection will be affected by the efficiency of infection which will be a function of dose, route of exposure and any host barrier effects that are present. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">We would also like to point out a factual error in the conclusion. APHIS states, “Given these factors, APHIS has determined that the finding of BSE infectivity in facial and sciatic nerves of the transgenic mice is not directly applicable to cattle naturally infected with BSE. Therefore, we do not consider it necessary to make any adjustments to the risk analysis for this rulemaking or to extend the comment period to solicit additional public comment on this issue.” It is incorrect that the infectivity was found in the peripheral nerves of transgenic mice. The peripheral nerves were harvested from a cow naturally infected with BSE. Transgenic mice were used as a bioassay model. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> From [Docket No. 05-004-2] RIN 0579-AB93[RR2] : </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">“Peripheral Nerves</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Issue: Two commenters stated that the underlying assumption of the proposed rule, that whole cuts of boneless beef from Japan will not contain tissues that may carry the BSE agent, is no longer valid because researchers have found peripheral nervous system tissues, including facial and sciatic nerves, that contain BSE infectivity.\2\ One of these commenters requested APHIS to explain whether and what additional mitigation measures are needed to reduce the risks that these tissues may be present in Japanese beef. This commenter further requested an additional comment period to obtain public comments to treat this new scientific finding. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">\2\ Bushmann, A., and Groschup, M.; Highly Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy-Sensitive Transgenic Mice Confirm the Essential Restriction of Infectivity to the Nervous System in Clinically Diseased Cattle. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 192: 934-42, September 1, 2005. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Response: APHIS is familiar with the results of the study mentioned by the commenters in which mice, genetically engineered to be highly susceptible to BSE and to overexpress the bovine prion protein, were inoculated with tissues from a BSE-infected cow. This study demonstrated low levels of infectivity in the mouse assay in the facial and sciatic nerves of the peripheral nervous system. APHIS has evaluated these findings in the context of the potential occurrence of infectivity in the peripheral nerves of cattle and the corresponding risks of the presence of infectivity in such tissues resulting in cattle or human exposure to the BSE agent. The results from these experiments in genetically engineered mice should be interpreted with caution, as the findings may be influenced by the overexpression of prion proteins and may not accurately predict the natural distribution of BSE infectivity in cattle. Further, the overexpression of prion proteins in transgenic mice may not accurately mimic the natural disease process because the transgenic overexpressing mice have been shown to develop spontaneous lethal neurological disease involving spongiform changes in the brain and muscle degeneration.\3\ In addition, the route of administration to the mice was both intraperitoneal and intracerebral, which are two very efficient routes of infection as compared to oral consumption. Given these factors, APHIS has determined that the finding of BSE infectivity in facial and sciatic nerves of the transgenic mice is not directly applicable to cattle naturally infected with BSE. Therefore, we do not consider it necessary to make any adjustments to the risk analysis for this rulemaking or to extend the comment period to solicit additional public comment on this issue.” </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Source of the agent: Deadstock </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The total amount of TSE infectivity in a TSE infected animal increases steadily throughout the infection and exponentially once the infectivity reaches the brain. Infected individuals only exhibit recognizable clinical signs once infectivity titers have reached high levels in the brain. Surveillance data collected throughout Europe indicates there is a much greater likelihood for BSE to be detected in dead or down cattle than from healthy normal animals. This has so far also been borne out by the experience in North America. Animals that die of BSE harbor the greatest amount of agent that can be produced by the disease. Leaving the tissues from the highest risk category of cattle in the animal feed chain will effectively nullify the purported intent of this regulation. This point is supported by the 2001 Harvard risk assessment model that demonstrated that eliminating dead and downer, 4D cattle, from the feed stream was a disproportionately effective means of reducing the risk of re-infection. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">“The disposition of cattle that die on the farm would also have a substantial influence on the spread of BSE if the disease were introduced.” The base case scenario showed that the mean total number of ID50s (i.e., dosage sufficient to infect 50 percent of exposed cattle) from healthy animals at slaughter presented to the food/feed system was 1500. The mean total number of ID50s from adult cattle deadstock presented to the feed system was 37,000. This illustrates the risk of “4D cattle” (i.e., deadstock). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">From the Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001, Appendix 3A Base Case and Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001 Executive Summary </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">It is likely that these numbers would have to be adjusted upwards, if the UK attack rate and Groschup data were considered. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> Inflammation and TSEs </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">There have been 3 recent peer reviewed publications which indicate that chronic inflammatory conditions in a host with a TSE may induce prion replication in, or distribution to organs previously thought to be low or no risk. They are as follows: </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation Specifies the Organ Tropism of Prions (Heikenwalder et. al. 2005 <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.sciencexpress.org/20" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.sciencexpress.org/20</a> January 2005/ Page 1/ 10.1126/science.1106460) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">2. Coincident Scrapie Infection and Nephritis Lead to Urinary Prion Excretion (Seeger et al., Science 14 October 2005:Vol. 310. no. 5746, pp. 324 – 326 DOI: 10.1126/science.1118829) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">3. PrPsc in mammary glands of sheep affected by scrapie and mastitis (Ligios C., et al. Nature Medicine, 11. 1137 – 1138, 2005) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">These studies from the Aguzzi laboratory warn that concurrent chronic inflammatory disease could dramatically alter the distribution of BSE infectivity in infected cattle. Down and dead stock are at higher risk for both BSE and other systemic conditions. If the results reported above are also applicable to cattle, the carcasses of dead and down stock affected by BSE might contain even higher levels of infectivity, or contribute infectivity via tissues that are not ordinarily at risk in normal animals. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Exposure: Industry Practices or Exemptions which may pose a risk </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Poultry Litter </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">In the United States poultry litter can be fed to cattle. There are two potential sources of risk from poultry litter. Poultry litter not only consists of digested feed but also of feed which spills from the cages. As a consequence, the practice of feeding litter back to cattle is by its nature non-compliant with the current feed ban if the poultry themselves are being fed ruminant protein. Given that ruminant protein can no longer be fed to ruminants in the United States and that most, if not all, countries will no longer import North American ruminant MBM, an even larger part of poultry diets is now ruminant MBM. Spillage provides a direct link to back to cattle but feces are also likely to contain infectivity. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">There is no reason to expect that TSE infectivity would be inactivated by passage through the poultry gut, and only a slim possibility that composting would reduce infectivity at all. Thus poultry feces are another potential route of transmission back to cattle. Evidence for this comes from rodent experiments where infectivity was demonstrated in the feces after being fed: “Laboratory experiments show that mice orally challenged with scrapie have detectable infectivity that passes through the gut. Gut contents and fecal matter may therefore contain infectivity, and it is noted that in experimental oral challenges in cattle conducted in the UK, feces must be treated as medical waste for one month following the challenge. It is concluded that digestive contents and fecal material from livestock or poultry currently being fed with MBM potentially contaminated with BSE should not be used as a feed ingredient for animal feed.” [Proceedings: Joint WHO/FAO/OIE/ Technical Consultation on BSE: public health, animal health and trade. Paris, 10-14 June 2001; and Alan Dickinson, personal communication]. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">It may be possible to remove the risk from poultry litter by sterilization. However, unless or until a method can be developed and validated, poultry litter should be banned from ruminant feed. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Ruminant Blood </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">In contrast with humans, sheep, monkeys, mice and hamsters, including sheep and mice infected with BSE and humans infected with vCJD considered identical to BSE, no infectivity has so far been demonstrated in the blood of BSE infected cattle. However, we consider it unlikely that cattle are the sole outlier to what has been a consistent finding in all other TSE diseases where the measurement has been made with sufficient sensitivity to detect the low levels of infectivity that are present in blood. Rather, this failure is more likely the result of the very small volumes of blood that were used for the inoculations (less than 1 ml), whereas whole transfusions were administered to assay animals in the published sheep scrapie/BSE experiments. If blood is infected then all vascularized tissues can be expected to contain some infectivity in proportion to the content of residual blood. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Micro emboli are a possible source of blood-borne agent that could be at much higher titer than blood itself, in slaughtered cattle carrying BSE infection. Stunning can release micro emboli of brain tissue into the circulatory system from where they can be distributed to other tissues in the few moments before the exsanguination and death. (Anil, et al, 2001a & b; Anil et al, 2002; Love, et al, 2000). This source of infection could extend a higher infectivity risk to tissues that would otherwise be at low risk, thereby allowing exposure of cattle through any of the legal exemptions and potentially producing a feed and food risk. Blood-borne contamination may be a special problem where spray-dried blood is being used as a milk replacer for calves, as it is thought that young animals are especially susceptible to infection. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Certainly, blood and blood proteins should not be used as feed without conclusive evidence that they are safe. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Unfiltered Tallow </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Ruminant tallow is exempted from the current feed ban. Tallow contains protein impurities (i.e. MBM) that could be a source of TSE infectivity. There are no impurity level requirements for this tallow. It has been reported that it is standard practice to produce tallow which has an impurity level of .15% or below, but it is not clear that this is fully adequate to remove the risk of transmission and there is no requirement to meet even this standard. We urge that protein contaminants be excluded from tallow and that SRMs also be removed. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> Plate Waste </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Plate waste is not limited to meat (muscle tissue). For example, cuts that include a portion of the spinal cord or that are contaminated by cord or ganglia during preparation could contain high levels of infectivity if derived from a TSE infected animal late in the preclinical stage of infection. At best this material would only be exposed to normal cooking temperatures. USDA, APHIS experience with the Swine Health Protection Act has revealed that plate waste also includes uncooked trimmings and bones. Although the current FDA regulation requires the plate waste be treated again, there are no specifications which would render a TSE agent inactive. Of greatest risk would be any bovine source of infectivity but also sheep scrapie, although not known to be a risk for human consumption, is one of the possible origins of BSE. The sheep scrapie agent is known to be widely dispersed including relatively high titers in lymphoid as well as nervous tissue. We support the USDA’s opposition to the exemption of “plate waste” as stated in written comments since 1997. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Exposure: Cross Feeding and Cross Contamination </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The UK epidemiology has clearly shown that BSE contaminated feed is the primary if not sole vehicle for the transmission of BSE between cattle. Moreover, results from the United Kingdom’s attack rate study indicate that it does not take much exposure to transmit BSE to cattle. Recent results from the attack rate study which is still in progress have found that .1 g of brain transmitted BSE by the oral route to 3 cows out of 15 thus far, and .01 and .001gr of brain have transmitted BSE (1 cow out of 15). (Danny Matthews, DEFRA presentation at TAFS meeting, Washington, DC April 2004). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Rendering may reduce infectivity but it does not eliminate it. (Taylor et al, 1995; Taylor et al, 1997; Schreuder et al, 1998). Given that BSE can be transmitted to cattle via an oral route with just .001 gram of infected tissue, it may not take much infectivity to contaminate feed and keep the disease recycling. This is especially true in countries like the US and Canada which do not have dedicated lines and equipment to manufacture and process feed for ruminants and non-ruminants. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">In addition, epidemiological investigations in European countries have shown that cross feeding and cross contamination on farm can be a significant vehicle for continued BSE transmission even after feed bans are well established. Cross feeding is the practice of feeding meal for poultry or pigs or pet food (which can legally contain ruminant MBM) to cattle on the same farm. This is usually due to simple human error or negligence. (Hoinville, 1994; Hoinville et al, 1995; Doherr et al, 2002a; Stevenson et al, 2000) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> FDA, CVM reports that compliance with the existing feed ban is high. For the most part this does not include the compliance level on the farm. There are hundreds of thousands of farms in the US. Many of these have multiple species. That is, they raise cattle, pigs, chickens etc., on the same premises. The sheer numbers of farms make it very difficult to assure compliance on farm and to adequately cover all farms by inspection. Even if the rendering industry and feed industry can maintain 100% compliance at their facilities, if a producer inadvertently feeds chicken feed containing bovine MBM to their cattle, they negate a perfect compliance rate higher in the chain. Recent data from the Harvard BSE risk assessment suggest that the level of misfeeding on farms plays a significant role in the ability of the agent to recycle. In fact George Gray, principal investigator for the study, stated that if, in the United States, misfeeding were to occur at a level of 15%, the R0 would be over 1, indicating that the BSE level would not be declining. (George Gray presentation at the Meeting on BSE Prevention in North America: An Analysis of the Science and Risk; January 27, 2005, Washington, DC.) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The May 2003 Canadian BSE case illustrates the difficulty of on farm enforcement and its serious ramifications. The BSE positive cow was rendered and the MBM distributed to various locations. Two of these locations were poultry farms which mixed their own feed. The farms also had cattle. The subsequent investigation could not eliminate the possibility that the cattle had been fed the same feed as the poultry. The cattle on these farms were completely depopulated. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Human error is extremely difficult to prevent, and managing the risk through enforcement is problematical when confronted with the extreme logistical challenges of on farm monitoring. By eliminating the highest risk materials (SRMs and deadstock) which could introduce infectivity into the feed stream, the MBM resulting from processing becomes inherently safer. If mistakes are then made on farm, they no longer contribute to the recycling of BSE. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Exposure: Susceptibility of other Species </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Felines </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy has been diagnosed in eight species of captive wild ruminants as well as exotic felines (cheetahs, pumas, a tiger and an ocelot) and domestic cats (Wyatt 1991). There have been over 80 domestic cat cases of Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy (FSE) in Great Britain, and cats in Norway, Northern Ireland, Lichtenstein and Switzerland. The agent isolated from several of these cases is indistinguishable from BSE in cattle using strain typing in mice, suggesting that FSE is actually BSE in exotic and domestic cats. Epidemiological evidence suggests BSE contaminated feed to be the probable source of infection in these species. (MAFF Progress Report, June 1997), thus providing additional supporting evidence for the dangers of BSE contaminated feed and reinforcing the necessity of removing all sources of potential contamination from the feed stream. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> Other species </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Studies conducted at the National Institutes of Health Rocky Mountain Laboratory caution against assuming that animals which do not become clinically ill are not infected. It is unknown if certain animals may become carriers, i.e., become infected, shed agent but do not progress to clinical disease. Infection of certain rodent species with different TSE strains suggests the possibility of a carrier state (Race and Chesebro, 1998; Race et. al, 2001, Race et al., 2002). In the more recent studies, mice were inoculated with 263K hamster scrapie. There was a prolonged period (approximately one year) where there was no evidence of replication of infectivity. Furthermore, there was no evidence of PrPres during this phase of inactive persistence, which was followed by a period of active replication of infectivity and agent adaptation. In most cases, PrPres was not detected in the active phase as well. It is important to determine if this persistence and adaptation occurs in other species exposed to TSEs as it may have significance in feeding programs which continually expose other species to BSE infectivity. For example, if BSE infected brain and spinal cord are continually fed to certain species, it may be possible for the agent to persist and adapt in these new species. Over time, the ‘resistant’ species may become a source of agent. The results of Race and colleagues, warns that an inactive persistent phase might not produce detectable PrPres, yet there would be infectivity (Race et. al., 2001). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Pigs displayed evidence of TSE infection after exposure to BSE by 3 distinct parenteral routes. Evidence of infectivity was found in the CNS, stomach, intestine and pancreas (Dawson et. al., 1990). Oral transmission has also been attempted in swine, but after an observation period of 84 months there was neither clinical nor pathological evidence of infection (Dawson et. al., 1990). Parenteral and oral transmission has also been attempted in chickens with no evidence of disease. Tissues from the BSE-challenged pigs and chickens were inoculated into susceptible mice to look for residual infectivity, but to date none has been found. In both instances the detection sensitivity was limited by the use of mice for bioassay instead of same species transmissions into cattle (or pigs and chickens). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> If any of these scenarios played out and inapparent infections became established in commercial species, those species could become reservoirs for reinfection of cattle and perpetuation or reintroduction of the epidemic. We also do not know if atypical cases of BSE are more pathogenic for other species and if chronic inflammation may influence the susceptibility of other species. We offer these possibilities to reinforce the need to eliminate all possible sources of infectivity from the feed stream. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">In January 2005, the European Union announced that BSE had been confirmed in a goat in France illustrating that the disease can be naturally transmitted to one of the small ruminants. The potential ramifications of this and the logistical challenges associated with controlling BSE in sheep or goats also provides a justification for removing SRMs from all animal feed. Although these species are covered under the current regulations the cross contamination and cross feeding aspects stated for cattle are applicable. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The need to remove high risk material from all animal feed is also supported by other bodies with expertise in the field of TSEs: </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued the following recommendations for countries with BSE or those where a known exposure exists: </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">· No part or product of any animal which has shown signs of a TSE should enter any food chain (human or animal). In particular:</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">o All countries must ensure the killing and safe disposal of all parts or products of such animals so that TSE infectivity cannot enter any food chain.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">o Countries should not permit tissues that are likely to contain the BSE agent to enter any food chain (human or animal). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">From the report of a WHO Consultation on Public Health Issues related to Human and Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies WHO/EMC/DIS 96.147, Geneva, 2-3 April 1996. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Office of International Epizooties (OIE) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">The OIE is recommending that a list of SRMs which include brain, spinal cord, eyes, skull and vertebral column be removed from preparations used for food, feed, fertilizer, etc. If these tissues should not be traded we feel that they should not be used in domestic products either.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">BSE Code Article 2.3.13.18</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">“From cattle, originating from a country or zone with a minimal BSE risk, that were at the time of slaughter over 30 months of age, the following commodities, and any commodity contaminated by them, should not be traded for the preparation of food, feed, fertilizers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals including biologicals, or medical devices: brains, eyes and spinal cord, skull, vertebral column and derived protein products. Food, feed, fertilizers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals or medical devices prepared using these commodities should also not be traded.” </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Conclusion </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">In conclusion we urge the FDA to implement, monitor and enforce a comprehensive and protective feed ban that is more congruent with the measures that have been proven to be effective in other countries that have experienced BSE. We do not feel that we can overstate the dangers from the insidious threat from these diseases and the need to control and arrest them to prevent any possibility of spread. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">We also wish to emphasize that as scientists who have dedicated substantive portions of our careers to defining the risks from TSEs as well as developing strategies for managing those risks, we are confident that technical solutions will be found for many of the challenges posed by these diseases. Thus, we urge the FDA to frame its regulations in terms that allow for the future use of any banned material if it can be proven safe for a given application. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Signatories: </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> Paul W. Brown, M.D.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Medical Director, USPHS, and Senior Investigator, NIH (retired)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Consultant, TSE Risk Management</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Email: <a href="mailto:paulwbrown@comcast.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">paulwbrown@comcast.net</a> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Neil R. Cashman MD Professor, Department of Medicine (Neurology) Diener Chair of Neurodegenerative Diseases Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases 6 Queen's Park Crescent West Toronto Ontario M5S3H2 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">e-mail: <a href="mailto:neil.cashman@utoronto.ca" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">neil.cashman@utoronto.ca</a> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Linda A. Detwiler, DVM Consultant, TSE Risk Management</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Email: <a href="mailto:LAVet22@aol.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">LAVet22@aol.com</a> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Laura Manuelidis, MD</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Professor and Head of Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Faculty of Neurosciences Yale Medical School</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx email: <a href="mailto:laura.manuelidis@yale.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">laura.manuelidis@yale.edu</a> xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Jason C. Bartz, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Creighton University 2500 California Plaza Omaha, NE 68178 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><a href="mailto:jbartz@creighton.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">jbartz@creighton.edu</a> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> Robert B. Petersen, Ph.D.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Associate Professor of Pathology and Neuroscience</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Case Western Reserve University</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">5-123 Wolstein Building</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">2103 Cornell Road</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Cleveland, OH 44106-2622</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Email <a href="mailto:rbp@cwru.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">rbp@cwru.edu</a> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Robert G. Rohwer, Ph.D. Director, Molecular Neurovirology Laboratory Veterans Affairs Medical Center Medical Research Service 151 Assoc. Professor of Neurology School of Medicine University of Maryland at Baltimore 10 N. Greene St. Baltimore, MD 21201 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">email: <a href="mailto:rrohwer@umaryland.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">rrohwer@umaryland.edu</a> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">REFERENCES </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> Andreoletti O, Simon S, Lacroux C, Morel N, Tabouret G, Chabert A, Lugan S, Corbiere F, Ferre P, Foucras G, Laude H, Eychenne F, Grassi J, Schelcher F. PrPSc accumulation in myocytes from sheep incubating natural scrapie. Nat Med. 2004 Jun;10(6):591-3. Epub 2004 May 23. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Anil,M.H.; Love,S.; Helps,C.R.; McKinstry,J.L.; Brown,S.N.; Philips,A.; Williams,S.; Shand,A.; Bakirel,T.; Harbour,D.A. - Jugular venous emboli of brain tissue induced in sheep by the use of captive bolt guns - Veterinary Record 2001 May 19; 148: 619-20 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Anil,M.H.; Harbour,D.A. - Current stunning and slaughter methods in cattle and sheep. 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The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 192: 934-42, September 1, 2005. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Dawson,M.; Wells,G.A.H.; Parker,B.N.; Scott,A.C. - Primary parenteral transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to the pig - Veterinary Record 1990 Sep 29; 127(13): 338 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Doherr,M.G.; Hett,A.R.; Rufenacht,J.; Zurbriggen,A.; Heim,D. - Geographical clustering of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) born in Switzerland after the feed ban - Veterinary Record 2002 Oct 19; 151(16): 467-72 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Glatzel M, Abela E, Maissen M, Aguzzi A. 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Studies on the efficacy of hyperbaric rendering procedures in inactivating bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie agents. Veterinary Record 142, 474-480 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Stevenson, M. A., Wilesmith, J. W., Ryan, J. B. M., Morris, R.S., Lockhart, J. W., Lin, D. & Jackson, R. (2000) Temporal aspects of bovine spongiform encepalopathy in Great Britain: individual animal-associated risk factors for the disease. Vet. Rec. 147, 349-354. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Stevenson, M. A., Wilesmith, J. W., Ryan, J. B. M., Morris, R. S., Lawson, A.B., Pfeiffer, D. U. & Lin, D. (2000) Descriptive spatial analysis of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain to June 1997. Vet. Rec. 147, 379-384. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Taylor, D.M., Woodgate, S.L., Atkinson, M.J., 1995. Inactivation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent by rendering procedures. Veterinary Record, Vol.137: pp.605-610. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Taylor, D.M., Woodgate, S.L., Fleetwood, A.J., Cawthorne, R.J.G., 1997. The effect of rendering procedures on scrapie agent. Veterinary Record, Vol.141, pp 643-649. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Thomzig A, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Kratzel C, Mai J, Beekes M. Preclinical deposition of pathological prion protein PrPSc in muscles of hamsters orally exposed to scrapie. J Clin Invest. 2004 May;113(10):1465-72. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Thomzig A, Kratzel C, Lenz G, Kruger D, Beekes M. Widespread PrPSc accumulation in muscles of hamsters orally infected with scrapie. EMBO Rep. 2003 May;4(5):530-3. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"> Wilesmith, J.W., Ryan, J. B. M., Hueston, W. D., & Hoinville, L. J. (1992) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological features 1985 to 1990. Vet. Rec., 130, 90-94. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Wilesmith, J. W., Wells, G. A. H., Ryan, J. B. M., Gavier-Widen, D., & Simmons, M. M. (1997) A cohort study to examine maternally associated risk factors for bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet. Rec., 141, 239-243. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Wells G.A.H., Dawson M., Hawkins, S.A.C., Green R. B., Dexter I., Francis M. E., Simmons M. M., Austin A. R., & Horigan M. W. (1994) Infectivity in the ileum of cattle challenged orally with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet. Rec., 135, 40-41. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Wells G.A.H., Hawkins, S.A.C., Green R. B., Austin A. R., Dexter I., Spencer, Y. I., Chaplin, M. J., Stack, M. J., & Dawson, M. (1998) Preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): an update. Vet. Rec., 142, 103-106.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Wyatt. J. M. et al. 1991. Naturally occurring scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy in five domestic cats. Veterinary Record. 129. 233. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">[RR1] I am not sure of the point here. If they are going to use dead stock then certainly they should at a minimum remove the CNS tissue but rather I would think the point should be that we don’t want them using dead stock with or without the CNS included.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">[RR2]I am not sure that the actual text of the CFR is still required to make the point. However, I am glad I had it to verify the original argument. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">=========================================================================== </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">[Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirement for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">03-025IFA 03-025IFA-2 Terry S. Singeltary </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Page 1 of 17</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">flounder9@verizon.net</a>]</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Sent: Thursday, September 08, 2005 6:17 PM</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">To: <a href="mailto:fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Subject: [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Greetings FSIS,</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">I would kindly like to submit the following to [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">THE BSE/TSE SUB CLINICAL Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Broken bones and such may be the first signs of a sub clinical BSE/TSE Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle ;</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">snip...FULL TEXT ; </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; white-space: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;">let's take a closer look at this new prionpathy or prionopathy, and then let's look at the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This new prionopathy in humans? the genetic makeup is IDENTICAL to the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow, the only _documented_ mad cow in the world to date like this, ......wait, it get's better. this new prionpathy is killing young and old humans, with LONG DURATION from onset of symptoms to death, and the symptoms are very similar to nvCJD victims, OH, and the plaques are very similar in some cases too, bbbut, it's not related to the g-h-BSEalabama cow, WAIT NOW, it gets even better, the new human prionpathy that they claim is a genetic TSE, has no relation to any gene mutation in that family. daaa, ya think it could be related to that mad cow with the same genetic make-up ??? there were literally tons and tons of banned mad cow protein in Alabama in commerce, and none of it transmitted to cows, and the cows to humans there from ??? r i g h t $$$</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in "the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">her healthy calf also carried the mutation (J. A. Richt and S. M. Hall PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000156; 2008).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This raises the possibility that the disease could occasionally be genetic in origin. Indeed, the report of the UK BSE Inquiry in 2000 suggested that the UK epidemic had most likely originated from such a mutation and argued against the scrapierelated assumption. Such rare potential pathogenic PRNP mutations could occur in countries at present considered to be free of BSE, such as Australia and New Zealand. So it is important to maintain strict surveillance for BSE in cattle, with rigorous enforcement of the ruminant feed ban (many countries still feed ruminant proteins to pigs). Removal of specified risk material, such as brain and spinal cord, from cattle at slaughter prevents infected material from entering the human food chain. Routine genetic screening of cattle for PRNP mutations, which is now available, could provide additional data on the risk to the public. Because the point mutation identified in the Alabama animals is identical to that responsible for the commonest type of familial (genetic) CJD in humans, it is possible that the resulting infective prion protein might cross the bovine–human species barrier more easily. Patients with vCJD continue to be identified. The fact that this is happening less often should not lead to relaxation of the controls necessary to prevent future outbreaks.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith Cambridge University Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK e-mail: <a href="mailto:maf12@cam.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:maf12@cam.ac.uk">maf12@cam.ac.uk</a> Jürgen A. Richt College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224B Mosier Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5601, USA</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">NATURE|Vol 457|26 February 2009</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b</a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">> Epidemiological investigations conducted by USDA personnel failed to reveal any evidence of a feed source contaminated with TSE material fed to this animal</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_i%E2%80%8Bssues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525843/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525843/</a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">LMAO!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">REASON</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">______________________________</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">______________________________</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">PRODUCT</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">###</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">###</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">______________________________</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">PRODUCT</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">a) Bulk</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">b) None</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">c) Bulk</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">d) Bulk</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">REASON</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">###</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">___________________________________</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">PRODUCT</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">CODE</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">REASON</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">42,090 lbs.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">WI</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">___________________________________</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">PRODUCT</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">CODE</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">REASON</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">9,997,976 lbs.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">ID and NV</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div></div></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;"><div style="font-family: arial;">MONDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2022</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed Scientists Comments December 20, 2005</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/docket-no-2002n-0273-formerly-docket-no.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/docket-no-2002n-0273-formerly-docket-no.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;">USDA Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/10/usda-transmissible-spongiform.html" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/10/usda-transmissible-spongiform.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;"><div style="font-family: arial;">TUESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Assessing the Potential Transmissibility of Bovine and Cervid Prions with a Human Prion Protein-based Model ARS RESEARCH </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/10/assessing-potential-transmissibility-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/10/assessing-potential-transmissibility-of.html</a></div></div></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </span></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
To the Editor:
In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally..
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex
1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323.
</span></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a><br /></span></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">TUESDAY, APRIL 05, 2022
2022 American Academy of Neurology Emerging Sciences Abstract Website Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014
<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a></span></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">SUNDAY, MAY 08, 2022
USA National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Surveillance Update April 11th, 2022
<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></span></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">SUNDAY, MAY 08, 2022
USA National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Surveillance Update April 11th, 2022
<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></span></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">TUESDAY, MAY 24, 2022
Texas Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD TSE Prion Update Singeltary FOIA Request Received May 23, 2022
<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2022/05/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2022/05/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html</a><br /></span></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">TUESDAY, MAY 10, 2022
Concordance of CSF RT-QuIC across the European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease surveillance network
</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/concordance-of-csf-rt-quic-across.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/concordance-of-csf-rt-quic-across.html</a><br /></span></pre><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></pre></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-5879158849256384402022-10-10T16:12:00.009-05:002022-10-11T11:48:30.325-05:00Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed Scientists Comments December 20, 2005<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed Scientists Comments </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">December 20, 2005</span></p><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''It is our opinion that the proposed rule falls woefully short in effective measures to minimize the potential for further transmissions of the disease.'' </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Posted on Wed, Jan. 04, 2006</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Group: U.S. not protected against mad cow</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">LIBBY QUAID</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Associated Press</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WASHINGTON - Researchers and the nation's No. 1 burger seller say the government is not fully protecting animals or people from mad cow disease. Stronger steps are needed to keep infection from entering the food chain for cattle, the critics wrote in comments to the Food and Drug Administration. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The group includes McDonald's Corp., seven scientists and experts and a pharmaceutical supplier, Serologicals Corp. The government proposed new safeguards two months ago, but researchers said that effort "falls woefully short" and would continue to let cattle eat potentially infected feed, the primary way mad cow disease is spread.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"We do not feel that we can overstate the dangers from the insidious threat from these diseases and the need to control and arrest them to prevent any possibility of spread," the researchers wrote. McDonald's said the risk of exposure to the disease should be reduced to zero, or as close as possible. "It is our opinion that the government can take further action to reduce this risk," wrote company Vice President Dick Crawford. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In people, eating meat or cattle products contaminated with mad cow disease is linked to a rare but fatal nerve disorder, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. No one is known to have contracted the disease in the United States. The disease has turned up in two people who lived in the U.S., but it's believed they were infected in the United Kingdom during an outbreak there in the 1980s and 1990s. The U.S. has found two cases of mad cow disease in cows. Since the first case, confirmed in December 2003 in a Canadian-born cow in Washington state, the government has tested more than half a million of the nation's 95 million cows. The second case was confirmed last June in a Texas-born cow.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"While this surveillance has not uncovered an epidemic, it does not clear the U.S. cattle herd from infection," the researchers said.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The primary firewall against mad cow disease is a ban on using cattle remains in cattle feed, which the U.S. put in place in 1997. However, the feed ban has loopholes that create potential pathways for mad cow disease. For example, using restaurant plate waste is allowed in cattle feed.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Food and Drug Administration proposed in October to tighten the rules, but critics said glaring loopholes would remain. The FDA, which regulates animal feed, accepted public comments on the proposal through last month. An agency spokeswoman said Wednesday it would be inappropriate to respond to those comments. The critics said their biggest concern is that tissue from dead animals would be allowed in the feed chain if brains and spinal cords have been removed. Brains and spinal cords are tissues that can carry mad cow disease. In dead cattle that had the disease, infection had spread beyond brains and spinal cords. Leaving tissue from dead cattle in the feed chain would negate FDA's attempt to strengthen its safeguards, the critics said.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The most effective safeguards, they said, would be to: _Ban from animal feed all tissues considered "specified risk materials" by the Agriculture Department, which requires that such materials be removed from meat that people eat. This includes tissues beyond the brain and spinal cord, such as eyes or part of the small intestine. _Ban the use of dead cattle in animal feed. _Close loopholes allowing plate waste, poultry litter and blood to be fed back to cattle.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Within the meat industry, many say the FDA proposal is effective, although some companies contend new rules are unneeded. The American Meat Institute Foundation, which represents meat processing companies, backs the FDA proposal.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"To take out the most potentially infected material, and that would be brains and spinal cords, that removes about 90 percent of the potential infectivity that is in an animal - if it's infected," said Jim Hodges, AMI Foundation president.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mad cow disease is the common name for bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE, a degenerative nerve disease in cattle. ON THE NET</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Food and Drug Administration: http://www.fda.gov</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">American Meat Institute: http://www.meatami.com/</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.duluthsuperior.com/mld/duluthsuperior/living/health/13549744.htm</span></span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><pre class="prop forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; width: 260px; word-break: break-word;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">BSE LIST SERVE ARCHIVE ON </span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed Scientists Comments December 20, 2005</span></pre><pre class="prop forcewrap" style="font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 260px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;63705ec1.0601&S=" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;63705ec1.0601&S=</a><br /></pre><pre class="prop forcewrap" style="font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 260px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;ca270650.0601&S=" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;ca270650.0601&S=</a></pre><pre class="prop forcewrap" style="font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 260px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;fb548f88.0601&S=" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;fb548f88.0601&S=</a><br /></pre><pre class="prop forcewrap" style="font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 260px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;f5ab4b78.0601&S=" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;f5ab4b78.0601&S=</a><br /></pre><pre class="prop forcewrap" style="font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 260px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;a5235c32.0601&S=" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;a5235c32.0601&S=</a><br /></pre><pre class="prop forcewrap" style="font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 260px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;9d5cf22e.0601&S=" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;9d5cf22e.0601&S=</a><br /></pre><pre class="prop forcewrap" style="font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 260px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;da6fcf1f.0601&S=" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;da6fcf1f.0601&S=</a><br /></pre><pre class="prop forcewrap" style="font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 260px; word-break: break-word;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;283f7694.0601&S=" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;283f7694.0601&S=</a></pre></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">December 20,2005</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Food and Drug Administration</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">5630 Fishers Lane</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Room 1061</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Rockville, MD 20852</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Re: Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dear Sir or Madame:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">As scientists and recognized experts who have worked in the field of TSEs for decades, we are deeply concerned by the recent discoveries of indigenous BSE infected cattle in North America and appreciate the opportunity to submit comments to this very important proposed rule We strongly supported the measures that USDA and FDA implemented to protect public health after the discovery of the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) found in Washington State in 2003. We know of no event or discovery since then that could justify relaxing the existing specified risk material (SRM) and non-ambulatory bans and surveillance that were implemented at that time. Further, we strongly supported the codification of those changes, as well as additional measures to strengthen the entire feed and food system. The discovery of additional cases of indigenous BSE in North America since that time has validated our position and strengthened OUT convictions.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We caution against using the 18 month enhanced surveillance as a justification to relax or impede further actions. While this surveillance has not uncovered an epidemic, it does not clear the US cattle herd from infection. While it is highly likely that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE prior to the 1997 feed ban, we do not know how many cattle were infected or how widely the infection was dispersed. BSE cases are most likely clustered in time and location, so while enhanced surveillance provides an 18 month snapshot, it does not negate the fact that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE. We also do not know in any quantitative or controlled way how effective the feed ban has been, especially at the farm level. At this point we cannot even make a thorough assessment of the USDA surveillance as details such as age, risk category and regional distribution have not been released.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">A number of countries initially attempted to take partial steps in regard to feed controls only to face repeated disappointments in predicted downturns of the epidemic course. We in North America could do this experiment all over again, waiting for each new warning before adding more stringency to our control measures, or we can benefit from the experience of others and take decisive measures now to arrest any further development of underlying cases that is implicit in those already discovered to date. The discovery of 5 indigenous North American cases, including one born after the implementation of the current feed ban, should provide the necessary incentive to implement, monitor and enforce a comprehensive and protective feed ban that is more congruent with the measures that have been proven to be effective throughout the world. In particular, we urge the FDA to act without further delay to strengthen the animal feed regulations by implementing the program proposed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) in the December 11, 2004 Gazette. This includes removing all specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock from all animal feed. We also urge that the FDA discontinues the legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk). Many of these exemptions do not exist in other countries.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine products and byproducts are used for both food and pharmaceuticals. These human uses require the highest level of safety. Because of the hardy nature of the BSE agent and its high potential for cross contamination, the most effective way to protect bovine products and bovine derived materials from contamination by BSE is to ensure that infected animals or carcasses never enter processing plants. The goal would be to discover and remove infected animals fi-om production as early as possible in the infection and long before they would be sent to slaughter. Until we have diagnostic tools powerful enough to allow us to discover the disease early in its prolonged pre-clinical incubation, we have to rely on the next best strategy which is to prevent any exposure through feed. The exemptions in the current ban as well as in the newly proposed rule make this difficult if not impossible, as they still provide legal avenues for ruminants to consume potentially contaminated ruminant protein.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">It is our opinion that the proposed rule falls woefully short in effective measures to minimize the potential for further transmissions of the disease. By the FDA’s own analysis, exempted tissues (such as distal ileum, DRGs, etc) contain approximately 10% of the infectivity in affected animals. Thus the proposed rule still allows the possibility for cattle to be exposed to BSE through:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1. Feeding of materials currently subject to legal exemptions from the ban (e.g., poultry litter, plate waste)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2. Cross feeding (the feeding of non-ruminant rations to ruminants) on farms; and </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3. Cross contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant feed</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We are most concerned that the FDA has chosen to include a provision that would allow tissues from deadstock into the feed chain. We do not believe that down or dead stock should be allowed into the food or feed chain whatever the age of the animal and whether or not the CNS tissues are removed. We do not support the provision to allow removal of brain and spinal cord from deadstock over 30 months for a number of reasons. This category of animals contains the highest level of infectivity and that infectivity is in other tissues besides just brain and spinal cord. Recent improvements in the BSE bioassay, have now made it possible to detect BSE infectivity 1000 time more efficiently than before. This assay has revealed the presence of BSE infectivity in some but not all peripheral nerves and in one muscle. (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005) This published and peer reviewed work is consistent with other publicly reported studies in Japan where, by western blot testing, ,prions were found in the peripheral nerves of a naturally infected 94-month-old cow. We feel that the studies as reported above have merit. The current studies not only re-enforce the risk of down and deadstock but also appear to provide additional information that these animals may be a potential source of greater levels of infectivity into the feed system. We also doubt that brain and spinal cord can be completely removed especially during warmer weather. Given the biological composition of these tissues, they are predisposed to rapid autolysis.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">As world wide surveillance for BSE increases, several atypical cases of bovine TSE have been discovered. These cases either show no clinical signs, or present as ‘downers’, and have an atypical neuropathology with respect to lesion morphology and distribution, causing problems in both clinical and post-mortem diagnosis. The origin of the cases are unclear but they suggest that even should typical BSE be eliminated, there may be other TSE diseases of cattle that could result by “mutation” and selection. Refeeding of contaminated protein could potentially perpetuate transmission much like typical BSE. An effective feed ban could prevent the expansion of such strains. We also note that there are other species which are susceptible to BSE and the current regulations allow for SRMs to be included in feed for these animals.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">For BSE to be perpetuated, the animal production system must have a source of agent and a means by which cattle or other susceptible species are exposed to this agent. We feel that in North America, the source and routes of exposure still exist, hence allowing for the continued recycling of BSE. We have detailed the scientific justifications for our position below.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Source of the agent: SRMs (Specified Risk Materials)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SRMs, as defined by the USDA, are tissues which, in a BSE infected animal, are known to either harbor BSE infectivity or to be closely associated with infectivity. If SRMs are not removed, they may introduce BSE infectivity and continue tq provide a source of animal feed contamination. For example, the skull and vertebral column which encase the brain and spinal cord, respectively, can be assumed to have gross contamination. Rendering will reduce infectivity but it will not totally eliminate it. This is significant as research in the United Kingdom has shown that a calf may be infected with BSE by the ingestion of as little as .001 gram of untreated brain. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The tissue distribution of infectivity in BSE infected cattle has primarily been determined by 3 studies conducted in the United Kingdom all of which had limitations. In two of the studies, bioassays were done in mice which are at least 1000 fold less sensitive to BSE infection than cattle themselves. Only higher titers of infectivity can be detected by this method. These investigations found infectivity in the brain, spinal cord, retina, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, distal ileum and bone marrow (the bone marrow finding was from one animal). Infectivity was found in distal ileum of experimentally infected calves beginning six months after challenge and continuing at other intervals throughout life. (Wells et. al., 1994; 1998). The bioassay study in calves has produced similar results and in addition infectivity has been found in tonsil. The study is still in progress. Another project has found infectivity in the lymphoid tissue of third eyelid from naturally infected animals. (Dr. Danny Matthews, UK DEFRA, personal communication).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">While bioassay in cattle is far preferable to mice in terms of sensitivity, cattle nevertheless present their own limitations in terms of the long incubation time and the limited number of animals that can be used for assay compared to rodents. As a consequence the significance of the negative finding for many tissues is questionable. In fact, by the end of 2004 there was increasing evidence in species other than cattle that peripheral nerves and muscle have infectivity. (Bosque et al., 2002; Glatzel et al., 2003;Bartz et al., 2002; Androletti et al., 2004; Mulcahy et al., 2004; Thomzig et al., 2003; Thomzig et al., 2004)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In some of these species, studies indicate that the agent migrates to the brain and spinal cord, replicates to high levels in the CNS and then spreads centrifugally from the spinal cord back down through the spinal neurons to the junction of the nerves and muscle into the muscle cells themselves. A recent German study (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005) examined nerves and muscle from a cow naturally infected with BSE and found that infectivity was present in several peripheral nerves and one muscle. The method of detection was bioassay in bovinized transgenic mice that show the same or greater sensitivity to transmission of BSE as cattle. This research concurs with findings by Japanese scientists that BSE infectivity is present in peripheral nerves at least in the clinical stage of disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">It is our opinion that there is increasing evidence that the pathogenesis of BSE might not be entirely different from TSEs in other species at the point of clinical disease in that there is peripheral involvement. We feel that the studies as reported above have merit. The current studies not only re-enforce the risk of down and deadstock but also appear to provide additional information that these animals may be a potential source of greater levels of infectivity into the feed system.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the event that FDA may confer with USDA about the risks associated with peripheral nerves we want to point out one issue. In the recent publication of the final rule on the importation of whole cuts of boneless beef from Japan, 9 CFR Part 94 [Docket No. 05- 004-21 RIN 0579-AB93, we disagree with the interpretation provided by USDA, APHIS. APHIS seems to discount the studies conducted by Groschup et al. 2005. on the basis that the transgenic mouse bioassay that they used may be too sensitive. In taking this position they have failed to realize that the point of an assay is to reveal in which tissues the infectivity resides and its relative concentration to brain or spinal cord. For this purpose, no assay can be too sensitive. Of course, the probability of an actual infection will he affected by the efficiency of infection which will be a function of dose, route of exposure and any host barrier effects that are present.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We would also like to point out a factual error in the conclusion. APHIS states, “Given these factors, APHIS has determined that the finding of l3SE infectivity in facial and sciatic nerves of the transgenic mice is nalt directly applicable to cattle naturally infected with BSE. Therefore, we do not consider it necessary to make any adjustments to the risk analysis for this rulemaking or to extend the comment period to solicit additional public comment on this issue.” It is incorrect that the infectivity was found in the peripheral nerves of transgenic mice. The peripheral nerves were harvested from a cow naturally infected with BSE. Transgenic mice were used as a bioassay model.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">From [Docket No. 05-004-21 RIN 0579-AB93:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">“Peripheral Nerves</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Issue: Two commenters stated that the underlying assumption of the proposed rule. that whole cuts of boneless beef from #Japan will not contain tissues that may carry the BSE agent, is no longer valid because researchers have found peripheral nervous system tissues, including facial and sciatic nerves, that contain BSE infectivity. \2\ One of these commenters requested APHIS to explain whether and what additional mitigation measures are needed to reduce the risks that these tissues may be present in Japanese beef. This commenter further requested an additional comment period to obtain public comments to treat this new scientific finding.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">\2\ Bushmann, A., and Groschup, M.; Highly Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy-Sensitive Transgenic Mice Confirm the Essential Restriction of Infectivity to the Nervous System in Clinically Diseased Cattle. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 192: 93442, September 1, 2005.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Response: APHIS is familiar with the results of the study mentioned by the commenters in which mice, genetically engineered to be highly susceptible to BSE and to overexpress the bovine prion protein, were inoculated with tissues from a BSE-infected cow. This study demonstrated low levels of infectivity in the mouse assay in the facial and sciatic nerves of the peripheral nervous system. APHIS has evaluated these findings in the context of the potential occurrence of infectivity in the peripheral nerves of cattle and the corresponding risks of the presence of infectivity in such tissues resulting in cattle or human exposure to the BSE agent. The results from these experiments in genetically engineered mice should be interpreted with caution, as the findings may be influenced by the overexpression of prion proteins and may not accurately predict the natural distribution of BSE infectivity in cattle. Further, the overexpression of prion proteins in transgenic mice may not accurately mimic the natural disease process because the transgenic overexpressing mice have been shown to develop spontaneous lethal neurological disease involving spongiform changes in the brain and muscle degeneration.\3\ In addition, the route of administration to the mice was both intraperitoneal and intracerebral, which are two very efficient routes of infection as compared to oral consumption. Given these factors, APHIS has determined that the finding of BSE infectivity in facial and sciatic nerves of the transgenic mice is not directly applicable to cattle naturally infected with BSE. Therefore, we do not consider it necessary to make any adjustments to the risk analysis for this rulemaking or to extend the comment period to solicit additional public comment on this issue.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Source of the agent: Deadstock</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The total amount of TSE infectivity in a TSE infected animal increases steadily throughout the infection and exponentially once the infectivity reaches the brain. Infected individuals only exhibit recognizable clinical signs once infectivity titers have reached high levels in the brain. Surveillance data collected throughout Europe indicates there is a much greater likelihood for BSE to be detected in dead or down cattle than from healthy normal animals. This has so far also been borne out by the experience in North America. Animals that die of BSE harbor the greatest amount of agent that can be produced by the disease. Leaving the tissues from the highest risk category of cattle in the animal feed chain will effectively nullify the purported intent of this regulation. This point is supported by the 2001 Harvard risk assessment model that demonstrated that eliminating dead and downer, 4D cattle, from the feed stream was a disproportionately effective means of reducing the risk of re-infection.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">“The disposition of cattle thot die on the farm would also have a substantial influence on the spread of BSE if the disease were introduced ” The base case scenario showed that the mean total number of ID50.s (i.e., dosage sufficient to infect 50 percent of exposed cattle) from healthy animals at slaughter presented to the food/feed system was 1500. The mean total number of ID50s from adult cattle deadstock presented to the feed system was 37,000. This illustrates the risk of “4D cattle ” (i.e.. deadstock).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">From the Harvard Risk Assessment, 200 1, Appendix 3A Base Case and Harvard Risk Assessment, 200 1 Executive Summary</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">It is likely that these numbers would have to be adjusted upwards, if the UK attack rate and Groschup data were considered. <br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Inflammation and TSEs</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">There have been 3 recent peer reviewed publications which indicate that chronic inflammatory conditions in a host with a TSE may induce prion replication in, or distribution to organs previously thought to be low or no risk. They are as follows:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1 Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation Specifies the Organ Tropism of Prions (Heikenwalder et. al. 2005 >~xx .sci~:n~c\rpl-css.~~r~/~O .lunuarv 2005/ Parrc l/ &).I 1zois~icllcc.l lOh4hO)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2. Coincident Scrapie Infection and Nephritis Lead to Urinary Priori Excretion (Seeger et al., Science 14 October 2005:Vol. 310. no. 5746, pp. 324 - 326 DOI: lO.l126/science. 1118829)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3. PrPS” in mammary glands of sheep affected by scrapie and mastitis (Ligios C., et al. Nature Medicine, 11. 3 137 - 1138, 2005)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">These studies from the Aguzzi laboratory warn that concurrent chronic inflammatory disease could dramatically alter the distribution of BSE infectivity in infected cattle. Down and dead stock are at higher risk for both BSE and other systemic conditions. If the results reported above are also applicable to cattle, the carcasses of dead and down stock affected by BSE might contain even higher levels of infectivity, or contribute infectivity via tissues thai. are not ordinarily at risk in normal animals. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Exposure: Industry Practices or Exemptions which may pose a risk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Poultry Litter</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the United States poultry litter can be fed to cattle. There are two potential sources of risk from poultry litter. Poultry litter not only consists of digested feed but also of feed which spills from the cages. As a consequence, the practice of feeding litter back to cattle is by its nature non--compliant with the current feed ban if the poultry themselves are being fed ruminant protein. Given that ruminant protein can no longer be fed to ruminants in the United States and that most. if not all. countries will no longer import North American ruminant MBM, an even larger part of poultry diets is now ruminant MBM. Spillage provides a direct link to back to cattle but feces are also likely to contain infectivity.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">There is no reason to expect that TSE infectivity would be inactivated by passage through the poultry gut, and only a slim possibility that composting would reduce infectivity at all. Thus poultry feces are another potential route of transmission back to cattle. Evidence for this comes from rodent experiments where infectivity was demonstrated in the feces after being fed: “Laboratory experiments show that mice orally challenged with scrapie have detectable infectivity that passes through the gut. Gut contents and fecal matter may therefore contain infectivity, and it is noted that in experimental oral challenges in cattle conducted in the UK, feces must be treated as a medical waste for one month following the challenge. It is concluded that digestive contents and fecal material from livestock or poultry currently being fed with MBM potentially contaminated with BSE should not be used as a feed ingredient for animal feed.” [Proceedings: Joint WHO/FAO/OIE/ Technical Consultation on BSE: public health, animal health and trade. Paris, lo-14 June 2001; and Alan Dickinson, personal communication]. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">It may be possible to remove the risk from poultry litter by sterilization. However, unless or until a method can be developed and validated, poultry litter should be banned from ruminant feed.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Ruminant Blood</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In contrast with humans, sheep, monkeys, mice and hamsters, including sheep and mice infected with BSE and humans infected with vCJD considered identical to BSE, no infectivity has so far been demonstrated in the blood of BSE infected cattle. However, we consider it unlikely that cattle are the sole outlier to what has been a consistent finding in all other TSE diseases where the measurement has been made with sufficient sensitivity to detect the low levels of infectivity that are present in blood. Rather, this failure is more likely the result of the very small volumes of blood that were used for the inoculations (less than 1 ml), whereas whole transfusions were administered to assay animals in the published .sheep scrapie/BSE experiments. If blood is infected then all vascularized tissues can bc expected to contain some infectivity in proportion to the content of residual blood..</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Micro emboli are a possible source of blood-borne agent that could be at much higher titer than blood itself, in slaughtered cattle carrying BSE infection. Stunning can release micro emboli of brain tissue into the circulatory system from where they can be distributed to other tissues in the few moments before the exsanguination and death. (Anil, et al, 2001a & b; Anil et al, 2002; Love, et al, 2000). This source of infection could extend a higher infectivity risk to tissues that would otherwise be at low risk, thereby allowing exposure of cattle through any of the legal exemptions and potentially producing a feed and food risk. Blood-borne contamination may be a special problem where spray-dried blood is being used as a milk replacer for calves, as it is thought that young animals are especially susceptible to infection.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Certainly, blood and blood proteins should not be used as feed without conclusive evidence that they are safe.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Unfiltered Tallow</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Ruminant tallow is exempted from the current feed ban. Tallow contains protein impurities (i.e. MBM) that could be a source of TSE infectivity. There are no impurity level requirements for this tallow. It has been reported that it is standard practice to produce tallow which has an impurity level of .15% or below, but it is not clear that this is fully adequate to remove the risk of transmission and there is no requirement to meet even this standard. We urge that protein contaminants be excluded from tallow and that SRMs also be removed. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Plate Waste</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Plate waste is not limited to meat (muscle tissue). For example, cuts that include a portion of the spinal cord or that are contaminated by cord or ganglia during preparation could contain high levels of infectivity if derived from a TSE infected animal late in the preclinical stage of infection. At best this material would only be exposed to normal cooking temperatures. USDA, APHIS experience with the Swine Health Protection Act has revealed that plate waste also includes uncooked trimmings and bones. Although the current FDA regulation requires the plate waste be treated again, there are no specifications which would render a TSE agent inactive. Of greatest risk would be any bovine source of infectivity but also sheep scrapie, although not known to be a risk for human consumption, is one of the possible origins of BSE. The sheep scrapie agent is known to be widely dispersed including relatively high titers in lymphoid as well as nervous tissue. We support the USDA’s opposition to the exemption of “plate waste” as stated in written comments since 1997.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Exposure: Cross Feeding and Cross Contamination</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The UK epidemiology has clearly shown that BSE contaminated feed is the primary if not sole vehicle for the transmission of BSE between cattle. Moreover, results from the United Kingdom’s attack: rate study indicate that it does not take much exposure to transmit BSE to cattle. Recent results from the attack rate study which is still in progress have found that .1 g of brain transmitted BSE by the oral route to 3 cows out of 15 thus far, and .01 and .001 gr of brain have transmitted BSE (1 cow out of 15). (Danny Matthews, DEFRA presentation at TAFS meeting, Washington, DC April 2004). Rendering may reduce infectivity but it does not eliminate it. (Taylor et al, 1995; Taylor et al, 1997; Schreuder et al, 1998). Given that BSE can be transmitted to cattle via an oral route with just .001 gram of infected tissue, it may not take much infectivity to contaminate feed and keep the disease recycling. This is especially true in countries like the US and Canada which do not have dedicated lines and equipment to manufacture and process feed for ruminants and non-ruminants.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In addition, epidemiological investigations in European countries have shown that cross feeding and cross contamination on farm can be a significant vehicle for continued BSE transmission even after feed bans are well established. Cross feeding is the practice of feeding meal for poultry or pigs or pet food (which can legally contain ruminant MBM) to cattle on the same farm. This is usually due to simple human error or negligence. (Hoinville, 1994; Hoinville et al, 1995; Doherr et al, 2002% Stevenson et al, 2000) FDA, CVM reports that compliance with the existing feed ban is high. For the most part this does not include the compliance level on the farm. There are hundreds of thousands of farms in the US. Many of these have multiple species- That is, they raise cattle, pigs, chickens etc., on the same premises. The sheer numbers of farms make it very difficult to assure compliance on farm and to adequately cover all farms by inspection- Even if the rendering industry and feed industry can maintain 100% compliance at their facilities, if a producer inadvertently feeds chicken feed containing bovine MBM to their cattle, they negate a perfect compliance rate higher in the chain. Recent data from the Harvard BSE risk assessment suggest that the level of misfeeding on farms plays a significant role in the ability of the agent to recycle. In fact George Gray, principal investigator for the study, stated that if, in the United States, misfeeding were to occur at a level of 15%, the RO would be over 1, indicating that the BSE level would not be declining. (George Gray presentation at the Meeting on BSE Prevention in North America: An Analysis of the Science and Risk; January 27,2005, Washington, DC.)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The May 2003 Canadian BSE case illustrates the difficulty of on farm enforcement and its serious ramifications. The BSE positive cow was rendered and the MBM distributed to various locations. Two of these locations were poultry farms which mixed their own feed. The farms also had cattle. The subsequent investigation could not eliminate the possibility that the cattle had been fed the same feed as the poultry. The cattle on these farms were completely depopulated.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Human error is extremely difficult to prevent, and managing the risk through enforcement is problematical when confronted with the extreme logistical challenges of on farm monitoring. By eliminating the highest risk materials (SRMs and deadstock) which could introduce infectivity into the feed stream, the MBM resulting from processing becomes inherently safer. If mistakes are then made on farm, they no longer contribute to the recycling of BSE.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Exposure: Susceptibility of other Species</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Felines</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy has been diagnosed in eight species of captive wild ruminants as well as exotic felines (cheetahs, pumas, a tiger and an ocelot) and domestic cats (Wyatt 1991). There have been over 80 domestic cat cases of Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy (FSE) in Great Britain, and cats in Norway, Northern Ireland, Lichtenstein and Switzerland. The agent isolated from several of these cases is indistinguishable from BSE in cattle using strain typing in mice, suggesting that FSE is actually BSE in exotic and domestic cats. Epidemiological evidence suggests BSE contaminated feed to be the probable source of infection in these species. (MAFF Progress Report, June 1997), thus providing additional supporting evidence for the dangers of BSE contaminated feed and reinforcing the necessity of removing all sources of potential contamination from the feed stream</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Other species</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Studies conducted at the National Institutes of Health Rocky Mountain Laboratory caution against assuming that animals which do not become clinically ill are not infected. It is unknown if certain animals may become carriers, i.e., become infected, shed agent but do not progress to clinical disease. Infection of certain rodent species with different TSE strains suggests the possibility of a carrier state (Race and Chesebro, 1998; Race et. al, 2001, Race et al., 2002). In the more recent studies, mice were inoculated with 263K hamster scrapie. There was a prolonged period (approximately one year) where there was no evidence of replication of infectivity. Furthermore, there was no evidence of PrPres during this phase of inactive persistence, which was followed by a period of active replication of infectivity and agent adaptation. In most cases, PrPres was not detected in the active phase as well. It is important to determine if this persistence and adaptation occurs in other species exposed to TSEs as it may have significance in feeding programs which continually expose other species to BSE infectivity. For example, if BSE infected brain and spinal cord are continually fed to certain species, it may be possible for the agent to persist and adapt in these new species. Over time, the ‘resistant’ species may become a source of agent. The results of Race and colleagues, warns that an inactive persistent phase might not produce detectable PrPres, yet there would be infectivity (Race et. al., 2001).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Pigs displayed evidence of TSE infection after exposure to BSE by 3 distinct parenteral routes. Evidence of infectivity was found in the CNS, stomach, intestine and pancreas (Dawson et. al., 1990). CIral transmission has also been attempted in swine, but after an observation period of 84 months there was neither clinical nor pathological evidence of infection (Dawson et. al., 1990). Parenteral and oral transmission has also been attempted in chickens with no evidence of disease. Tissues from the BSE-challenged pigs and chickens were inoculated into susceptible mice to look for residual infectivity, but to date none has been found. In both instances the detection sensitivity was limited by the use of mice for bioassay instead of same species transmissions into cattle (or pigs and chickens).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">If any of these scenarios played out and inapparent infections became established in commercial species, those species could become reservoirs for reinfection of cattle and perpetuation or reintroduction of the epidemic. We also do not know if atypical cases of BSE are more pathogenic for other species and if chronic inflammation may influence the susceptibility of other species. We offer these possibilities to re-enforce the need to eliminate all possible sources of infectivity from the feed stream.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In January 2005, the European Union announced that BSE had been confirmed in a goat in France illustrating that the disease can be naturally transmitted to one of the small ruminants. The potential ramifications of this and the logistical challenges associated with controlling BSE in sheep or goats also provides a justification for removing SRMs from all animal feed. Although these species are covered under the current regulations the cross contamination and cross feeding aspects stated for cattle are applicable. The need to remove high risk material from all animal feed is also supported by other bodies with expertise in the field of TSEs:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued the following recommendations for countries with BSE or those where a known exposure exists:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">No part or product of any animal which has shown signs of a TSE should enter any food chain (human or animal). In particular:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">All countries must ensure the killing and safe disposal of all parts or products of such animals so that TSE infectivity cannot enter any food chain.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Countries should not permit tissues that are likely to contain the BSE agent to enter any food chain (human or animal).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">From the report of a WHO Consultation on Public Health Issues related to Human and Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies WHO/EMC/DIS 96.147, Geneva, 2-3 April 1996.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Office of International Epizooties OIE<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">The OIE is recommending that a list of SRMs which include brain, spinal cord, eyes, skull and vertebral column be removed from preparations used for food, feed, fertilizer, etc. If these tissues should not be traded we feel that they should not be used in domestic products either.</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE Code Article 2.3.13.18</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">“From cattle, originating from a country or zone with a minimal BSE risk, that were at the time of slaughter over 30 months of age, the following commodities, and any commodity contaminated by them, should not be traded for the preparation of Food, feed, fertilizers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals including biologicals, or medical devices: brains, eyes and spinal cord, skull, vertebral column and derived protein products. Food, feed, fertilizers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals or medical devices prepared using these commodities should also not be traded.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In conclusion we urge the: FDA to implement, monitor and enforce a comprehensive and protective feed ban that is more congruent with the measures that have been proven to be effective in other countries that have experienced BSE. We do not feel that we can overstate the dangers from the insidious threat from these diseases and the need to control and arrest them to prevent any possibility of spread.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We also wish to emphasize that as scientists who have dedicated substantive portions of our careers to defining the risks from TSEs as well as developing strategies for managing those risks, we are confident that technical solutions will be found for many of the challenges posed by these diseases. Thus, we urge the FDA to frame its regulations in terms that allow for the future use of any banned material if it can be proven safe for a given application. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Signatories:</div><div><br /></div><div>Paul W. Brown, M.D. Medical Director, USPH[S, and Senior Investigator, NIH (retired) Consultant, TSE Risk Management 78 15 Exeter Rd. Bethesda, MD 208 14 Fax 301-652-43 12 Email: paLII\\ hr-c~~~rl~~/‘~c)m~as~.rlct -----</div><div><br /></div><div>Neil R Cashman MD Professor, Department 0-C Medicine (Neurology) Diener Chair of Neurode:generaGve Diseases Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases 6 Queen’s Park Crescent West Toronto Ontario M5S3H2 Ph: 416-978-1875 Fax: 4 16-978- 1878 e-mail: neil.cashman@utoronto.ca</div><div><br /></div><div>Linda A. Detwiler, DVM Consultant, TSE Risk Management 225 Hwy 35 Red Bank, NJ 07701 Ph 732-74 l-2290 Fax 732-741-775 1 Email: l.~\Vc~92’rr’ac,l.c0111.</div><div><br /></div><div>Laura Manuelidis, MD Professor and Head of Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Faculty of Neurosciences Yale Medical School 333 Cedar St. New Haven, CT 065 10 email: I~IL~ra.~~~ar~clclirli~~~~~~alc.cdi~ Tel: 203-785-4442</div><div><br /></div><div>Jason C. Bar-k, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Creighton University 2500 California Plaza Omaha, NE 68178 (402) 280- 18 11 voice (402) 280-l 875 fax jbartz@creighton .edu</div><div><br /></div><div>Robert B. Petersen, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Pathology and Neuroscience Case Western Reserve University 5- 123 Wolstein 13~1ilding 2 103 Cornell Road Cleveland, OH 44 106-26122 Phone 216-368-6709 FAX 360-838-9226 Email rhp~,-c\\~~.c~!t~ Robert G. Rohwer, Ph.D. Director, Molecular Neurovirology Laboratory Veterans Affairs Medicall Center Medical Research Service 151 Assoc. Professor of Neurology School of Medicine University of Maryland ;at Baltimore 10 N. Greene St. Baltimore, MD 21201 ph. 4 1 O-605-7000 x6462 Fax 4 1 o-605-7959 email: rrohwer@maryland.edu</div><div><br /></div><div>REFERENCES </div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Signatories: ...snip...see full text with references and submitters names;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA PROPOSED RULE DECEMBER 20, 2005</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091106182858/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000490-vol40.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20091106182858/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000490-vol40.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>December 20, 2005</div><div><br /></div><div>Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305) Food and Drug Administration</div><div><br /></div><div>5630 Fishers Lane</div><div><br /></div><div>Room 1061</div><div><br /></div><div>Rockville, MD 20852</div><div><br /></div><div>Re: Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273)</div><div><br /></div><div>Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed</div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Sir or Madame:</div><div><br /></div><div>As scientists and recognized experts who have worked in the field of TSEs for decades, we are deeply concerned by the recent discoveries of indigenous BSE infected cattle in North America and appreciate the opportunity to submit comments to this very important proposed rule We strongly supported the measures that USDA and FDA implemented to protect public health after the discovery of the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) found in Washington State in 2003. We know of no event or discovery since then that could justify relaxing the existing specified risk material (SRM) and non-ambulatory bans and surveillance that were implemented at that time. Further, we strongly supported the codification of those changes, as well as additional measures to strengthen the entire feed and food system. The discovery of additional cases of indigenous BSE in North America since that time has validated our position and strengthened our convictions.</div><div><br /></div><div>We caution against using the 18 month enhanced surveillance as a justification to relax or impede further actions. While this surveillance has not uncovered an epidemic, it does not clear the US cattle herd from infection. While it is highly likely that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE prior to the 1997 feed ban, we do not know how many cattle were infected or how widely the infection was dispersed. BSE cases are most likely clustered in time and location, so while enhanced surveillance provides an 18 month snapshot, it does not negate the fact that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE. We also do not know in any quantitative or controlled way how effective the feed ban has been, especially at the farm level. At this point we cannot even make a thorough assessment of the USDA surveillance as details such as age, risk category and regional distribution have not been released.</div><div><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152959/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-EC244-Attach-1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152959/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-EC244-Attach-1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>9 December 2005</div><div><br /></div><div>Division of Dockets Management (RFA-305)</div><div><br /></div><div>Food and Drug Administration</div><div><br /></div><div>5630 Fishers Lane</div><div><br /></div><div>Room 1061</div><div><br /></div><div>Rockville, MD 20852</div><div><br /></div><div>Re: Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273)</div><div><br /></div><div>Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed</div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Sir or Madame:</div><div><br /></div><div>Serologicals Corporation is a global provider of biological products to life science companies. The Company’s products are essential for the research, development and manufacturing of biologically based diagnostic, pharmaceutical and biological products. customers include many of the leading research institutions, diagnostic and pharmaceutical companies throughout the world. The Company’s products and technologies are used in a wide variety of applications within the areas of neurobiology, cell signaling, oncology, angiogenesis, apoptosis, developmental biology, cellular physiology, hematology, immunology, cardiology, infectious diseases and molecular biology.</div><div><br /></div><div>A number of our products are derived from bovine blood or other bovine tissues sourced in the United States, hence the overall health of the national herd is extremely important to our company as well as to our customers and their patients. Some of our bovine based products are used in the manufacture of vaccines and drugs for humans, hence it is critical that all measures are taken to assure these are safe and free from disease especially Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). The most effective way to insure this is to create a system which processes cattle that are BSE free. As a company there are a number of precautions that we can take by our strict specifications but many of the needed precautions require the force of federal regulation, hence we appreciate the opportunity to submit comments to this very important proposed rule.</div><div><br /></div><div>After the identification of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in indigenous North American cattle, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) responded rapidly to implement measures to protect public health in regard to food. Our company recognizes and supports the importance of the current feed ban which went into effect in August 1997. However, given what is known about the epidemiology and characteristically long incubation period of BSE, we urge </div><div><br /></div><div>Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305) Page 2 9 December 2005</div><div><br /></div><div>the FDA to act without further delay and implement additional measures which will reduce the risk of BSE recycling in the US cattle herd.</div><div><br /></div><div>We feel that for the FDA to provide a more comprehensive and protective feed ban, specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock must be removed from all animal feed and that legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk) should be discontinued.</div><div><br /></div><div>SRMs, as defined by the USDA, are tissues which, in a BSE infected animal, are known to either harbor BSE infectivity or to be closely associated with infectivity. If SRMs are not removed, they may introduce BSE infectivity and continue to provide a source of animal feed contamination. Rendering will reduce infectivity but it will not totally eliminate it. This is significant as research in the United Kingdom has shown that a calf may be infected with BSE by the ingestion of as little as .OOl gram of untreated brain.</div><div><br /></div><div>The current proposed rule falls short of this and would still leave a potential source of infectivity in the system. In fact by the FDA’s own statement the exempted tissues which are known to have infectivity (such as distal ileum, DRGs, etc) would cumulatively amount to 10% of the infectivity in an infected animal, This proposed rule would still allow for the possibility that cattle could be exposed to BSE through:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Feeding of materials currently subject to legal exemptions from the ban (e.g., poultry litter, plate waste)</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Cross feeding (the feeding of non-ruminant rations to ruminants) on farms; and</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Cross contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant feed</div><div><br /></div><div>We are most concerned that the FDA has chosen to include a provision which would allow tissues from deadstock into the feed chain. We do not support the provision to allow the removal of brain and spinal cord from down and deadstock over 30 months of age for several reasons. These are the animals with the highest level of infectivity in tissues which include more than brain and spinal cord. We do not feel that there can be adequate removal and enforcement of this regulation especially during warmer weather. In addition there is emerging information that at end stage disease, infectivity may also be included in additionai tissues such as peripheral nerves (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005).</div><div><br /></div><div>Leaving the tissues from these cattle in the animal feed chain will effectively nullify the intent of this regulation. This point is illustrated by the 2001 Harvard risk assessment model which demonstrated that eliminating dead and downer, 4D cattle, from the feed stream was a disproportionately effective means of reducing the risk of re-infection “The disposition of c&e that die on the farm would also have a substantial influence on the spread of BSE if the disease were in traduced. ” The base case scenario showed that the mean total number ofID.50~ (i.e., dosage sufficient to infect SO percent of exposed cattte) from healthy animals at slaughter presented to the food/feed system was 1500, The mean total number of ID.50.s from adult cattle </div><div><br /></div><div>Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305) Page 3 9 December 2005</div><div><br /></div><div>deadstock presented to the feed system was 37,000. deadstock).</div><div><br /></div><div>This illustrates the risk of “4D cattle” (i.e., Deadstock).</div><div><br /></div><div>From the Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001, Appendix 3A Base Case and Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001 Executive Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>Serologicals and companies like ours which supply components of drugs and biologicals have a responsibility to the manufacturers of these products, the medical community and their patients as well as regulatory agencies throughout the world to provide the safest products as possible. Since there is no test for BSE in live cattle or for product, the regulatory agencies throughout the world expect us to reduce or eliminate risk via sourcing criteria, These parameters may include but not be limited to country of origin, herd of origin, age of the animal, etc. The United States is no longer a country with negligible risk, hence individual animal criteria has become more important. In fact other Centers of the FDA have stated that more attention should be given to sourcing from herds likely to be a source of BSE free animals. The exemptions in the current ban as well as in the newly proposed rule make this difficult if not impossible as there are still legal avenues for ruminants to consume potentially contaminated ruminant protein. In addition, the USDA still has not implemented a system of identification and traceability.</div><div><br /></div><div>Serologicals urges agencies of the US government to work with academia and industry on research in the following areas:</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods to inactivate TSEs agents which then may allow a product to be used and even fed to animals without risk</div><div><br /></div><div>Alternative uses for animal byproducts which would maintain value</div><div><br /></div><div>Serologicals will continue to work with the FDA and other government agencies to implement a strong BSE risk control program, Serologicals would like to reiterate our opinion that for the FDA to provide a more comprehensive and protective feed ban, specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock must be removed from all animal feed and that legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk) should be discontinued. Thank you for the opportunity to submit these comments to the public record.</div><div><br /></div><div>Respectfully, SEROLOGICALS CORPORATION James J. Kramer, Ph.D. Vice President, Corporate Operations </div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: #dddd99; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small;">9 December 2005 Division of Dockets Management (RFA-305)</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;" /><span style="background-color: #dddd99; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small;">SEROLOGICALS CORPORATION James J. Kramer, Ph.D. Vice President, Corporate Operations</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;" /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000383-01-vol35.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #999966; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000383-01-vol35.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;" /><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000490-vol40.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #999966; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000490-vol40.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Subject: SV: McDonald's Corp. seven scientists and experts and a pharmaceutical supplier Seriologicals Corp. U.S. NOT PROTECTED AGAINST MAD COW DISEASE </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">From: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Karin Irgens <Karin.Irgens@MATTILSYNET.NO> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Reply To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@LISTS.AEGEE.ORG> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Date: Thu, 12 Jan 2006 16:54:12 +0100 Content-Type: text/plain Parts/Attachments: text/plain (8651 lines) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Hello Terry</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Do you have the link for this text from 7 scientists ?</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Best regards, Karin </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">-----Opprinnelig melding-----</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Fra: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [mailto:BSE-L@aegee.org] På vegne av Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Sendt: 11. januar 2006 19:31</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Til: BSE-L@aegee.org</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Emne: Re: McDonald's Corp. seven scientists and experts and a pharmaceutical supplier Seriologicals Corp. U.S. NOT PROTECTED AGAINST MAD COW DISEASE</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Subject: Re: McDonald's Corp. seven scientists and experts and a pharmaceutical supplier Seriologicals Corp. U.S. NOT PROTECTED AGAINST MAD COW DISEASE</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Date: January 11, 2006 at 9:27 am PST</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">December 19, 2005 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Food and Drug Administration</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">5630 Fishers Lane</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Room 1061 Rockville, MD 20852</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Re: Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Dear Sir or Madame:</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The McDonalds Corporation buys more beef than any other restaurant in the United States. It is essential for our customers and our company that the beef has the highest level of safety. Concerning BSE, the most effective way to insure this is to create a system that processes cattle that are not exposed to the disease. As a company we take numerous precautions via our strict specifications to help and assure this, however we feel that the force of federal regulation is important to ensure that the risk of exposure in the entire production system is reduced to as close to zero as possible. The exemptions in the current ban as well as in the newly proposed rule make this difficult if not impossible, as there are still legal avenues for ruminants to consume potentially contaminated ruminant protein. In addition, the USDA still has not implemented a system of identification and traceability. It is our opinion that the government can take further action to reduce this risk and appreciate the opportunity to submit comments to this very important proposed rule.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">After the identification of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in indigenous North American cattle, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) responded rapidly to implement measures to protect public health in regard to food. Our company recognizes and supports the importance of the current feed ban which went into effect in August 1997. However, given what is known about the epidemiology and characteristically long incubation period of BSE, we urge the FDA to act without further delay and implement additional measures which will reduce the risk of BSE recycling in the US cattle herd. We caution against using the 18 month enhanced surveillance as a justification to relax or impede further actions. While this surveillance indicates an epidemic is not underway, it does not clear the US cattle herd from infection. The positive cases indicate probable exposure prior to the 1997 feed ban, a time when BSE appears to have been circulating in animal feed. BSE cases are most likely clustered in time and location, so while enhanced surveillance provides an 18 month snapshot, it does not negate the fact that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE and that the current feed controls contain “leaks”.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">We feel that for the FDA to provide a more comprehensive and protective feed ban, specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock must be removed from all animal feed and that legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk) should be discontinued.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">SRMs, as defined by the USDA, are tissues which, in a BSE infected animal, are known to either harbor BSE infectivity or to be closely associated with infectivity. If SRMs are not removed, they may introduce BSE infectivity and continue to provide a source of animal feed contamination. Rendering will reduce infectivity but it will not totally eliminate it. This is significant, as research in the United Kingdom has shown that a calf may be infected with BSE by the ingestion of as little as .001 gram of untreated brain.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The current proposed rule falls short of this and would still leave a potential source of infectivity in the system. In fact by the FDA’s own statement the exempted tissues which are known to have infectivity (such as distal ileum, DRGs, etc) would cumulatively amount to approximately 10% of the infectivity in an infected animal. Leaving approximately 10% of the infectious tissues in the system is not good enough. The proposed rule still allows the possibility for cattle to be exposed to BSE through:</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Feeding of materials currently subject to legal exemptions from the ban (e.g., poultry litter, plate waste) Cross feeding (the feeding of non-ruminant rations to ruminants) on farms; and Cross contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant feed</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">We are most concerned that the FDA has chosen to include a provision that would allow tissues from deadstock into the feed chain. We do not support the provision to allow the removal of brain and spinal cord from down and deadstock over 30 months of age for several reasons. These are the animals with the highest level of infectivity in tissues which include more than brain and spinal cord. Firstly, there are two issues regarding the complex logistics of this option. We do not feel that it is possible to have adequate removal especially during the warmer months. In addition, we do not feel that there are adequate means to enforce complete removal. Unlike slaughterhouses, there are no government inspectors at rendering plants or deadstock collection points.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Most importantly, there is emerging information that at end stage disease (a natural BSE case); infectivity may also be included in additional tissues such as peripheral nerves (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005 – see attached). This published work supports publicly reported studies in Japan where by western blot testing, prions have been found in the peripheral nerves of a naturally infected 94-month-old cow. If this is the case, the amount of infectivity left in the system from an infected bovine would surpass 10% and the full extent is still unknown.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">McDonalds has convened it own International Scientific Advisory Committee (ISAC) as well as co-sponsored a symposium of TSE scientists on the issue of tissue distribution. The consensus of both groups was that the pathogenesis of BSE might not be entirely different from TSEs in other species at the point where the animal is showing signs of the disease. These scientists feel that the studies as reported above have merit. The current studies not only re-enforce the risk of down and deadstock but also appear to provide additional information that these animals may be a potential source of greater levels of infectivity into the feed system. Hence, we suggest that the FDA consult with TSE scientists as well.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Leaving the tissues from the highest risk category of cattle in the animal feed chain will effectively nullify the intent of this regulation. This point is illustrated by the 2001 Harvard risk assessment model that demonstrated that eliminating dead and downer, 4D cattle, from the feed stream was a disproportionately effective means of reducing the risk of re-infection.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">“The disposition of cattle that die on the farm would also have a substantial influence on the spread of BSE if the disease were introduced.” The base case scenario showed that the mean total number of ID50s (i.e., dosage sufficient to infect 50 percent of exposed cattle) from healthy animals at slaughter presented to the food/feed system was 1500. The mean total number of ID50s from adult cattle deadstock presented to the feed system was 37,000. This illustrates the risk of “4D cattle” (i.e., deadstock). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">From the Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001, Appendix 3A Base Case and Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001 Executive Summary</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">McDonalds also urges agencies of the US government to work with academia and industry on research in the following areas:</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">· Methods to inactivate TSEs agents which then may allow a product to be used and even fed to animals without risk</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">· Alternative uses for animal byproducts which would maintain some value</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In July 2004, McDonalds in cooperation with others sponsored a meeting at Penn State. The purpose of the meeting was to review work conducted by Dr. Bruce Miller looking at the feasibility of using carcasses and animal byproducts as renewable alternatives to fossil fuels in large energy generating boilers. A number of government representatives were also invited to this meeting. We are aware that Dr. Miller continues this work which shows great promise. We suggest that the FDA explore the possibility of this alternative use that may also have a positive impact on the environment.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The McDonalds Corporation will continue to work with the FDA and other government agencies to implement a strong BSE risk control program. We would like to reiterate our opinion that for the FDA to provide a more comprehensive and protective feed ban, specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock must be removed from all animal feed and that legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk) should be discontinued. Thank you for the opportunity to submit these comments to the public record. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Respectfully,</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Dick Crawford</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Corporate Vice President, Government Relations </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">dick.crawford@mcd.com </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">===========================================================================</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">December 20, 2005</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Food and Drug Administration</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">5630 Fishers Lane</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Room 1061</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Rockville, MD 20852 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Re: Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Dear Sir or Madame:</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">As scientists and recognized experts who have worked in the field of TSEs for decades, we are deeply concerned by the recent discoveries of indigenous BSE infected cattle in North America and appreciate the opportunity to submit comments to this very important proposed rule We strongly supported the measures that USDA and FDA implemented to protect public health after the discovery of the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) found in Washington State in 2003. We know of no event or discovery since then that could justify relaxing the existing specified risk material (SRM) and non-ambulatory bans and surveillance that were implemented at that time. Further, we strongly supported the codification of those changes, as well as additional measures to strengthen the entire feed and food system. The discovery of additional cases of indigenous BSE in North America since that time has validated our position and strengthened our convictions.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">We caution against using the 18 month enhanced surveillance as a justification to relax or impede further actions. While this surveillance has not uncovered an epidemic, it does not clear the US cattle herd from infection. While it is highly likely that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE prior to the 1997 feed ban, we do not know how many cattle were infected or how widely the infection was dispersed. BSE cases are most likely clustered in time and location, so while enhanced surveillance provides an 18 month snapshot, it does not negate the fact that US and Canadian cattle were exposed to BSE. We also do not know in any quantitative or controlled way how effective the feed ban has been, especially at the farm level. At this point we cannot even make a thorough assessment of the USDA surveillance as details such as age, risk category and regional distribution have not been released. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">A number of countries initially attempted to take partial steps in regard to feed controls only to face repeated disappointments in predicted downturns of the epidemic course. We in North America could do this experiment all over again, waiting for each new warning before adding more stringency to our control measures, or we can benefit from the experience of others and take decisive measures now to arrest any further development of underlying cases that is implicit in those already discovered to date.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The discovery of 5 indigenous North American cases, including one born after the implementation of the current feed ban, should provide the necessary incentive to implement, monitor and enforce a comprehensive and protective feed ban that is more congruent with the measures that have been proven to be effective throughout the world. In particular, we urge the FDA to act without further delay to strengthen the animal feed regulations by implementing the program proposed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) in the December 11, 2004 Gazette. This includes removing all specified risk materials (SRMs) and deadstock from all animal feed. We also urge that the FDA discontinues the legal exemptions which allow ruminant protein to be fed back to ruminants (with the exception of milk). Many of these exemptions do not exist in other countries. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Bovine products and byproducts are used for both food and pharmaceuticals. These human uses require the highest level of safety. Because of the hardy nature of the BSE agent and its high potential for cross contamination, the most effective way to protect bovine products and bovine derived materials from contamination by BSE is to ensure that infected animals or carcasses never enter processing plants. The goal would be to discover and remove infected animals from production as early as possible in the infection and long before they would be sent to slaughter. Until we have diagnostic tools powerful enough to allow us to discover the disease early in its prolonged pre-clinical incubation, we have to rely on the next best strategy which is to prevent any exposure through feed. The exemptions in the current ban as well as in the newly proposed rule make this difficult if not impossible, as they still provide legal avenues for ruminants to consume potentially contaminated ruminant protein. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">It is our opinion that the proposed rule falls woefully short in effective measures to minimize the potential for further transmissions of the disease. By the FDA’s own analysis, exempted tissues (such as distal ileum, DRGs, etc) contain approximately 10% of the infectivity in affected animals. Thus the proposed rule still allows the possibility for cattle to be exposed to BSE through: </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">1. Feeding of materials currently subject to legal exemptions from the ban (e.g., poultry litter, plate waste)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">2. Cross feeding (the feeding of non-ruminant rations to ruminants) on farms; and</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">3. Cross contamination of ruminant and non-ruminant feed </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">We are most concerned that the FDA has chosen to include a provision that would allow tissues from deadstock into the feed chain. We do not believe that down or dead stock should be allowed into the food or feed chain whatever the age of the animal and whether or not the CNS tissues are removed. We do not support the provision to allow removal of brain and spinal cord from deadstock over 30 months for a number of reasons. [RR1] This category of animals contains the highest level of infectivity and that infectivity is in other tissues besides just brain and spinal cord. Recent improvements in the BSE bioassay, have now made it possible to detect BSE infectivity 1000 time more efficiently than before. This assay has revealed the presence of BSE infectivity in some but not all peripheral nerves and in one muscle. (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005) This published and peer reviewed work is consistent with other publicly reported studies in Japan where, by western blot testing, prions were found in the peripheral nerves of a naturally infected 94-month-old cow. We feel that the studies as reported above have merit. The current studies not only re-enforce the risk of down and deadstock but also appear to provide additional information that these animals may be a potential source of greater levels of infectivity into the feed system. We also doubt that brain and spinal cord can be completely removed especially during warmer weather. Given the biological composition of these tissues, they are predisposed to rapid autolysis. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">As world wide surveillance for BSE increases, several atypical cases of bovine TSE have been discovered. These cases either show no clinical signs, or present as ‘downers’, and have an atypical neuropathology with respect to lesion morphology and distribution, causing problems in both clinical and post-mortem diagnosis. The origin of the cases are unclear but they suggest that even should typical BSE be eliminated, there may be other TSE diseases of cattle that could result by “mutation” and selection. Refeeding of contaminated protein could potentially perpetuate transmission much like typical BSE. An effective feed ban could prevent the expansion of such strains. We also note that there are other species which are susceptible to BSE and the current regulations allow for SRMs to be included in feed for these animals. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> For BSE to be perpetuated, the animal production system must have a source of agent and a means by which cattle or other susceptible species are exposed to this agent. We feel that in North America, the source and routes of exposure still exist, hence allowing for the continued recycling of BSE. We have detailed the scientific justifications for our position below.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Source of the agent: SRMs (Specified Risk Materials) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">SRMs, as defined by the USDA, are tissues which, in a BSE infected animal, are known to either harbor BSE infectivity or to be closely associated with infectivity. If SRMs are not removed, they may introduce BSE infectivity and continue to provide a source of animal feed contamination. For example, the skull and vertebral column which encase the brain and spinal cord, respectively, can be assumed to have gross contamination. Rendering will reduce infectivity but it will not totally eliminate it. This is significant as research in the United Kingdom has shown that a calf may be infected with BSE by the ingestion of as little as .001 gram of untreated brain. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The tissue distribution of infectivity in BSE infected cattle has primarily been determined by 3 studies conducted in the United Kingdom all of which had limitations. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In two of the studies, bioassays were done in mice which are at least 1000 fold less sensitive to BSE infection than cattle themselves. Only higher titers of infectivity can be detected by this method. These investigations found infectivity in the brain, spinal cord, retina, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, distal ileum and bone marrow (the bone marrow finding was from one animal). Infectivity was found in distal ileum of experimentally infected calves beginning six months after challenge and continuing at other intervals throughout life. (Wells et. al., 1994; 1998). The bioassay study in calves has produced similar results and in addition infectivity has been found in tonsil. The study is still in progress. Another project has found infectivity in the lymphoid tissue of third eyelid from naturally infected animals. (Dr. Danny Matthews, UK DEFRA, personal communication). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">While bioassay in cattle is far preferable to mice in terms of sensitivity, cattle nevertheless present their own limitations in terms of the long incubation time and the limited number of animals that can be used for assay compared to rodents. As a consequence the significance of the negative finding for many tissues is questionable. In fact, by the end of 2004 there was increasing evidence in species other than cattle that peripheral nerves and muscle have infectivity. (Bosque et al., 2002; Glatzel et al., 2003;Bartz et al., 2002; Androletti et al., 2004; Mulcahy et al., 2004; Thomzig et al., 2003; Thomzig et al., 2004) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In some of these species, studies indicate that the agent migrates to the brain and spinal cord, replicates to high levels in the CNS and then spreads centrifugally from the spinal cord back down through the spinal neurons to the junction of the nerves and muscle into the muscle cells themselves. A recent German study (Buschmann and Groschup, 2005) examined nerves and muscle from a cow naturally infected with BSE and found that infectivity was present in several peripheral nerves and one muscle. The method of detection was bioassay in bovinized transgenic mice that show the same or greater sensitivity to transmission of BSE as cattle. This research concurs with findings by Japanese scientists that BSE infectivity is present in peripheral nerves at least in the clinical stage of disease. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">It is our opinion that there is increasing evidence that the pathogenesis of BSE might not be entirely different from TSEs in other species at the point of clinical disease in that there is peripheral involvement. We feel that the studies as reported above have merit. The current studies not only re-enforce the risk of down and deadstock but also appear to provide additional information that these animals may be a potential source of greater levels of infectivity into the feed system. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In the event that FDA may confer with USDA about the risks associated with peripheral nerves we want to point out one issue. In the recent publication of the final rule on the importation of whole cuts of boneless beef from Japan, 9 CFR Part 94 [Docket No. 05-004-2] RIN 0579-AB93, we disagree with the interpretation provided by USDA, APHIS. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> APHIS seems to discount the studies conducted by Groschup et al. 2005. on the basis that the transgenic mouse bioassay that they used may be too sensitive. In taking this position they have failed to realize that the point of an assay is to reveal in which tissues the infectivity resides and its relative concentration to brain or spinal cord. For this purpose, no assay can be too sensitive. Of course, the probability of an actual infection will be affected by the efficiency of infection which will be a function of dose, route of exposure and any host barrier effects that are present. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">We would also like to point out a factual error in the conclusion. APHIS states, “Given these factors, APHIS has determined that the finding of BSE infectivity in facial and sciatic nerves of the transgenic mice is not directly applicable to cattle naturally infected with BSE. Therefore, we do not consider it necessary to make any adjustments to the risk analysis for this rulemaking or to extend the comment period to solicit additional public comment on this issue.” It is incorrect that the infectivity was found in the peripheral nerves of transgenic mice. The peripheral nerves were harvested from a cow naturally infected with BSE. Transgenic mice were used as a bioassay model. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> From [Docket No. 05-004-2] RIN 0579-AB93[RR2] : </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">“Peripheral Nerves</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Issue: Two commenters stated that the underlying assumption of the proposed rule, that whole cuts of boneless beef from Japan will not contain tissues that may carry the BSE agent, is no longer valid because researchers have found peripheral nervous system tissues, including facial and sciatic nerves, that contain BSE infectivity.\2\ One of these commenters requested APHIS to explain whether and what additional mitigation measures are needed to reduce the risks that these tissues may be present in Japanese beef. This commenter further requested an additional comment period to obtain public comments to treat this new scientific finding. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">\2\ Bushmann, A., and Groschup, M.; Highly Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy-Sensitive Transgenic Mice Confirm the Essential Restriction of Infectivity to the Nervous System in Clinically Diseased Cattle. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 192: 934-42, September 1, 2005. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Response: APHIS is familiar with the results of the study mentioned by the commenters in which mice, genetically engineered to be highly susceptible to BSE and to overexpress the bovine prion protein, were inoculated with tissues from a BSE-infected cow. This study demonstrated low levels of infectivity in the mouse assay in the facial and sciatic nerves of the peripheral nervous system. APHIS has evaluated these findings in the context of the potential occurrence of infectivity in the peripheral nerves of cattle and the corresponding risks of the presence of infectivity in such tissues resulting in cattle or human exposure to the BSE agent. The results from these experiments in genetically engineered mice should be interpreted with caution, as the findings may be influenced by the overexpression of prion proteins and may not accurately predict the natural distribution of BSE infectivity in cattle. Further, the overexpression of prion proteins in transgenic mice may not accurately mimic the natural disease process because the transgenic overexpressing mice have been shown to develop spontaneous lethal neurological disease involving spongiform changes in the brain and muscle degeneration.\3\ In addition, the route of administration to the mice was both intraperitoneal and intracerebral, which are two very efficient routes of infection as compared to oral consumption. Given these factors, APHIS has determined that the finding of BSE infectivity in facial and sciatic nerves of the transgenic mice is not directly applicable to cattle naturally infected with BSE. Therefore, we do not consider it necessary to make any adjustments to the risk analysis for this rulemaking or to extend the comment period to solicit additional public comment on this issue.” </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Source of the agent: Deadstock </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The total amount of TSE infectivity in a TSE infected animal increases steadily throughout the infection and exponentially once the infectivity reaches the brain. Infected individuals only exhibit recognizable clinical signs once infectivity titers have reached high levels in the brain. Surveillance data collected throughout Europe indicates there is a much greater likelihood for BSE to be detected in dead or down cattle than from healthy normal animals. This has so far also been borne out by the experience in North America. Animals that die of BSE harbor the greatest amount of agent that can be produced by the disease. Leaving the tissues from the highest risk category of cattle in the animal feed chain will effectively nullify the purported intent of this regulation. This point is supported by the 2001 Harvard risk assessment model that demonstrated that eliminating dead and downer, 4D cattle, from the feed stream was a disproportionately effective means of reducing the risk of re-infection. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">“The disposition of cattle that die on the farm would also have a substantial influence on the spread of BSE if the disease were introduced.” The base case scenario showed that the mean total number of ID50s (i.e., dosage sufficient to infect 50 percent of exposed cattle) from healthy animals at slaughter presented to the food/feed system was 1500. The mean total number of ID50s from adult cattle deadstock presented to the feed system was 37,000. This illustrates the risk of “4D cattle” (i.e., deadstock). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">From the Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001, Appendix 3A Base Case and Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001 Executive Summary </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">It is likely that these numbers would have to be adjusted upwards, if the UK attack rate and Groschup data were considered. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Inflammation and TSEs </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">There have been 3 recent peer reviewed publications which indicate that chronic inflammatory conditions in a host with a TSE may induce prion replication in, or distribution to organs previously thought to be low or no risk. They are as follows: </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation Specifies the Organ Tropism of Prions (Heikenwalder et. al. 2005 www.sciencexpress.org/20 January 2005/ Page 1/ 10.1126/science.1106460) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">2. Coincident Scrapie Infection and Nephritis Lead to Urinary Prion Excretion (Seeger et al., Science 14 October 2005:Vol. 310. no. 5746, pp. 324 – 326 DOI: 10.1126/science.1118829) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">3. PrPsc in mammary glands of sheep affected by scrapie and mastitis (Ligios C., et al. Nature Medicine, 11. 1137 – 1138, 2005) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">These studies from the Aguzzi laboratory warn that concurrent chronic inflammatory disease could dramatically alter the distribution of BSE infectivity in infected cattle. Down and dead stock are at higher risk for both BSE and other systemic conditions. If the results reported above are also applicable to cattle, the carcasses of dead and down stock affected by BSE might contain even higher levels of infectivity, or contribute infectivity via tissues that are not ordinarily at risk in normal animals. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Exposure: Industry Practices or Exemptions which may pose a risk </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Poultry Litter </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In the United States poultry litter can be fed to cattle. There are two potential sources of risk from poultry litter. Poultry litter not only consists of digested feed but also of feed which spills from the cages. As a consequence, the practice of feeding litter back to cattle is by its nature non-compliant with the current feed ban if the poultry themselves are being fed ruminant protein. Given that ruminant protein can no longer be fed to ruminants in the United States and that most, if not all, countries will no longer import North American ruminant MBM, an even larger part of poultry diets is now ruminant MBM. Spillage provides a direct link to back to cattle but feces are also likely to contain infectivity. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">There is no reason to expect that TSE infectivity would be inactivated by passage through the poultry gut, and only a slim possibility that composting would reduce infectivity at all. Thus poultry feces are another potential route of transmission back to cattle. Evidence for this comes from rodent experiments where infectivity was demonstrated in the feces after being fed: “Laboratory experiments show that mice orally challenged with scrapie have detectable infectivity that passes through the gut. Gut contents and fecal matter may therefore contain infectivity, and it is noted that in experimental oral challenges in cattle conducted in the UK, feces must be treated as medical waste for one month following the challenge. It is concluded that digestive contents and fecal material from livestock or poultry currently being fed with MBM potentially contaminated with BSE should not be used as a feed ingredient for animal feed.” [Proceedings: Joint WHO/FAO/OIE/ Technical Consultation on BSE: public health, animal health and trade. Paris, 10-14 June 2001; and Alan Dickinson, personal communication]. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">It may be possible to remove the risk from poultry litter by sterilization. However, unless or until a method can be developed and validated, poultry litter should be banned from ruminant feed. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Ruminant Blood </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In contrast with humans, sheep, monkeys, mice and hamsters, including sheep and mice infected with BSE and humans infected with vCJD considered identical to BSE, no infectivity has so far been demonstrated in the blood of BSE infected cattle. However, we consider it unlikely that cattle are the sole outlier to what has been a consistent finding in all other TSE diseases where the measurement has been made with sufficient sensitivity to detect the low levels of infectivity that are present in blood. Rather, this failure is more likely the result of the very small volumes of blood that were used for the inoculations (less than 1 ml), whereas whole transfusions were administered to assay animals in the published sheep scrapie/BSE experiments. If blood is infected then all vascularized tissues can be expected to contain some infectivity in proportion to the content of residual blood. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Micro emboli are a possible source of blood-borne agent that could be at much higher titer than blood itself, in slaughtered cattle carrying BSE infection. Stunning can release micro emboli of brain tissue into the circulatory system from where they can be distributed to other tissues in the few moments before the exsanguination and death. (Anil, et al, 2001a & b; Anil et al, 2002; Love, et al, 2000). This source of infection could extend a higher infectivity risk to tissues that would otherwise be at low risk, thereby allowing exposure of cattle through any of the legal exemptions and potentially producing a feed and food risk. Blood-borne contamination may be a special problem where spray-dried blood is being used as a milk replacer for calves, as it is thought that young animals are especially susceptible to infection. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Certainly, blood and blood proteins should not be used as feed without conclusive evidence that they are safe. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Unfiltered Tallow </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Ruminant tallow is exempted from the current feed ban. Tallow contains protein impurities (i.e. MBM) that could be a source of TSE infectivity. There are no impurity level requirements for this tallow. It has been reported that it is standard practice to produce tallow which has an impurity level of .15% or below, but it is not clear that this is fully adequate to remove the risk of transmission and there is no requirement to meet even this standard. We urge that protein contaminants be excluded from tallow and that SRMs also be removed. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Plate Waste </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Plate waste is not limited to meat (muscle tissue). For example, cuts that include a portion of the spinal cord or that are contaminated by cord or ganglia during preparation could contain high levels of infectivity if derived from a TSE infected animal late in the preclinical stage of infection. At best this material would only be exposed to normal cooking temperatures. USDA, APHIS experience with the Swine Health Protection Act has revealed that plate waste also includes uncooked trimmings and bones. Although the current FDA regulation requires the plate waste be treated again, there are no specifications which would render a TSE agent inactive. Of greatest risk would be any bovine source of infectivity but also sheep scrapie, although not known to be a risk for human consumption, is one of the possible origins of BSE. The sheep scrapie agent is known to be widely dispersed including relatively high titers in lymphoid as well as nervous tissue. We support the USDA’s opposition to the exemption of “plate waste” as stated in written comments since 1997. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Exposure: Cross Feeding and Cross Contamination </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The UK epidemiology has clearly shown that BSE contaminated feed is the primary if not sole vehicle for the transmission of BSE between cattle. Moreover, results from the United Kingdom’s attack rate study indicate that it does not take much exposure to transmit BSE to cattle. Recent results from the attack rate study which is still in progress have found that .1 g of brain transmitted BSE by the oral route to 3 cows out of 15 thus far, and .01 and .001gr of brain have transmitted BSE (1 cow out of 15). (Danny Matthews, DEFRA presentation at TAFS meeting, Washington, DC April 2004). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Rendering may reduce infectivity but it does not eliminate it. (Taylor et al, 1995; Taylor et al, 1997; Schreuder et al, 1998). Given that BSE can be transmitted to cattle via an oral route with just .001 gram of infected tissue, it may not take much infectivity to contaminate feed and keep the disease recycling. This is especially true in countries like the US and Canada which do not have dedicated lines and equipment to manufacture and process feed for ruminants and non-ruminants. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In addition, epidemiological investigations in European countries have shown that cross feeding and cross contamination on farm can be a significant vehicle for continued BSE transmission even after feed bans are well established. Cross feeding is the practice of feeding meal for poultry or pigs or pet food (which can legally contain ruminant MBM) to cattle on the same farm. This is usually due to simple human error or negligence. (Hoinville, 1994; Hoinville et al, 1995; Doherr et al, 2002a; Stevenson et al, 2000) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> FDA, CVM reports that compliance with the existing feed ban is high. For the most part this does not include the compliance level on the farm. There are hundreds of thousands of farms in the US. Many of these have multiple species. That is, they raise cattle, pigs, chickens etc., on the same premises. The sheer numbers of farms make it very difficult to assure compliance on farm and to adequately cover all farms by inspection. Even if the rendering industry and feed industry can maintain 100% compliance at their facilities, if a producer inadvertently feeds chicken feed containing bovine MBM to their cattle, they negate a perfect compliance rate higher in the chain. Recent data from the Harvard BSE risk assessment suggest that the level of misfeeding on farms plays a significant role in the ability of the agent to recycle. In fact George Gray, principal investigator for the study, stated that if, in the United States, misfeeding were to occur at a level of 15%, the R0 would be over 1, indicating that the BSE level would not be declining. (George Gray presentation at the Meeting on BSE Prevention in North America: An Analysis of the Science and Risk; January 27, 2005, Washington, DC.) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The May 2003 Canadian BSE case illustrates the difficulty of on farm enforcement and its serious ramifications. The BSE positive cow was rendered and the MBM distributed to various locations. Two of these locations were poultry farms which mixed their own feed. The farms also had cattle. The subsequent investigation could not eliminate the possibility that the cattle had been fed the same feed as the poultry. The cattle on these farms were completely depopulated. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Human error is extremely difficult to prevent, and managing the risk through enforcement is problematical when confronted with the extreme logistical challenges of on farm monitoring. By eliminating the highest risk materials (SRMs and deadstock) which could introduce infectivity into the feed stream, the MBM resulting from processing becomes inherently safer. If mistakes are then made on farm, they no longer contribute to the recycling of BSE. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Exposure: Susceptibility of other Species </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Felines </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy has been diagnosed in eight species of captive wild ruminants as well as exotic felines (cheetahs, pumas, a tiger and an ocelot) and domestic cats (Wyatt 1991). There have been over 80 domestic cat cases of Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy (FSE) in Great Britain, and cats in Norway, Northern Ireland, Lichtenstein and Switzerland. The agent isolated from several of these cases is indistinguishable from BSE in cattle using strain typing in mice, suggesting that FSE is actually BSE in exotic and domestic cats. Epidemiological evidence suggests BSE contaminated feed to be the probable source of infection in these species. (MAFF Progress Report, June 1997), thus providing additional supporting evidence for the dangers of BSE contaminated feed and reinforcing the necessity of removing all sources of potential contamination from the feed stream. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Other species </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Studies conducted at the National Institutes of Health Rocky Mountain Laboratory caution against assuming that animals which do not become clinically ill are not infected. It is unknown if certain animals may become carriers, i.e., become infected, shed agent but do not progress to clinical disease. Infection of certain rodent species with different TSE strains suggests the possibility of a carrier state (Race and Chesebro, 1998; Race et. al, 2001, Race et al., 2002). In the more recent studies, mice were inoculated with 263K hamster scrapie. There was a prolonged period (approximately one year) where there was no evidence of replication of infectivity. Furthermore, there was no evidence of PrPres during this phase of inactive persistence, which was followed by a period of active replication of infectivity and agent adaptation. In most cases, PrPres was not detected in the active phase as well. It is important to determine if this persistence and adaptation occurs in other species exposed to TSEs as it may have significance in feeding programs which continually expose other species to BSE infectivity. For example, if BSE infected brain and spinal cord are continually fed to certain species, it may be possible for the agent to persist and adapt in these new species. Over time, the ‘resistant’ species may become a source of agent. The results of Race and colleagues, warns that an inactive persistent phase might not produce detectable PrPres, yet there would be infectivity (Race et. al., 2001). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Pigs displayed evidence of TSE infection after exposure to BSE by 3 distinct parenteral routes. Evidence of infectivity was found in the CNS, stomach, intestine and pancreas (Dawson et. al., 1990). Oral transmission has also been attempted in swine, but after an observation period of 84 months there was neither clinical nor pathological evidence of infection (Dawson et. al., 1990). Parenteral and oral transmission has also been attempted in chickens with no evidence of disease. Tissues from the BSE-challenged pigs and chickens were inoculated into susceptible mice to look for residual infectivity, but to date none has been found. In both instances the detection sensitivity was limited by the use of mice for bioassay instead of same species transmissions into cattle (or pigs and chickens). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> If any of these scenarios played out and inapparent infections became established in commercial species, those species could become reservoirs for reinfection of cattle and perpetuation or reintroduction of the epidemic. We also do not know if atypical cases of BSE are more pathogenic for other species and if chronic inflammation may influence the susceptibility of other species. We offer these possibilities to reinforce the need to eliminate all possible sources of infectivity from the feed stream. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In January 2005, the European Union announced that BSE had been confirmed in a goat in France illustrating that the disease can be naturally transmitted to one of the small ruminants. The potential ramifications of this and the logistical challenges associated with controlling BSE in sheep or goats also provides a justification for removing SRMs from all animal feed. Although these species are covered under the current regulations the cross contamination and cross feeding aspects stated for cattle are applicable. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The need to remove high risk material from all animal feed is also supported by other bodies with expertise in the field of TSEs: </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued the following recommendations for countries with BSE or those where a known exposure exists: </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">· No part or product of any animal which has shown signs of a TSE should enter any food chain (human or animal). In particular:</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">o All countries must ensure the killing and safe disposal of all parts or products of such animals so that TSE infectivity cannot enter any food chain.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">o Countries should not permit tissues that are likely to contain the BSE agent to enter any food chain (human or animal). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">From the report of a WHO Consultation on Public Health Issues related to Human and Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies WHO/EMC/DIS 96.147, Geneva, 2-3 April 1996. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Office of International Epizooties (OIE) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The OIE is recommending that a list of SRMs which include brain, spinal cord, eyes, skull and vertebral column be removed from preparations used for food, feed, fertilizer, etc. If these tissues should not be traded we feel that they should not be used in domestic products either.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">BSE Code Article 2.3.13.18</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">“From cattle, originating from a country or zone with a minimal BSE risk, that were at the time of slaughter over 30 months of age, the following commodities, and any commodity contaminated by them, should not be traded for the preparation of food, feed, fertilizers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals including biologicals, or medical devices: brains, eyes and spinal cord, skull, vertebral column and derived protein products. Food, feed, fertilizers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals or medical devices prepared using these commodities should also not be traded.” </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Conclusion </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In conclusion we urge the FDA to implement, monitor and enforce a comprehensive and protective feed ban that is more congruent with the measures that have been proven to be effective in other countries that have experienced BSE. We do not feel that we can overstate the dangers from the insidious threat from these diseases and the need to control and arrest them to prevent any possibility of spread. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">We also wish to emphasize that as scientists who have dedicated substantive portions of our careers to defining the risks from TSEs as well as developing strategies for managing those risks, we are confident that technical solutions will be found for many of the challenges posed by these diseases. Thus, we urge the FDA to frame its regulations in terms that allow for the future use of any banned material if it can be proven safe for a given application. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Signatories: </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Paul W. Brown, M.D.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Medical Director, USPHS, and Senior Investigator, NIH (retired)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Consultant, TSE Risk Management</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Email: paulwbrown@comcast.net </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Neil R. Cashman MD Professor, Department of Medicine (Neurology) Diener Chair of Neurodegenerative Diseases Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases 6 Queen's Park Crescent West Toronto Ontario M5S3H2 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">e-mail: neil.cashman@utoronto.ca </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Linda A. Detwiler, DVM Consultant, TSE Risk Management</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Email: LAVet22@aol.com </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Laura Manuelidis, MD</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Professor and Head of Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Faculty of Neurosciences Yale Medical School</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx email: laura.manuelidis@yale.edu xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Jason C. Bartz, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Creighton University 2500 California Plaza Omaha, NE 68178 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">jbartz@creighton.edu </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Robert B. Petersen, Ph.D.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Associate Professor of Pathology and Neuroscience</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Case Western Reserve University</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">5-123 Wolstein Building</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">2103 Cornell Road</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Cleveland, OH 44106-2622</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Email rbp@cwru.edu </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Robert G. Rohwer, Ph.D. Director, Molecular Neurovirology Laboratory Veterans Affairs Medical Center Medical Research Service 151 Assoc. Professor of Neurology School of Medicine University of Maryland at Baltimore 10 N. Greene St. Baltimore, MD 21201 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">email: rrohwer@umaryland.edu </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">REFERENCES </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Andreoletti O, Simon S, Lacroux C, Morel N, Tabouret G, Chabert A, Lugan S, Corbiere F, Ferre P, Foucras G, Laude H, Eychenne F, Grassi J, Schelcher F. PrPSc accumulation in myocytes from sheep incubating natural scrapie. Nat Med. 2004 Jun;10(6):591-3. Epub 2004 May 23. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Anil,M.H.; Love,S.; Helps,C.R.; McKinstry,J.L.; Brown,S.N.; Philips,A.; Williams,S.; Shand,A.; Bakirel,T.; Harbour,D.A. - Jugular venous emboli of brain tissue induced in sheep by the use of captive bolt guns - Veterinary Record 2001 May 19; 148: 619-20 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Anil,M.H.; Harbour,D.A. - Current stunning and slaughter methods in cattle and sheep. 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Rec., 130, 90-94. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Wilesmith, J. W., Wells, G. A. H., Ryan, J. B. M., Gavier-Widen, D., & Simmons, M. M. (1997) A cohort study to examine maternally associated risk factors for bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet. Rec., 141, 239-243. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Wells G.A.H., Dawson M., Hawkins, S.A.C., Green R. B., Dexter I., Francis M. E., Simmons M. M., Austin A. R., & Horigan M. W. (1994) Infectivity in the ileum of cattle challenged orally with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet. Rec., 135, 40-41. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Wells G.A.H., Hawkins, S.A.C., Green R. B., Austin A. R., Dexter I., Spencer, Y. I., Chaplin, M. J., Stack, M. J., & Dawson, M. (1998) Preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): an update. Vet. Rec., 142, 103-106.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Wyatt. J. M. et al. 1991. Naturally occurring scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy in five domestic cats. Veterinary Record. 129. 233. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">[RR1] I am not sure of the point here. If they are going to use dead stock then certainly they should at a minimum remove the CNS tissue but rather I would think the point should be that we don’t want them using dead stock with or without the CNS included.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">[RR2]I am not sure that the actual text of the CFR is still required to make the point. However, I am glad I had it to verify the original argument. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">=========================================================================== </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Dockets Entered on December 22, 2005 2005D-0330, Guidance for Industry and FDA Review Staff on Collection of Platelets by Automated ... EC 203, McDonald's Restaurants Corporation, Vol #:, 34 ... </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/05/Dec05/122205/122205.htm</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090711225814/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC203.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20090711225814/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC203.htm</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">[Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirement for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">03-025IFA 03-025IFA-2 Terry S. Singeltary </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Page 1 of 17</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Sent: Thursday, September 08, 2005 6:17 PM</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">To: fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Subject: [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Greetings FSIS,</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">I would kindly like to submit the following to [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">THE BSE/TSE SUB CLINICAL Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Broken bones and such may be the first signs of a sub clinical BSE/TSE Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle ;</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">snip...FULL TEXT ; </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><br /></div><div>2002N-0273 Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed </div><div><br /></div><div>FDA Comment Number : EC240 </div><div><br /></div><div>Submitter : Mr. Masahiro Mori Date & Time: 01/04/2006 05:01:26 </div><div><br /></div><div>Organization : Embassy of Japan </div><div><br /></div><div>Category : International Government </div><div><br /></div><div>Issue Areas/Comments </div><div><br /></div><div>GENERAL </div><div><br /></div><div>Comments of Japan on the United States? WTO/SPS Notification (G/ <a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/2020-07/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/2020-07/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a> SPS/N/USA/1141)</div><div><br /></div><div>The Government of Japan welcomes the opportunity to comment on the United States? notification (G/SPS/N/USA/1141) on substances prohibited from use in Animal food or feed.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Food safety risk assessment related to the import of beef and beef offal from the U.S.A. and Canada by the Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSC) was completed on December 8, 2005. Regarding the feed ban, the following was noted as an addendum to the conclusion on the risk assessment report of FSC:</div><div><br /></div><div>To prevent BSE exposure and amplification in U.S.A and Canada, the use of SRM must be prohibited completely. The ban must be applied not only to cattle feed but also to all other animal food/feed that may cause cross-contamination.?</div><div><br /></div><div>To accomplish the effectively enforced feed ban requested in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code (CHAPTER 2.3.13, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), whole SRM should be excluded as high risk material from animal feed chain as the above-mentioned addendum points out. The U.S. Government should also carry out continuous BSE surveillance sufficient to verify the efficacy of U.S. feed ban and make necessary revision of its feed regulations on a basis of its results.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Government of Japan would like to request that the U.S. Government take account of the above comments in implementing its animal food and feed regulations. </div><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120128115225/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC240.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20120128115225/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC240.htm</a><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;" /><span style="background-color: #dddd99; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small;">Embassy of Japan </span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC240.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #999966; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02N-0273-EC240.</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110827211303/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000383-01-vol35.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110827211303/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02n0273/02n-0273-c000383-01-vol35.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Singeltary Comment <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273)</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><div>MY comments/questions are as follows ;</div><div><br /></div><div>1. SINCE the first Harvard BSE Risk Assessment was so flawed and fraught with error after the PEER REVIEW assessment assessed this fact, how do you plan on stopping this from happening again, will there be another peer review with top TSE Scientist, an impartial jury so-to-speak, to assess this new and updated Harvard BSE/TSE risk assessment and will this assessment include the Atypical TSE and SRM issues ?</div><div><br /></div><div>*** Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002 *** </div><div><br /></div><div>http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</div><div><br /></div><div>2. WITH A RECENT NATION WIDE MAD COW FEED BAN RECALL in the past few months that consisted of some 10,878.06 TONS, then another Mad Cow feed ban warning letter in May, IT should seem prudent to ask why our feed bans continue to fail in 2006, and continue to fail today ? </div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text; </div></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Singeltary Full Comments Submissions;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090419033608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090419033608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090424070455/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090424070455/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Linda A. Detwiler, DVM</div><div><br /></div><div>225 Hwy 35</div><div><br /></div><div>Red Bank, New Jersey 07701 cf</div><div><br /></div><div>Phone: 732-741-2290 LZ</div><div><br /></div><div>Cell: 732-580-9391 l,</div><div><br /></div><div>Fax: 732-741-7751 </div><div><br /></div><div>May 7, 2004</div><div><br /></div><div>FSIS Docket Clerk 03-025IF</div><div><br /></div><div>U.S. Department of Agriculture 03-025IF-634 Food Safety and Inspection Service Linda A. Detwiler</div><div><br /></div><div>300 12th Street, SW. Room 102 Cotton Annex Washington, DC 20250</div><div><br /></div><div>RE: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Food Safety and Inspection Service</div><div><br /></div><div>9 CFR Parts 301, 309, 310, 311, 313, 318, 319 and 320</div><div><br /></div><div>Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle; Meat Produced by Advanced Meat/Bone Separation Machinery and Meat Recovery (AMR) Systems; Prohibition of the Use of Certain Stunning Devices Used To Immobilize Cattle During Slaughter; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div><div><br /></div><div>The USDA is to be commended for taking the much needed actions outlined in the interim final rules. Current evidence indicates that the risk to humans from BSE is extremely low. However, these actions are essential for the further protection of public health in the United States as the detection of the Canadian case of BSE in May 2003, provided evidence that the BSE agent had indeed been introduced into the North American cattle production system. USDA must continue to monitor new scientific findings as well as other world events and adjust the regulations accordingly.</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket Number 01-033IF: Prohibition of the Use of Certain Stunning Devices Used To Immobilize Cattle During Slaughter</div><div><br /></div><div>I am in full support of the prohibition of all devices which may cause the release of brain macro- emboli into the circulatory system of stunned cattle. Given there has been consistent evidence that stunning methods utilizing air-injection have resulted in the circulation of macro-emboli from Central Nervous System (CNS) tissue, USDA should make this interim final rule permanent. (Garland, et al, 1996; personal observation) Docket Number 03-025IF: Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of Nonambulatory Disabled Cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Specified Risk Materials (SRMs)</div><div><br /></div><div>Lam in full support of the interim final rule which prohibits SRMs from being included in food for human consumption. In addition to the list of tissues published in this rule, I am requesting that additional tissues be added to the list. These would include the dura (“sheath”) covering the spinal cord and the entire intestine (from pylorus to rectum). The scientific justification is provided below. These SRMs should also be prohibited from ANY FDA regulated food or product intended for human consumption, including but not limited to flavorings, extracts, etc.</div><div><br /></div><div>Evidence from the United Kingdom indicates that BSE is the most likely cause of the vCJD (Will et al., 1996). The UK’s Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC) concluded that although there was no direct scientific evidence of a link between BSE and vCJD, based on current data and in the absence of any credible alternative, the most likely explanation at that time was that the cases were linked to exposure to BSE before the introduction of control measures, in particular, the specified bovine offal (SBO) ban in 1989. Given that it has been postulated that one of the most likely routes of exposure is through the consumption of meat contaminated with infected CNS tissue (Will, 1999), SRM bans are one of the most important measures for the protection of human health.</div><div><br /></div><div>The list of tissues to be considered by USDA as SRM includes those bovine tissues where actual infectivity has been identified (based on the research outlined below) or tissues which have a close association to the infected tissues.</div><div><br /></div><div>A study was conducted to examine the pathogenesis of BSE in cattle, i.e. the replication (tissue distribution) of the agent during the incubation period. This study first identified the agent via mouse bioassay in the distal ileum of the experimentally infected calves. It is thought that the agent may be associated with the lymphoid tissue of the intestines. The calves were four months of age at the time of oral dosing. First isolation of the agent in the distal ileum was made at six months after challenge. Subsequent isolations from the distal ileum were made at ten, 14 and 18 months after dosing. (Wells et. al., 1994) This study has also identified infectivity in spinal cord, brain, dorsal root ganglia, and trigeminal ganglia beginning at 32 months post challenge. (Wells, et. al. 1998). The study was repeated using calves as the bioassay model. Results of the calf bioassay study are very similar to the mouse bioassays. However, this study has also identified apparently low levels of infectivity in tonsil (Update of the Opinion on TSE Infectivity Distribution in Ruminant Tissues adopted by the EU Scientific Steering Committee on November 7-9, 2002). Lymphoid tissue of the 3" eyelid from naturally infected cattle has also demonstrated a low level of infectivity (Presentation by Danny Matthews, UK VLA at the TAFS Workshop, Washington, DC; April 6, 2004). The calf bioassay study is still in progress.</div><div><br /></div><div>It should be pointed out that the data on the distribution of BSE infectivity in the bovine was derived primarily from 2 studies, one of which has not been completed. The studies conducted are very logistically challenging and expensive. Not every tissue could undergo bioassay. Some tissues were assumed to have a risk due to a close association or the identification of PrPres and are considered as SRM. Such is the case with dura and the remaining sections of intestine.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dura</div><div><br /></div><div>Dura was harvested but not tested in the pathogenesis study. Its close association with the brain and spinal cord and the documented evidence of its role in the human to human transmission of ' Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) has prompted scientists to designate bovine dura as a high risk tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dura may become separated from the vertebral column during the fabrication process allowing the possibility that it be included in ground beef products or contaminate surfaces where deboning occurs. | recommend that USDA amend the definition of SRM to include dura and that it be removed along with spinal cord on the kill floor.</div><div><br /></div><div>Intestine</div><div><br /></div><div>The scenario described above is essentially true for the intestine. Infectivity was readily detectable in the distal ileum of cattle infected with BSE. While certain additional sections of the intestine were tested with no infectivity identified, not every section of the intestine was included in the bioassays. Positive immunostaining for PrPres was identified along the length of the intestine providing evidence for the entire intestine to be considered as SRM per EU regulations. (personal communication Danny Matthews, UK, VLA). The International Advisory Committee appointed by Secretary Veneman also recommended that the SRM ban in the US be amended to the entire intestine from duodenum to rectum. I recommend that the USDA adjust the definition of SRM to include the entire intestine from duodenum to rectum.</div><div><br /></div><div>The removal of SRMs to protect public health is also supported by the WHO and the Harvard Risk Assessment.</div><div><br /></div><div>The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued the following recommendations for countries with BSE or those where a known exposure exists:</div><div><br /></div><div>"No part or product of any animal which has shown signs of a TSE should enter any food chain (human or animal). In particular:</div><div><br /></div><div>- All countries must ensure the killing and safe disposal of all parts or products of such animals so that TSE infectivity cannot enter any food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div>- Countries should not permit tissues that are likely to contain the BSE agent to enter any food chain (human or animal)</div><div><br /></div><div>citation:</div><div><br /></div><div>Report of a WHO Consultation on Public Health Issues related to Human and Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies WHO/EMC/DIS 96.147 Geneva 2-3 April 1996</div><div><br /></div><div>The Harvard Study also made recommendations similar to the WHO, “Our evaluation of potential risk mitigation actions highlights potential measures to further reduce the already low likelihood that BSE could spread to cattle or contaminate human food if it were to arise...... Implementation of a UK-style ban on specified risk material (e.g., spinal cords, brains, vertebral columns) from both human food and animal feed reduces the predicted number of BSE cases in cattle by 80% and the potential human exposure by 95%.”</div><div><br /></div><div>Cross contamination between SRMs and edible tissue can add risk to products intended for human consumption. Therefore, USDA, FSIS is urged to assure that each slaughterplant which processes cattle have systems in place which prevent cross contamination between edible tissue and SRMs. This should include separate equipment, such as knives, blades, etc where appropriate and utilize effective (for TSE agents) disinfection procedures for equipment used to handle SRMs.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Update of the Opinion on TSE Infectivity Distribution in Ruminant Tissues adopted by the EU Scientific Steering Committee on November 7-9, 2002 provides some guidelines to avoid cross contamination. Under separate cover I have submitted a CD of practices used throughout Europe and in some plants in the United States. The CD also includes effective disinfection methods that are recommended by the WHO. These practices assist in the reduction of cross contamination.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nonambulatory Disabled Cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>As appropriately described in the interim final rule, nonambulatory disabled cattle constitute the majority of the BSE high risk population. I agree that they should be prohibited from being included in the supply of food for human consumption. I also agree with the definition as written in the Interim Final Rule. I urge the USDA to not alter this definition and to continue to prohibit for human food any bovine which cannot walk to the “knock box” regardless of reason.</div><div><br /></div><div>Downers accounted for over half of the detected BSE cases in both the EU and Switzerland in 2003. In Switzerland 21 cases of BSE were confirmed. Two were from normal slaughter, eleven were from the fallen stock and emergency slaughter (equivalent to US downers) and eight were clinical BSE suspects (ref . http://www.bvet.admin.ch/0_navigation-e/0_index-intern htm] ) In the European Union (January - September 2003) a total of 947 cases were confirmed. Of these confirmed cases 189 (20%) were from normal slaughter, 525 (55.4%) were from the fallen stock/emergency slaughter (US Downers) and 233 (24.6%) were clinical BSE suspects (ref http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/food/biosafety/bse/annual_reps_en.htm).</div><div><br /></div><div>The previous system of clinical examination of the nonambulatory bovine was not adequate for determining a disposition regarding BSE. This was clearly illustrated by the two native cases of BSE in North America. Both cases of BSE (May and December) were observed by veterinarians prior to slaughter. Neither was specifically set aside as a BSE clinical suspect. The Washington State case was passed for human consumption because she was determined to have a calving injury (which apparently masked signs of BSE or other neurological disease) and the May 2003 case detected in Canada was slaughtered in January and went to rendering. The testing of this cow was completed in May.</div><div><br /></div><div>Neurological, metabolic or other diseases which affect coordination and other aspects of gait often predispose an animal to injuries such as broken limbs or soft tissue damage. If the animal is then down because of a broken leg, or torn ligament, the injury may be the prominent or sole presenting sign. Without a complete diagnostic work up and history of disease progression the true underlying cause of the nonambulatory condition may be impossible to ascertain.</div><div><br /></div><div>I have listed the clinical signs of BSE below. This is the list provided on the UK’s DEFRA website. In reviewing the list, the vast majority of signs would be difficult if not impossible to observe once an anima! is down.</div><div><br /></div><div> http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-science/level-4-bse.html#symptoms</div><div><br /></div><div>The clinical symptoms of BSE are varied. Most cattle with BSE show a gradual development of symptoms over a period of several weeks or even months, although some can deteriorate very rapidly. Only a small proportion of affected cattle show what would be considered typical "mad cow" signs. Most suspects show several (but not all) of the following symptoms if they are observed closely enough:</div><div><br /></div><div>apprehensiveness</div><div><br /></div><div>nervousness</div><div><br /></div><div>reluctance to cross concrete, turn corners, enter yards, go through doorways or permit milking</div><div><br /></div><div>occasional aggression directed at other cattle or humans manic kicking when milked</div><div><br /></div><div>head shyness, with head held low</div><div><br /></div><div>high stepping gait, particularly hind legs</div><div><br /></div><div>difficulties in rising</div><div><br /></div><div>tremors</div><div><br /></div><div>loss of condition, weight or milk yield</div><div><br /></div><div>In addition, per the list, difficulty in rising is a clinical sign of BSE. Eventually cattle with BSE progress and become recumbent. Per the interim rule testing is not absolute and cannot</div><div><br /></div><div>guarantee absence of infectivity. In fact in at most countries beef from tested animals cannot be labeled as BSE free.</div><div><br /></div><div>I do suggest that this regulation not prohibit any individual or family from using one of their own nonambulatory animals for personal consumption. This can be done at their risk through custom slaughter.</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket Number 03-0381F: Meat Produced by Advanced Meat/Bone Separation Machinery and Meat Recovery (AMR) Systems and Docket Number 03-025IF: Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food</div><div><br /></div><div>The restrictions on AMR are the most important regulations put into place by the USDA. I fully support all of the prohibitions placed on the production of meat from AMR systems. J also urge that for the reasons outlined in the SRM section above, dura be prohibited from being included in AMR product.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the original Harvard risk assessment completed in 2001 as well as the update in 2003, in the US system it was illustrated that AMR could deliver more 1D50s for potential human consumption than the direct consumption of brain and spinal cord together.</div><div><br /></div><div>The 2001 Harvard risk assessment’s base case scenario found that out of 1000 simulation runs the mean number of 1D50s (infectious doses) available for human consumption would be 35. Almost 11 1D50s (10.9) would be derived from brain and spinal cord. Twenty (more than half) are derived from AMR products. (Harvard Risk Assessment, 2001 Section 3.1.2.7 - 3.1.2.9; Appendix 3A Base Case).</div><div><br /></div><div>Statistics from the Harvard Risk Assessment (2003) showing ID50s from brain and spinal cord vs. AMR product:</div><div><br /></div><div>Worse case scenario</div><div><br /></div><div>Mean 5% percentile 95" percentile</div><div><br /></div><div>Total 1D50s available for humans - 6000 2000 12,000</div><div><br /></div><div>*[D50s from brain - 770 5.2 2000</div><div><br /></div><div>1D50s from spinal cord - 280 2 760</div><div><br /></div><div>ID50s from AMR - 2900 960 5600</div><div><br /></div><div>Best case scenario</div><div><br /></div><div>Total IDS0s available for humans - 10 0 36</div><div><br /></div><div>*1D50s from brain - 1.6 0 0</div><div><br /></div><div>1DSQs from spinal cord - 69 0 0</div><div><br /></div><div>1D50s from AMR - 3.7 0 10</div><div><br /></div><div>* Additional tissues included but not listed here.</div><div><br /></div><div>Lalso agree that Mechanically Separated Product should be completely prohibited for human consumption.</div><div><br /></div><div>Surveillance</div><div><br /></div><div>The proposed increased surveillance program announced by USDA APHIS is essential. In order to estimate the amount of BSE in the US national herd it is imperative that as many of the high risk population be tested as possible. This is also true for Canada. Without this surveillance the US will not be able to monitor the effects of past and present control efforts. It is important for the industry, academia and government to work together to achieve this goal. We need to know if there is any regionality to cases, what ages are affected and if the current feed ban has failed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal Feed</div><div><br /></div><div>Epidemiological evidence in Europe and results from the attack rate study indicate that it does not take much exposure to transmit BSE to cattle. Recent results from the attack rate study, which is still in progress, has found that .001 gr of raw infected brain can transmit BSE (1 cow out of 15) through the oral route. The role of cross contamination was under estimated throughout Europe. Experience in other countries has also shown that human error especially at the farm level is difficult to control. It is imperative that the feed ban be effective. There are a number of actions which still need to be taken by the FDA to prevent any potential recycling of the BSE agent in the US cattle population. The FDA is urged to act immediately and put these measures in place.</div><div><br /></div><div>Per the 2001 Harvard risk assessment, “Our evaluation of potential risk mitigation actions highlights potential measures to further reduce the already low likelihood that BSE could spread to cattle or contaminate human food if it were to arise. Prohibiting the rendering of animals that die on the farm, possibly of BSE, removes a great deal of potential contamination in the animal feed chain and reduces average predicted cases of BSE following introduction of ten infected cattle by 77%. Implementation of a UK-style ban on specified risk material (¢.g., spinal cords, brains, vertebral columns) from both human food and animal feed reduces the predicted number of BSE cases in cattle by 80% and the potential human exposure by 95%.”</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you for the opportunity to comment on these rules.</div><div><br /></div><div>Linda A. Detwiler, DVM</div><div><br /></div><div>Drlucele Detus | OP vee REFERENCES</div><div><br /></div><div>Garland, T., Bauer, N., Bailey, M. (1996) Brain emboli in the lung of cattle after stunning. The Lancet, 348: 610.</div><div><br /></div><div>Wells G.A.H., Dawson M., Hawkins, S.A.C., Green R. B., Dexter I., Francis M. E., Simmons M. M., Austin A. R., & Horigan M. W. (1994) Infectivity in the ileum of cattle challenged orally with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet. Rec., 135, 40-41.</div><div><br /></div><div>Wells G.A.H., Hawkins, $.A.C., Green R. B., Austin A. R., Dexter I., Spencer, Y. I., Chaplin, M. J., Stack, M. J., & Dawson, M. (1998) Preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): an update. Vet. Rec., 142, 103-106. Will, R. (1999) New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Biomed & Pharmacother, 53, 9-13.</div><div><br /></div><div>Will, R. G., Ironside, J. W., Zeidler, M., Cousens, S. N., Estibeiro, K., Alperovitch, A., Poser, S., Pocchiari, M., Hofman, A. & Smith, P. G. (1996) A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK. Lancet., 347, 921-925,</div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090424070445/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-634.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090424070445/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-634.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Linda A. Detwiler, DVM 225 Hwy 35 Red Bank, New Jersey 07701 L Phone: 732-741-2290 lj Cell: 732-580-9391</div><div><br /></div><div>Fax: 732-741-7751</div><div><br /></div><div>May 6, 2004</div><div><br /></div><div>03-025IF 03-025IF-631 Linda A. Detwiler</div><div><br /></div><div>FSIS Docket Clerk</div><div><br /></div><div>U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service 300 12th Street, SW.</div><div><br /></div><div>Room 102 Cotton Annex Washington, DC 20250</div><div><br /></div><div>RE: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Food Safety and Inspection Service</div><div><br /></div><div>[Docket No. 03-025N] 9 CFR Parts 301, 309, 310, 311, 313, 318, 319 and 320</div><div><br /></div><div>Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle; Meat Produced by Advanced Meat/Bone Separation Machinery and Meat Recovery (AMR) Systems; Prohibition of the Use of Certain Stunning Devices Used To Immobilize Cattle During Slaughter; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div><div><br /></div><div>The USDA’s Food Safety Inspection Service requested any additional comments or information on practices which would reduce or eliminate cross contamination between</div><div><br /></div><div>I am submitting a CD with a presentation;</div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...see full submission with presentation from Dr. Detwiler;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090418170519/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-631.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090418170519/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IF/03-025IF-631.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Public Comments on Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle:========</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle FR Document Number: 05-17683 Legacy Document ID: RIN:</div><div><br /></div><div>Publish Date: 09/07/2005 00:00:00 Submitter Info:</div><div><br /></div><div>First Name: Jason Last Name: Frost Mailing Address: 37 Observatory Circle, NW City: Washington Country: United States State or Province: DC Postal Code: 20008</div><div><br /></div><div>Organization Name: New Zealand Embassy</div><div><br /></div><div>COMMENTS ON FEDERAL REGISTER 9 CFR Parts 309 et al [Docket No. 03- 025IF] Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle: Interim final rule and request for comments</div><div><br /></div><div>On 12 January 2004, the Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) published an Interim Final Rule titled Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle: Interim final rule and request for comments.</div><div><br /></div><div>This rule prohibited the use of certain cattle material, to address the potential risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), in human food, including dietary supplements, and cosmetics. On 7 September 2005 FSIS issued an amendment to this interim final rule to permit collection of the small intestine excluding the distal ileum and sought further comments.</div><div><br /></div><div>New Zealand welcomes the opportunity to comment on the amendment to FSIS Docket No.03-0251FA. This submission, while supporting and commending FSIS on the amendment, reiterates the position presented in New Zealand’s original comments on the interim final rule when first issued, that there is no scientific justification for applying the interim rule to New Zealand given its widely acknowledged BSE-free risk status.</div><div><br /></div><div>New Zealand has closely followed the events in the United States and around the world since the United States announced its first case of BSE late in 2003. New Zealand continues to strongly advocate that the world take a more rational risk-based approach to dealing with this disease of cattle, noting that it has only infected consumers in countries where the epidemic resulted in thousands of cattle cases and precautions to protect the human population had not yet been implemented effectively. Regulatory reactions and decisions around the world need to be commensurate with the real risk selected hazards pose to our consumers relative to the other diseases with which we are battling. This is a position New Zealand has firmly supported. There is a continued need for such a principled approach to ensure we can more appropriately focus and apportion resources on those areas most likely to significantly improve and protect the health of our populations.</div><div><br /></div><div>A science and risk-based response from the United States in respect of domestic BSE measures is also crucial in underpinning appropriate international standards. It is unlikely that the international community will be prepared to adopt risk-based standards if the United States itself does not demonstrate this approach. Accordingly, New Zealand remains concerned that the measures introduced by the interim final rule, which are directly in response to the discovery of BSE in North America, continue to be applied to New Zealand bovine products. New Zealand is not aware of any risk assessment of our BSE status being conducted by the United States. The measures applied by FSIS are in excess of the relevant international standard (OIE). Most of our trading partners acceptance of New Zealand’s BSEfree status has meant that there are no SRMs associated with cattle born, raised and slaughtered in New Zealand.</div><div><br /></div><div>While the FSIS advised that the interim final rule was in response “to the finding of an adult cow that tested positive for BSE in the State of Washington”, it is important to note that New Zealand’s disease status has not changed. Nor does our cattle population share a common risk profile with that of the United States. With the exception of very small volumes from Australia, which is also widely recognised as being BSE free, New Zealand has not imported meat and bone meal from any country since the early part of the last century. Nor have we imported animal feeds containing such ruminant protein from any BSE affected country (including the United States and Canada). New Zealand has imported very few live cattle from the US and Canada, all of which are identified and officially monitored and controlled. As a consequence of the integrated nature of international trade the continuing application of the FSIS’s interim final rule (specifically the declaring of certain bovine tissues from any country as adulterants regardless of whether they are truly SRMs), to demonstrably BSE free countries such as New Zealand, is having substantial adverse economic effects on New Zealand industries. These inappropriate negative impacts could easily be avoided.</div><div><br /></div><div>Background</div><div><br /></div><div>While the interim final rule’s stated intent was to protect the food supply from materials that may carry the risk of transmitting BSE, New Zealand remains concerned that the burden of many of the measures imposed are disproportionate to the actual risks involved. The US has only detected one indigenous case of BSE to date, hence there is an extremely low risk posed to US consumers by this disease. This raises the question of the extent of the measures introduced within the United States in response to such an extremely low risk. We acknowledge the linkage between BSE of cattle and vCJD of humans, but note that evidence that has accumulated since 1996, when vCJD was first reported, strongly indicates that it is not easy for humans to become infected with vCJD. At the peak of the British BSE epidemic well over 700 clinical cases of the disease were being reported each week. Since 1986, nearly 200,000 British cows have been confirmed with BSE and epidemiological modeling suggests that perhaps 1 to 2 million additional BSE-infected animals may have entered the human food supply in the United Kingdom. Despite that level of exposure, fewer than 160 cases of vCJD have been recorded in that country. That is, fewer than 18 cases per year, on average, and the evidence continues to suggest that the vCJD epidemic has peaked and is in decline.</div><div><br /></div><div>The United States has applied substantial BSE-measures. It is extremely unlikely that a country such as the United States, which has applied anti-BSE measures with increasing stringency for several years, could experience a BSE epidemic as seen in the United Kingdom. In addition any possible exposure of the United States cattle population would at least be two or three orders of magnitude less than in the United Kingdom. The results to date of the United States Department of Agriculture surveillance and testing regimes support the fact that the United States is highly resistant to any proliferation of BSE and confirm the position formerly acknowledged by the Harvard-Tuskegee study of BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Specific risk materials</div><div><br /></div><div>New Zealand continues to support the United States decision to classify as SRMs brain, skull, eyes, trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord, vertebral column and dorsal root ganglia from animals of age 30 months and over, and the tonsils and distal ileum of all cattle in populations where a case of BSE has been reported. This response fully reflects the SPS principle that measures put in place to mitigate a food-borne risk should be proportionate to the risks involved. Current scientific knowledge indicates that exclusion of these tissues from animals of younger age would provide very little further mitigation of what is already an extremely low level of risk. New Zealand again urges the United States to take a scientific approach in recognizing that the exclusion of these tissues, from cattle of any age, is completely unwarranted in a country, such as New Zealand, demonstrated to be free from BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion</div><div><br /></div><div>It is essential that the United States takes a science and risk-based response in respect of domestic BSE measures as this is going to be crucial in securing appropriate international standards. It is unlikely that the international community will be prepared to adopt risk-based standards if the United States itself does not demonstrate this approach. Accordingly, New Zealand is concerned to see that the measures, which are directly in response to the discovery of BSE in North America, continue to be applied to New Zealand origin bovine products some 21 months after the interim final rule was issued. There is a continuing failure to apply the international standard (OIE) for BSE to exporting countries.</div><div><br /></div><div>New Zealand requests that any subsequent measures adopted by the United States recognise the different BSE status or risk profile of bovine products from exporting countries. In doing so the United States would be giving appropriate regard to its obligations under the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement).</div><div><br /></div><div>New Zealand has a well established and widely acknowledged freedom from BSE and other TSEs. The existing measures achieve the same level of human and/or animal health protection anticipated by this interim final rule. The imposition of unnecessarily prescriptive trade requirements are impediments to legitimate trade and create unnecessary and burdensome compliance costs. </div><div><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090801232201/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-6.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090801232201/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-6.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA, FSIS, APHIS, BSE, Harvard Study Reply to Singeltary et al</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA PROPOSED RULE DECEMBER 20, 2005<br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/2020-07/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/2020-07/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''It is our opinion that the proposed rule falls woefully short in effective measures to minimize the potential for further transmissions of the disease.'' <br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Subject: SEAC Draft minutes of the open session of the 93rd meeting held on 6th July 2006 (atypical BSE USA) </div><div><br /></div><div>Date: August 22, 2006 at 3:03 pm PST SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE</div><div><br /></div><div>Draft minutes of the open session of the 93rd meeting held on 6th July 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>The Chair noted that recent reports described two cases of BSE in cattle in the United States of America (USA) as being similar to atypical cases of BSE found in a number of European countries. The Chair suggested that the term "atypical BSE", used in the USA report, is potentially confusing and that this would be discussed under any other business. Dr Danny Matthews (Veterinary Laboratories Agency [VLA]) explained that data from western blots of the USA cases resembled that of a small number of atypical cases of BSE in France. A study of the French cases had shown the condition to be transmissible to mice by intracerebral (ic) inoculation with the neuropathological phenotype maintained on transmission3. Claims have been made about the existence of atypical cases of BSE in other countries but these have yet to be confirmed. No study has yet examined the tissue distribution of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) or infectivity in such atypical cases of BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>3 Baron et al. (2006) Transmission of new bovine prion to mice. Emerging. Infect. Diseases. 12, 1125-1128.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/draft93.pdf</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/results/r?_q=bovine+spongiform+encephalopathy" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/results/r?_q=bovine+spongiform+encephalopathy</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>However, based on analysis of molecular features of prion</div><div><br /></div><div>diseases in cattle, this situation is similar to that in humans</div><div><br /></div><div>(5), in which different subtypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-</div><div><br /></div><div>Jakob disease agents are found.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISPATCHES</div><div><br /></div><div>1126 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 12, No. 7, July 2006</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no07/pdfs/vol12no07.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no07/pdfs/vol12no07.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Medical Sciences Identification of a second bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy: Molecular similarities with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Snip...end</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">2022</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item Cassmann, Eric item MOORE, SARA JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Meeting Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 6/24/2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: 9/16/2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S., West Greenlee, H.M. 2022. </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation. </div><div><br /></div><div>Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries. 16(1):150. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: </div><div><br /></div><div>In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n=3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n=4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation. Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57-4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. All cattle in the EE211 recipient group remain asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation). This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Justin J. Greenleea, Eric D. Cassmanna, S. Jo Moorea,b, and M. Heather West Greenleec</div><div><br /></div><div>aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, US; cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, US</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n = 3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n = 4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57–4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPScthroughout the brain. All wild type recipient cattle and a single EK211 steer remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation) and no abnormal prion protein was detected in these cattle by EIA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1 g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: US Department of Agriculture</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE.</div><div><br /></div></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</div><div><br /></div><div>P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br /></div><div>Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div><br /></div><div>reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</div><div><br /></div><div>***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>let's take a closer look at this new prionpathy or prionopathy, and then let's look at the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow.</div><div><br /></div><div>This new prionopathy in humans? the genetic makeup is IDENTICAL to the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow, the only _documented_ mad cow in the world to date like this, ......wait, it get's better. this new prionpathy is killing young and old humans, with LONG DURATION from onset of symptoms to death, and the symptoms are very similar to nvCJD victims, OH, and the plaques are very similar in some cases too, bbbut, it's not related to the g-h-BSEalabama cow, WAIT NOW, it gets even better, the new human prionpathy that they claim is a genetic TSE, has no relation to any gene mutation in that family. daaa, ya think it could be related to that mad cow with the same genetic make-up ??? there were literally tons and tons of banned mad cow protein in Alabama in commerce, and none of it transmitted to cows, and the cows to humans there from ??? r i g h t $$$</div><div><br /></div><div>ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama</div><div><br /></div><div>In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in "the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>her healthy calf also carried the mutation (J. A. Richt and S. M. Hall PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000156; 2008).</div><div><br /></div><div>This raises the possibility that the disease could occasionally be genetic in origin. Indeed, the report of the UK BSE Inquiry in 2000 suggested that the UK epidemic had most likely originated from such a mutation and argued against the scrapierelated assumption. Such rare potential pathogenic PRNP mutations could occur in countries at present considered to be free of BSE, such as Australia and New Zealand. So it is important to maintain strict surveillance for BSE in cattle, with rigorous enforcement of the ruminant feed ban (many countries still feed ruminant proteins to pigs). Removal of specified risk material, such as brain and spinal cord, from cattle at slaughter prevents infected material from entering the human food chain. Routine genetic screening of cattle for PRNP mutations, which is now available, could provide additional data on the risk to the public. Because the point mutation identified in the Alabama animals is identical to that responsible for the commonest type of familial (genetic) CJD in humans, it is possible that the resulting infective prion protein might cross the bovine–human species barrier more easily. Patients with vCJD continue to be identified. The fact that this is happening less often should not lead to relaxation of the controls necessary to prevent future outbreaks.</div><div><br /></div><div>Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith Cambridge University Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK e-mail: <a href="mailto:maf12@cam.ac.uk" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">maf12@cam.ac.uk</a> Jürgen A. Richt College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224B Mosier Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5601, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>NATURE|Vol 457|26 February 2009</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>> Epidemiological investigations conducted by USDA personnel failed to reveal any evidence of a feed source contaminated with TSE material fed to this animal</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_i%E2%80%8Bssues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525843/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525843/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>LMAO!</div><div><br /></div><div>BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div><br /></div><div> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div><br /></div><div>Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>b) None</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div><br /></div><div>Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div><br /></div><div>Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div><br /></div><div>42,090 lbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION</div><div><br /></div><div>WI</div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div><br /></div><div>Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div><br /></div><div>9,997,976 lbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION</div><div><br /></div><div>ID and NV</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div><br /></div><div> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>***> The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama).<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE HISTORY AT THE BOTTOM...TSS</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial;"><div>THURSDAY, OCTOBER 18, 2007 </div><div><br /></div><div>BSE BASE MAD COW TESTING TEXAS, USA, AND CANADA, A REVIEW OF SORTS </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial;">Saturday, August 14, 2010</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div><div><div>Saturday, August 14, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY, what if?</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/05/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/05/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div>WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, JUNE 25, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>First Report of the Potential Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)-Related Somatic Mutation E211K of the Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) in Cattle </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div>-------- Original Message --------</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: re-BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2002 10:23:43 -0000</div><div><br /></div><div>From: "Asante, Emmanuel A" <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a></div><div><br /></div><div>To: "'<a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">flounder@wt.net</a>'" <a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">flounder@wt.net</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Terry,</div><div><br /></div><div>I have been asked by Professor Collinge to respond to your request. I am a Senior Scientist in the MRC Prion Unit and the lead author on the paper. I have attached a pdf copy of the paper for your attention.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you for your interest in the paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>In respect of your first question, the simple answer is, ***yes. As you will find in the paper, we have managed to associate the alternate phenotype to type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. It is too early to be able to claim any further sub-classification in respect of Heidenhain variant CJD or Vicky Rimmer's version. It will take further studies, which are on-going, to establish if there are sub-types to our initial finding which we are now reporting. The main point of the paper is that, as well as leading to the expected new variant CJD phenotype, BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc.</div><div><br /></div><div>I hope reading the paper will enlighten you more on the subject. If I can be of any further assistance please to not hesitate to ask. Best wishes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Asante</div><div><br /></div><div><<Asante et al 2002.pdf>></div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Emmanuel A Asante MRC Prion Unit & Neurogenetics Dept. Imperial College School of Medicine (St. Mary's) Norfolk Place, LONDON W2 1PG Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 3794 Fax: +44 (0)20 7706 3272 email: <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a> (until 9/12/02) New e-mail: <a href="mailto:e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk</a> (active from now)</div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div></div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.'' </div><div><br /></div><div><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div><br /></div><div>Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div><br /></div><div>Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div><br /></div><div>***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div><br /></div><div>***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div><br /></div><div>***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div><br /></div><div>We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div><br /></div><div>=============== </div><div><br /></div><div>***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div><br /></div><div>=============== </div><div><br /></div><div>***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div><br /></div><div>============== </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div><br /></div><div>***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div><br /></div><div>Taylor & Francis</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div><br /></div><div>WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div><br /></div><div>*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">RE-Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CPISPR-Cas9</span></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv4297955468eletters-comment__info"><h6 class="yiv4297955468eletters-comment__title yiv4297955468text-md yiv4297955468letter-spacing-default yiv4297955468mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="yiv4297955468eletters-comment__user yiv4297955468text-reset yiv4297955468font-weight-bold yiv4297955468text-uppercase yiv4297955468mr-2" color="inherit !important" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><ul class="yiv4297955468eletters-comment__user-data yiv4297955468list-inline yiv4297955468comma-separated yiv4297955468d-inline" style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; display: inline; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="yiv4297955468list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.25em;">retired</li> <li class="yiv4297955468list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block;">Mr.</li></ul></h6></div><div class="yiv4297955468eletters-comment__description yiv4297955468serif yiv4297955468text-ellipses yiv4297955468truncated yiv4297955468collapse yiv4297955468show" id="yiv4297955468x697946"><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017<span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</span></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #ca2015; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...see much more here ;</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Bulletin</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camel prion disease: a possible emerging disease in dromedary camel populations?</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The identification of a new prion disease in dromedary camels in Algeria and Tunisia, called camel prion disease (CPD), extends the spectrum of animal species naturally susceptible to prion diseases and opens up new research areas for investigation.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camel prion disease was identified in 2018 in adult camels showing clinical signs at the ante mortem inspection at slaughterhouses in the region of Ouargla (Algeria), and in 2019 in the region of Tataouine (Tunisia). It adds to the group of existing animal prion diseases, including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and BSE (mainly in bovines). The detection of a new prion disease in the dromedary population requires attention and investigation needs to be carried out to assess the risks of this disease to animal and public health. As of today, very limited epidemiological information is available to assess the prevalence, geographical distribution and dynamic of the transmission of the disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Based on the clinical signs suggesting prion disease, CPD seems to have occurred in 3.1% of the dromedaries brought to the abattoir in Ouargla. Pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease specific prion protein (PrPSc) were detected in brain tissue from three symptomatic animals (source:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC article <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In May 2019, the OIE received a report from Tunisia on a single case of a 12-year-old slaughtered dromedary camel showing neurological signs confirmed as CPD by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) based in Italy.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">©B. Babelhadj/University Kasdi Merbah, Algeria</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Is camel prion disease transmissible in natural conditions?</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The involvement of lymphoid tissue in prion replication, observed both in the Algeria and Tunisia cases, is suggestive of a peripheral pathogenesis, which is thought to be a prerequisite for prion shedding into the environment. As with other animal prion diseases, such as scrapie and CWD, in which lymphoid tissues are extensively involved and horizontal transmission occurs efficiently under natural conditions, the detection of prion proteins in lymph nodes is suggestive of the infectious nature of CPD and concurs to hypothesise the potential impact of CPD on animal health. No evidence is currently available with which to argue for the relevance of CPD for human health. However, no absolute species barrier exists in prion diseases and minimising the exposure of humans to prion-infected animal products is an essential aspect of public health protection. As for the relationship between CPD and other animal prion diseases, preliminary analyses suggest that CPD prions have a different molecular signature from scrapie and BSE.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Actions on the follow up of CPD</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Since the first description of CPD, the OIE promoted discussions on the impact of this new disease through the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission). The Scientific Commission consulted two OIE ad hoc Groups, one on BSE risk status evaluation of Members and the other on camelids. It analysed the information available from the Algeria and Tunisia cases to evaluate if CPD should be considered an ‘emerging disease’ based on the criteria listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code1 . </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The OIE Scientific Commission noted that limited surveillance data were available on the prevalence of CPD and that the evidence was not sufficient to measure, at that time, the impact of the disease on animal or public health. Therefore, it was concluded that, with the current knowledge, CPD did not currently meet the criteria to be considered an emerging disease. Nonetheless, it was emphasised that CPD should be considered as a new disease not to be overlooked and called for the collection of further scientific evidence through research and surveillance in the affected countries and in countries with dromedary camel populations to measure the impact of the disease. As new scientific evidence becomes available, the OIE Scientific Commission will reassess whether this disease should be considered as an emerging disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The worldwide camel population is ~35 million head (FAO, 2019), 88% of which is found in Africa. The camel farming system is evolving rapidly, and these animals represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. This makes it necessary to assess the risk for animal and human health and to develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals, and to minimise human exposure. As a first step, the awareness of Veterinary Services about CPD and its diagnostic capacity needs to be improved in all countries where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">At the regional level, CPD was first discussed in the 18th Joint Permanent Committee of the Mediterranean Animal Health Network (REMESA) held in Cairo, Egypt, in June 2019 where an expert 1 a new occurrence in an animal of a disease, infection or infestation, causing a significant impact on animal or public health resulting from a) a change of a known pathogenic agent or its spread to a new geographic area or species, or b) a previously unrecognised pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time <a href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">from ISS, Italy, shared the knowledge available on the new disease with the 15 REMESA Member Countries. The discussion highlighted the need to strengthen surveillance systems in order to collect epidemiological data to inform the risk assessments. The results of these risk assessments will support the implementation of evidence-based policies to manage the risks in both animals and humans.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CPD was recently discussed atthe 15thConference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East in November. During this conference, the CAMENET (Camel Middle East Network) launched a wide ranging proposal for training, coordinated surveillance and research on CPD. In addition, the ERFAN (Enhancing Research for Africa Network), a platform aimed at enhancing scientific cooperation between Africa and Italy, during its 2nd ERFAN meeting for North Africa, presented a project on CPD with the objective of increasing CPD coordinated surveillance in North Africa.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The OIE, through its Reference Laboratories for prion diseases, and by involving the above scientific initiatives, is keeping a close watch on the evolution of the disease to gather scientific evidence and to allow a proper and more thorough assessment of the risk associated with this novel disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">◼ December 2019</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Tuesday, April 27, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.</div><div><br /></div><div>look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div><br /></div><div>Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div><br /></div><div>Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys</div><div><br /></div><div>Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div><br /></div><div>100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg</div><div><br /></div><div>Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div><br /></div><div>RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div><br /></div><div>PrPres biochemical detection</div><div><br /></div><div>The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.</div><div><br /></div><div>Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div><br /></div><div>Published online January 27, 2005</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div><br /></div><div>It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div><br /></div><div>also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div><br /></div><div>levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley’s answer (that it would take less than say 100</div><div><br /></div><div>grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one</div><div><br /></div><div>considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it</div><div><br /></div><div>could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the</div><div><br /></div><div>same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate"</div><div><br /></div><div>experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment</div><div><br /></div><div>designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure</div><div><br /></div><div>that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study</div><div><br /></div><div>and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger</div><div><br /></div><div>infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time</div><div><br /></div><div>ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing</div><div><br /></div><div>scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the</div><div><br /></div><div>dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white;"><div class="yiv4297955468aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4297955468aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DEFRA </span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Helvetica;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/03/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/03/</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div class="yiv4297955468SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4297955468ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4297955468SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4297955468ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div class="yiv4297955468SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4297955468ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; 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font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></span></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div>MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>589.2001 BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a></div></div><div> </div><div>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 17px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 17px;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div class="yiv4297955468SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4297955468ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4297955468SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4297955468ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022<br /></div><div class="yiv4297955468SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4297955468ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div class="yiv4297955468SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4297955468ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </span></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"> Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">TUESDAY, APRIL 05, 2022<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">2022 American Academy of Neurology Emerging Sciences Abstract Website Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-72795101521333438182022-10-08T15:37:00.001-05:002022-10-08T15:37:13.101-05:00Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Author item Greenlee, Justin item Cassmann, Eric item MOORE, SARA JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Acceptance Date: 6/24/2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Date: 9/16/2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S., West Greenlee, H.M. 2022. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries. 16(1):150. https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n=3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n=4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation. Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57-4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. All cattle in the EE211 recipient group remain asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation). This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''<br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Justin J. Greenleea, Eric D. Cassmanna, S. Jo Moorea,b, and M. Heather West Greenleec</div><div><br /></div><div>aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, US; cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, US</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n = 3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n = 4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57–4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPScthroughout the brain. All wild type recipient cattle and a single EK211 steer remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation) and no abnormal prion protein was detected in these cattle by EIA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1 g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: US Department of Agriculture</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE.</div><div><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</div><div><br /></div><div>P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br /></div><div>Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div><br /></div><div>reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</div><div><br /></div><div>***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>let's take a closer look at this new prionpathy or prionopathy, and then let's look at the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow.</div><div><br /></div><div>This new prionopathy in humans? the genetic makeup is IDENTICAL to the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow, the only _documented_ mad cow in the world to date like this, ......wait, it get's better. this new prionpathy is killing young and old humans, with LONG DURATION from onset of symptoms to death, and the symptoms are very similar to nvCJD victims, OH, and the plaques are very similar in some cases too, bbbut, it's not related to the g-h-BSEalabama cow, WAIT NOW, it gets even better, the new human prionpathy that they claim is a genetic TSE, has no relation to any gene mutation in that family. daaa, ya think it could be related to that mad cow with the same genetic make-up ??? there were literally tons and tons of banned mad cow protein in Alabama in commerce, and none of it transmitted to cows, and the cows to humans there from ??? r i g h t $$$</div><div><br /></div><div>ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama</div><div><br /></div><div>In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in "the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>her healthy calf also carried the mutation (J. A. Richt and S. M. Hall PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000156; 2008).</div><div><br /></div><div>This raises the possibility that the disease could occasionally be genetic in origin. Indeed, the report of the UK BSE Inquiry in 2000 suggested that the UK epidemic had most likely originated from such a mutation and argued against the scrapierelated assumption. Such rare potential pathogenic PRNP mutations could occur in countries at present considered to be free of BSE, such as Australia and New Zealand. So it is important to maintain strict surveillance for BSE in cattle, with rigorous enforcement of the ruminant feed ban (many countries still feed ruminant proteins to pigs). Removal of specified risk material, such as brain and spinal cord, from cattle at slaughter prevents infected material from entering the human food chain. Routine genetic screening of cattle for PRNP mutations, which is now available, could provide additional data on the risk to the public. Because the point mutation identified in the Alabama animals is identical to that responsible for the commonest type of familial (genetic) CJD in humans, it is possible that the resulting infective prion protein might cross the bovine–human species barrier more easily. Patients with vCJD continue to be identified. The fact that this is happening less often should not lead to relaxation of the controls necessary to prevent future outbreaks.</div><div><br /></div><div>Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith Cambridge University Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK e-mail: maf12@cam.ac.uk Jürgen A. Richt College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224B Mosier Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5601, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>NATURE|Vol 457|26 February 2009</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>> Epidemiological investigations conducted by USDA personnel failed to reveal any evidence of a feed source contaminated with TSE material fed to this animal</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_i%E2%80%8Bssues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525843/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525843/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>LMAO!</div><div><br /></div><div>BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div><br /></div><div> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div><br /></div><div>Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>b) None</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div><br /></div><div>Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div><br /></div><div>Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div><br /></div><div>42,090 lbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION</div><div><br /></div><div>WI</div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div><br /></div><div>Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div><br /></div><div>9,997,976 lbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION</div><div><br /></div><div>ID and NV</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</div><div><br /></div><div> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>***> The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama).<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE HISTORY AT THE BOTTOM...TSS</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial;"><div>THURSDAY, OCTOBER 18, 2007 </div><div><br /></div><div>BSE BASE MAD COW TESTING TEXAS, USA, AND CANADA, A REVIEW OF SORTS </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial;">Saturday, August 14, 2010</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div><div><div>Saturday, August 14, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY, what if?</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/05/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/05/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div>WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, JUNE 25, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>First Report of the Potential Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)-Related Somatic Mutation E211K of the Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) in Cattle </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>-------- Original Message --------</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: re-BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2002 10:23:43 -0000</div><div><br /></div><div>From: "Asante, Emmanuel A" e.asante@ic.ac.uk</div><div><br /></div><div>To: "'flounder@wt.net'" flounder@wt.net</div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Terry,</div><div><br /></div><div>I have been asked by Professor Collinge to respond to your request. I am a Senior Scientist in the MRC Prion Unit and the lead author on the paper. I have attached a pdf copy of the paper for your attention.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you for your interest in the paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>In respect of your first question, the simple answer is, ***yes. As you will find in the paper, we have managed to associate the alternate phenotype to type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. It is too early to be able to claim any further sub-classification in respect of Heidenhain variant CJD or Vicky Rimmer's version. It will take further studies, which are on-going, to establish if there are sub-types to our initial finding which we are now reporting. The main point of the paper is that, as well as leading to the expected new variant CJD phenotype, BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc.</div><div><br /></div><div>I hope reading the paper will enlighten you more on the subject. If I can be of any further assistance please to not hesitate to ask. Best wishes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Asante</div><div><br /></div><div><<Asante et al 2002.pdf>></div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Emmanuel A Asante MRC Prion Unit & Neurogenetics Dept. Imperial College School of Medicine (St. Mary's) Norfolk Place, LONDON W2 1PG Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 3794 Fax: +44 (0)20 7706 3272 email: e.asante@ic.ac.uk (until 9/12/02) New e-mail: e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk (active from now)</div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.'' </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div><br /></div><div>Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div><br /></div><div>Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div><br /></div><div>***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div><br /></div><div>***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div><br /></div><div>***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div><br /></div><div>We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div><br /></div><div>=============== </div><div><br /></div><div>***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div><br /></div><div>=============== </div><div><br /></div><div>***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div><br /></div><div>============== </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div><br /></div><div>***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div><br /></div><div>Taylor & Francis</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div><br /></div><div>WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div><br /></div><div>*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">RE-Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CPISPR-Cas9</span></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv8004673550eletters-comment__info"><h6 class="yiv8004673550eletters-comment__title yiv8004673550text-md yiv8004673550letter-spacing-default yiv8004673550mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="yiv8004673550eletters-comment__user yiv8004673550text-reset yiv8004673550font-weight-bold yiv8004673550text-uppercase yiv8004673550mr-2" style="background-color: transparent; color: inherit !important; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase !important;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><ul class="yiv8004673550eletters-comment__user-data yiv8004673550list-inline yiv8004673550comma-separated yiv8004673550d-inline" style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; display: inline !important; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="yiv8004673550list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.25em;">retired</li> <li class="yiv8004673550list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block;">Mr.</li></ul></h6></div><div class="yiv8004673550eletters-comment__description yiv8004673550serif yiv8004673550text-ellipses yiv8004673550truncated yiv8004673550collapse yiv8004673550show" id="yiv8004673550x697946"><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017<span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</span></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #ca2015; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...see much more here ;</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Bulletin</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camel prion disease: a possible emerging disease in dromedary camel populations?</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The identification of a new prion disease in dromedary camels in Algeria and Tunisia, called camel prion disease (CPD), extends the spectrum of animal species naturally susceptible to prion diseases and opens up new research areas for investigation.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camel prion disease was identified in 2018 in adult camels showing clinical signs at the ante mortem inspection at slaughterhouses in the region of Ouargla (Algeria), and in 2019 in the region of Tataouine (Tunisia). It adds to the group of existing animal prion diseases, including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and BSE (mainly in bovines). The detection of a new prion disease in the dromedary population requires attention and investigation needs to be carried out to assess the risks of this disease to animal and public health. As of today, very limited epidemiological information is available to assess the prevalence, geographical distribution and dynamic of the transmission of the disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Based on the clinical signs suggesting prion disease, CPD seems to have occurred in 3.1% of the dromedaries brought to the abattoir in Ouargla. Pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease specific prion protein (PrPSc) were detected in brain tissue from three symptomatic animals (source:</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC article <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In May 2019, the OIE received a report from Tunisia on a single case of a 12-year-old slaughtered dromedary camel showing neurological signs confirmed as CPD by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) based in Italy.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">©B. Babelhadj/University Kasdi Merbah, Algeria</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Is camel prion disease transmissible in natural conditions?</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The involvement of lymphoid tissue in prion replication, observed both in the Algeria and Tunisia cases, is suggestive of a peripheral pathogenesis, which is thought to be a prerequisite for prion shedding into the environment. As with other animal prion diseases, such as scrapie and CWD, in which lymphoid tissues are extensively involved and horizontal transmission occurs efficiently under natural conditions, the detection of prion proteins in lymph nodes is suggestive of the infectious nature of CPD and concurs to hypothesise the potential impact of CPD on animal health. No evidence is currently available with which to argue for the relevance of CPD for human health. However, no absolute species barrier exists in prion diseases and minimising the exposure of humans to prion-infected animal products is an essential aspect of public health protection. As for the relationship between CPD and other animal prion diseases, preliminary analyses suggest that CPD prions have a different molecular signature from scrapie and BSE.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Actions on the follow up of CPD</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Since the first description of CPD, the OIE promoted discussions on the impact of this new disease through the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission). The Scientific Commission consulted two OIE ad hoc Groups, one on BSE risk status evaluation of Members and the other on camelids. It analysed the information available from the Algeria and Tunisia cases to evaluate if CPD should be considered an ‘emerging disease’ based on the criteria listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code1 . </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The OIE Scientific Commission noted that limited surveillance data were available on the prevalence of CPD and that the evidence was not sufficient to measure, at that time, the impact of the disease on animal or public health. Therefore, it was concluded that, with the current knowledge, CPD did not currently meet the criteria to be considered an emerging disease. Nonetheless, it was emphasised that CPD should be considered as a new disease not to be overlooked and called for the collection of further scientific evidence through research and surveillance in the affected countries and in countries with dromedary camel populations to measure the impact of the disease. As new scientific evidence becomes available, the OIE Scientific Commission will reassess whether this disease should be considered as an emerging disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The worldwide camel population is ~35 million head (FAO, 2019), 88% of which is found in Africa. The camel farming system is evolving rapidly, and these animals represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. This makes it necessary to assess the risk for animal and human health and to develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals, and to minimise human exposure. As a first step, the awareness of Veterinary Services about CPD and its diagnostic capacity needs to be improved in all countries where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">At the regional level, CPD was first discussed in the 18th Joint Permanent Committee of the Mediterranean Animal Health Network (REMESA) held in Cairo, Egypt, in June 2019 where an expert 1 a new occurrence in an animal of a disease, infection or infestation, causing a significant impact on animal or public health resulting from a) a change of a known pathogenic agent or its spread to a new geographic area or species, or b) a previously unrecognised pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time <a href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">from ISS, Italy, shared the knowledge available on the new disease with the 15 REMESA Member Countries. The discussion highlighted the need to strengthen surveillance systems in order to collect epidemiological data to inform the risk assessments. The results of these risk assessments will support the implementation of evidence-based policies to manage the risks in both animals and humans.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CPD was recently discussed atthe 15thConference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East in November. During this conference, the CAMENET (Camel Middle East Network) launched a wide ranging proposal for training, coordinated surveillance and research on CPD. In addition, the ERFAN (Enhancing Research for Africa Network), a platform aimed at enhancing scientific cooperation between Africa and Italy, during its 2nd ERFAN meeting for North Africa, presented a project on CPD with the objective of increasing CPD coordinated surveillance in North Africa.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The OIE, through its Reference Laboratories for prion diseases, and by involving the above scientific initiatives, is keeping a close watch on the evolution of the disease to gather scientific evidence and to allow a proper and more thorough assessment of the risk associated with this novel disease.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">◼ December 2019</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Tuesday, April 27, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.</div><div><br /></div><div>look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div><br /></div><div>Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div><br /></div><div>Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys</div><div><br /></div><div>Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div><br /></div><div>100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg</div><div><br /></div><div>Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div><br /></div><div>RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div><br /></div><div>PrPres biochemical detection</div><div><br /></div><div>The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.</div><div><br /></div><div>Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div><br /></div><div>Published online January 27, 2005</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</div><div><br /></div><div>It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div><br /></div><div>also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div><br /></div><div>levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley’s answer (that it would take less than say 100</div><div><br /></div><div>grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one</div><div><br /></div><div>considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it</div><div><br /></div><div>could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the</div><div><br /></div><div>same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate"</div><div><br /></div><div>experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment</div><div><br /></div><div>designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure</div><div><br /></div><div>that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study</div><div><br /></div><div>and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger</div><div><br /></div><div>infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time</div><div><br /></div><div>ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing</div><div><br /></div><div>scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the</div><div><br /></div><div>dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white;"><div class="yiv8004673550aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv8004673550aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DEFRA </span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Helvetica;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/03/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/03/</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div class="yiv5680284823SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5680284823ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: start;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div class="yiv5680284823SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5680284823ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: start;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div class="yiv5680284823SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5680284823ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: start;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></span></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div>MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>589.2001 BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a></div></div><div> </div><div>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div class="yiv8004673550SubmissionTitle" id="yiv8004673550ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div class="yiv8004673550SubmissionTitle" id="yiv8004673550ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022<br /></div><div class="yiv8004673550SubmissionTitle" id="yiv8004673550ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div class="yiv8004673550SubmissionTitle" id="yiv8004673550ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </span></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"> Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">TUESDAY, APRIL 05, 2022<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">2022 American Academy of Neurology Emerging Sciences Abstract Website Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-60451527688936145252022-09-13T16:00:00.004-05:002022-09-13T16:00:40.794-05:00BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge<p><b style="color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</b></p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;">Ivett Ackermann<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Reiner Ulrich<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>, Kerstin Tauscher<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>, Olanrewaju I. Fatola<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Christine Fast<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Markus Keller<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, James C. Shawulu<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a,d</span>, Mark Arnold<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">e</span>, Stefanie Czub<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span>, Martin H. Groschup<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, and Anne Balkema-Buschmann<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span></p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">d</span>Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Abuja, Nigeria; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">e</span>Animal and Plant Health Agency Sutton Bonington, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, England; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Aims</b>: After oral exposure of cattle with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), the infectious agent ascends from the gut to the central nervous system (CNS) primarily via the autonomic nervous as the first entry port to system. However, the early timeline of the progression from the gut to the brain has so far remained widely undetermined. To shed light on the early BSE pathogenesis in unweaned calves, we orally infected calves at six to eight weeks of age with a high dose of classical BSE, and followed the pathogenesis within the first eight months post infection.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Material and Methods</b>: 18 unweaned Simmental calves aged 4 to 6 weeks were orally challenged with 100 g each of a classical BSE brainstem pool, while two calves served as negative controls. The animals were euthanized and necropsied at predetermined time points of 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post infection (mpi). Two infected cattle were kept until the development of clinical symptoms of BSE and served as positive controls. For each of the 18 infected and two negative control calves, samples of the ileal Peyer’s patches as well as the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and by transgenic Tgbov XV mouse bioassay.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Results</b>: In the ileal Peyer’s patches, BSE prions were detectable as early as two mpi by PMCA and transgenic mouse bioassay. From four mpi, PrP<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Sc</span>accumulation was detectable by IHC in tingible body macrophages (TBMs) of the IPP follicles and already in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). We were also able to show that as early as 8 mpi, the thoracic spinal cord as well as the parasympathetic nodal ganglion of these animals may contain PrP<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">BSE</span>and BSE infectivity. The positive control animals developed clinical signs of BSE after incubation periods of 32 mpi and 36 mpi, respectively.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Conclusions</b>: Our study demonstrates for the first time PrP<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">BSE</span>(by PMCA) and prion infectivity (by mouse bioassay) in the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) of young calves as early as 2 months after infection. From 4 mpi nearly all calves showed PrP<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">BSE</span>positive IPP follicles by IHC. We could also show that the centripetal prion spread starts early after challenge at least in this age group, which represents an essential piece of information for the risk assessments for food, feed and pharmaceutical products produced from young calves.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Funded by</b>: This research was funded by WALA Heilmittel GmbH. The sponsors had no role in the design, execution, interpretation, or writing of the study.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Acknowledgement</b>: We thank the Scientific Advisory Group (SAG), namely Thierry Baron (ANSES Lyon), Michael Beekes (RKI Berlin), Jim Hope, Marion Simmons, John Spiropoulos (all APHA Weybridge) and Paul Brown (NINDS Bethesda, USA) for their advice and input regarding the design and interpretation of this study. Julia Neumeister, Daniel Balkema and Bärbel Hammerschmidt are acknowledged for their skillful technical assistance. We are thankful to Lukas Steinke, Nicole Sinkwitz, Kerstin Kerstel and Doreen Fiedler for their excellent care of the bioassay mice. We are grateful to Stefanie Marzahl, Ben Schiller and Volker Netz for the great care and handling of the experimental cattle.</p><div>PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO </div><div><br /></div><div>On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black;"><div class="yiv3378612279eletters-comment__info"><h6 class="yiv3378612279eletters-comment__title yiv3378612279text-md yiv3378612279letter-spacing-default yiv3378612279mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;">RE: Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9</h6><h6 class="yiv3378612279eletters-comment__title yiv3378612279text-md yiv3378612279letter-spacing-default yiv3378612279mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="yiv3378612279eletters-comment__user yiv3378612279text-reset yiv3378612279font-weight-bold yiv3378612279text-uppercase yiv3378612279mr-2" style="background-color: transparent; color: inherit !important; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase !important;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><ul class="yiv3378612279eletters-comment__user-data yiv3378612279list-inline yiv3378612279comma-separated yiv3378612279d-inline" style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; display: inline !important; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="yiv3378612279list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.25em;">retired</li> <li class="yiv3378612279list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block;">Mr.</li></ul></h6></div><div class="yiv3378612279eletters-comment__description yiv3378612279serif yiv3378612279text-ellipses yiv3378612279truncated yiv3378612279collapse yiv3378612279show" id="yiv3378612279x697946" style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><div>seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div><div>Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</div><div>Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</div><div><br /></div><div>CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #ca2015; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div><br /></div><div>CONFIDENTIAL</div><div><br /></div><div>EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div><br /></div><div>While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see much more here ;</div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div><div><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv3378612279cxmmr5t8 yiv3378612279oygrvhab yiv3378612279hcukyx3x yiv3378612279c1et5uql yiv3378612279o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>***> The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama).<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE HISTORY AT THE BOTTOM...TSS</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></span></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-12708468752784902732022-06-06T15:23:00.003-05:002022-06-06T15:23:46.047-05:00APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Published: Jun 1, 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">photo of two farmers holding a US flag in a field</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the mid-1990s, thousands of cattle in the United Kingdom (UK) were affected by an outbreak of a fatal neurological disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly referred to as “mad cow disease.” Concern grew when it was discovered that some people who had eaten meat from infected cows had gotten a version of the disease called new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE, which is invariably fatal, is caused by a malformed protein that is not neutralized by high heat or other measures commonly used to kill bacteria, viruses, or other organisms. As a result of the UK outbreak, imports of British beef were banned from the United States and other countries.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">However, in May 2003, the first North American case of BSE was reported in Alberta, Canada, sending shockwaves through the highly integrated North American beef supply chain. The United States, along with many other countries around the world, immediately closed its border to Canadian beef and cattle.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">photo of black angus cows grazing in a fieldBlack Angus cattle graze in a field.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The Cow That Stole Christmas</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Despite the import bans, in late December 2003, APHIS confirmed the first U.S. case of BSE in a dairy cow that had been imported from Canada to Washington State. The ‘cow that stole Christmas,’ as then Veterinary Services Deputy Administrator Dr. W. Ron DeHaven put it, sent the agency into full-on emergency mode. Holiday plans were canceled, and hundreds of APHIS employees were mobilized to determine the source of the disease, ensure that no animals from the affected herd had entered the food supply, and—along with other USDA agencies and the Food and Drug Administration—implement new prevention and surveillance measures.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">APHIS Administrator Bobby Acord ably managed stakeholder relations during early days of the emergency, establishing new outreach practice, such as regular calls with the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture. Other employees were involved in formulating new public policy or trying to assuage public concern and explain the complicated science involved. This included the fact that BSE is not contagious in the traditional sense, that the disease is mainly transmitted through feed and may lie dormant in the nervous system for many years, and that there are no simple “food safety” tests to detect BSE in meat or other products. Rather, it was necessary to find and test those cattle most likely to have the disease, a process called “targeted surveillance.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">APHIS Rises to the Challenge</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In response to the first U.S. BSE detection, many countries stopped importing U.S. beef. After APHIS launched its enhanced surveillance program, the Agency tested nearly 1 million animals. The data indicated the prevalence of BSE in the United States was very low—less than 1 infected animal per million based on a population of 42 million adult cattle. APHIS and USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service also implemented further preventive measures, including blocking certain cattle from entering the food chain, removing and destroying certain organs, and restricting certain meat collection methods that were thought to present a risk.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">These measures were successful and helped support restored trade of U.S. beef. From 2003 to 2018, only 26 BSE cases were found in North America, just 6 of which were detected in the United States. Moreover, the United States never recorded a human case of BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">photo of Ron DeHaven and Lisa FergusonIn October 2004, APHIS Administrator Ron DeHaven and VS’ Dr. Lisa Ferguson celebrate the work of the BSE enhanced surveillance program.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In 2013, the World Organisation for Animal Health upgraded the United States to negligible risk status for BSE, the highest status available. Today, most countries that previously prohibited U.S. beef due to BSE have removed those restrictions. Even better, the incidence of BSE worldwide has plummeted. By 2011, only 29 cases were detected worldwide.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and issues with the international and domestic supply chains, the United States remains the world’s largest beef producer and second-largest exporter. APHIS’ efforts were critical to quickly facing and overcoming the BSE crisis, and—as in so many other ways—safeguarding American agriculture.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Want to learn more? Check out the “Securing the Homeland: APHIS in the 2000s” StoryMap.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">#</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA touches the lives of all Americans each day in so many positive ways. In the Biden-Harris Administration, USDA is transforming America’s food system with a greater focus on more resilient local and regional food production, fairer markets for all producers, ensuring access to safe, healthy and nutritious food in all communities, building new markets and streams of income for farmers and producers using climate smart food and forestry practices, making historic investments in infrastructure and clean energy capabilities in rural America, and committing to equity across the Department by removing systemic barriers and building a workforce more representative of America. To learn more, visit www.usda.gov.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2022/aphis50-bse" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2022/aphis50-bse</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases Published <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Title: BSE: description of typical and atypical cases</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Richt, Juergen Submitted to: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Publication Type: Proceedings</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 4/1/2007</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: 6/6/2007</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Richt, J. 2007. BSE: description of typical and atypical cases. In: Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2007 ACVIM Forum, June 6-9, 2007, Seattle, Washington. Paper No. 159. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Introduction Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents or prions induce fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and in other mammalian species. They are transmissible among their species of origin, but they can also cross the species barrier and induce infection and/or disease in other species. Human TSEs include Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS), Kuru and fatal familial insomnia (FFI) (1). In animals, four distinct TSE diseases are recognized: scrapie in sheep and goats, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in mink, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. Although considerable research has been undertaken, the precise nature of the causative agent remains controversial. A number of theories describe the etiology, however the "protein only" theory has emerged to dominate the literature. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Widely referred to as "mad cow disease", BSE was first identified as a TSE of cattle in the mid 1980s in the U.K. and more than 180,000 positive cases have been diagnosed in the U.K. to date. BSE is also transmissible via BSE-contaminated feed to cats (feline spongiform encephalopathy, FSE) and exotic ungulates (exotic ungulate encephalopathy, EUE) (2, 3). BSE is a chronic degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle. Affected animals display changes in temperament, abnormal posture, incoordination and difficulty in rising, decreased milk production, and/or loss of body weight despite continued appetite (4). The average incubation period is about 4-6 years and all affected animals succumb to the disease (5). Following the onset of clinical signs, the animal's condition deteriorates until it either dies or is destroyed. This process usually takes from 2 weeks to 6 months. Most cases in the U.K. occurred in dairy cows between 3 and 6 years of age with the highest susceptibility to infection being in the first 6 months of life; adult cattle appear to be at relatively low risk of infection (6). Using epidemiological surveillance programs, many European and non-European countries have discovered BSE-positive animals within the last decade (7) (8). BSE has been reported in native-born cattle in twenty-four countries with a geographic distribution that includes Europe, the Middle East, North America, and Asia. These outbreaks, caused by the consumption of infected meat and bone meal containing a malformed prion protein, have resulted in the destruction of thousands of cattle and have caused significant economic losses. All currently validated diagnostic tests for BSE require brain tissue. There are no validated ante mortem tests for BSE available at present. "Typical" versus "Atypical" BSE cases Molecular characterization of the abnormal form of the prion protein, called PrPres, has allowed the identification of "atypical" cases of BSE cases in cattle. BSE in cattle was considered to be a disease with unique features (9) and the majority of BSE cases so far have been defined as "typical" BSE cases. However, unusual or "atypical" cases of BSE have been reported in the past 3 years by investigators from several countries. Most of these animals were greater than 8 years of age and of various breeds. There have been two molecular types of "atypical" BSE isolates described in the literature so far: (i) a type with a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated isoform also called the L-type and (ii) a type with a higher molecular mass of the unglycosylated isoform, also called the H-type. The L-type has been found in cattle in Italy (10), Japan (11), Germany (12) and Belgium (13). So far, the H-type has been described in cattle from France (14), Germany (12) and the United States (15). The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama). Unus</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=208195" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=208195</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>USDA APHIS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>HISTORY</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: #f6f3e7; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Six cases of BSE have been identified in the U.S. The first case was detected in 2003 in Washington State in a 6 year-old dairy cow imported from Canada and confirmed as classical BSE. The subsequent five cases were confirmed as atypical BSE forms. The second, in 2005, was a 12 year-old beef cow in Texas. The third, in 2006, was a 10 year-old beef cow in Alabama. The fourth, in 2012, was a 10 year-old dairy cow in California. The fifth case, in 2017, was an 11 year-old beef cow in Alabama. The sixth case, in 2018, was a 6 year old mixed breed beef cow in Florida.</span><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: #f6f3e7; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: #f6f3e7; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cattle-disease-information/cattle-bse/cattle-bse" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cattle-disease-information/cattle-bse/cattle-bse</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="yiv7014048874eletters-comment__info" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">AUG. 11, 2017</div><div class="yiv7014048874eletters-comment__info" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874eletters-comment__info" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***>Assuming no other factors influenced the levels of correct diagnosis and that the numbers estimated for 1997 to 1999 were a true representation of the potential under-diagnosis of the entire epidemic up until 1999, then the total number of missed cases positive for BSE could have been in the region of 5,500.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div>USDA did not test possible mad cows</div><div><br /></div><div>By Steve Mitchell</div><div><br /></div><div>United Press International</div><div><br /></div><div>Published 6/8/2004 9:30 PM</div><div><br /></div><div>WASHINGTON, June 8 (UPI) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture claims ittested 500 cows with signs of a brain disorder for mad cow disease last year, but agency documents obtained by United Press International show the agency tested only half that number.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>"These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."</div><div><br /></div><div>THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!</div><div><br /></div><div>THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>TEXAS 2ND MAD COW THAT WAS COVERED UP, AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS, AND CALLS FROM TSE PRION SCIENTIST AROUND THE GLOBE, THIS 2ND MAD COW IN TEXAS WAS CONFIRMED</div><div><br /></div><div>THE USDA MAD COW FOLLIES POSITIVE TEST COVER UP</div><div><br /></div><div>JOHANNS SECRET POSTIVE MAD COW TEST THAT WERE IGNORED</div><div><br /></div><div>OIG AND THE HONORABLE FONG CONFIRMS TEXAS MAD AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS 7 MONTHS LATER</div><div><br /></div><div>TEXAS MAD COW</div><div><br /></div><div>THEY DID FINALLY TEST AFTER SITTING 7+ MONTHS ON A SHELF WHILE GW BORE THE BSE MRR POLICY, i.e. legal trading of all strains of TSE. now understand, i confirmed this case 7 months earlier to the TAHC, and then, only after i contacted the Honorable Phyllis Fong and after an act of Congress, this animal was finally confirmed ;</div><div><br /></div><div>During the course of the investigation, USDA removed and tested a total of 67 animals of interest from the farm where the index animal's herd originated. All of these animals tested negative for BSE. 200 adult animals of interest were determined to have left the index farm. Of these 200, APHIS officials determined that 143 had gone to slaughter, two were found alive (one was determined not to be of interest because of its age and the other tested negative), 34 are presumed dead, one is known dead and 20 have been classified as untraceable. In addition to the adult animals, APHIS was looking for two calves born to the index animal. Due to record keeping and identification issues, APHIS had to trace 213 calves. Of these 213 calves, 208 entered feeding and slaughter channels, four are presumed to have entered feeding and slaughter channels and one calf was untraceable.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Executive Summary In June 2005, an inconclusive bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) sample from November 2004, that had originally been classified as negative on the immunohistochemistry test, was confirmed positive on SAF immunoblot (Western blot). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) identified the herd of origin for the index cow in Texas; that identification was confirmed by DNA analysis. USDA, in close cooperation with the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), established an incident command post (ICP) and began response activities according to USDA’s BSE Response Plan of September 2004. Response personnel removed at-risk cattle and cattle of interest (COI) from the index herd, euthanized them, and tested them for BSE; all were negative. USDA and the State extensively traced all at-risk cattle and COI that left the index herd. The majority of these animals entered rendering and/or slaughter channels well before the investigation began. USDA’s response to the Texas finding was thorough and effective.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Trace Herd 3 The owner of Trace Herd 3 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest. The herd was placed under hold order on 7/27/05. The herd inventory was conducted on 7/28/05. The animal of interest was not present within the herd, and the hold order was released on 7/28/05. The person who thought he sold the animal to the owner of Trace Herd 3 had no records and could not remember who else he might have sold the cow to. Additionally, a search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable because all leads were exhausted.</div><div><br /></div><div>Trace Herd 4 The owner of Trace Herd 4 was identified as having received one of the COI through an order buyer. Trace Herd 4 was placed under hold order on 7/29/05. A complete herd inventory was conducted on 8/22/05 and 8/23/05. There were 233 head of cattle that were examined individually by both State and Federal personnel for all man-made identification and brands. The animal of interest was not present within the herd. Several animals were reported to have died in the herd sometime after they arrived on the premises in April 2005. A final search of GDB records yielded no further results on the eartag of interest at either subsequent market sale or slaughter. With all leads having been exhausted, this animal of interest has been classified as untraceable. The hold order on Trace Herd 4 was released on 8/23/05.</div><div><br /></div><div>Trace Herd 5 The owner of Trace Herd 5 was identified as having received two COI and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 5 is made up of 67 head of cattle in multiple pastures. During the course of the herd inventory, the owner located records that indicated that one of the COI, a known birth cohort, had been sold to Trace Herd 8 where she was subsequently found alive. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the other animal of interest was not found within the herd. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 5 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest and she was subsequently classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 5 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div><br /></div><div>Trace Herd 6 The owner of Trace Herd 6 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. This herd is made up of 58 head of cattle on two pastures. A herd inventory was conducted and the animal of interest was not present within the herd. The owner of Trace Herd 6 had very limited records and was unable to provide further information on where the cow might have gone after he purchased her from the livestock market. A search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. Additionally, many of the animals presented for sale by the owner of the herd had been re-tagged at the market effectually losing the traceability of the history of that animal prior to re-tagging. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 6 was released on 8/3/05.</div><div><br /></div><div>Trace Herd 7 The owner of Trace Herd 7 was identified as having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 7 contains 487 head of cattle on multiple pastures in multiple parts of the State, including a unit kept on an island. The island location is a particularly rough place to keep cattle and the owner claimed to have lost 22 head on the island in 2004 due to liver flukes. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the animal of interest was not found present within Trace Herd 7. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 7 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest. The cow was subsequently classified as untraceable. It is quite possible though that she may have died within the herd, especially if she belonged to the island unit. The hold order on Trace Herd 7 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div><div><br /></div><div>An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div><br /></div><div>UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL Washington, D.C. 20250 January 25, 2006 REPLY TO ATTN OF: 50601-10-KC TO: W. Ron DeHaven Administrator Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Barbara Masters Administrator Food Safety and Inspection Service ATTN: William J. Hudnall Deputy Administrator Marketing Regulatory Program Business Services William C. Smith Assistant Administrator Office of Program Evaluation, Enforcement, and Review FROM: Robert W. Young /s/ Assistant Inspector General for Audit SUBJECT: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III This report presents the results of our audit of the enhanced BSE surveillance program and controls over specified risk materials and advanced meat recovery products. Your written response to the official draft report, dated January 20, 2006, is included as exhibit G with excerpts of the response and the Office of Inspector General’s (OIG) position incorporated into the Findings and Recommendations section of the report, where applicable. We accept the management decisions for all recommendations. Please follow your agency’s internal procedures in forwarding documentation for final action to the Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO). We are providing a separate memorandum to the agencies and OCFO that provides specific information on the actions to be completed to achieve final action. We appreciate your timely response and the cooperation and assistance provided to our staff during the audit USDA/OIG-A/50601-10-KC/ Page i</div><div><br /></div><div>Executive Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div><br /></div><div>Results in Brief This report evaluates elements of the interlocking safeguards in place to protect United States (U.S.) beef from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, widely known as BSE or "mad cow disease." Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), has led a multi-agency effort to monitor and prevent BSE from entering the food supply. After discovering a BSE-positive cow in December 2003, APHIS expanded its BSE surveillance program. To further protect the food supply, USDA banned materials identified as being at risk of carrying BSE (specified risk materials (SRM)), such as central nervous system tissue. As part of this effort, USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) required beef slaughter and processing facilities to incorporate controls for handling such materials into their operational plans. Onsite FSIS inspectors also inspect cattle for clinical signs in order to prevent diseased animals from being slaughtered for human consumption. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safeguards, we assessed APHIS’ implementation of the expanded surveillance program, as well as FSIS’ controls to prevent banned SRMs from entering the food supply.</div><div><br /></div><div>In June 2004, APHIS implemented its expanded surveillance program; participation by industry in this surveillance program is voluntary. As of May 2005, over 350,000 animals were sampled and tested for BSE. To date, two animals tested positive for BSE; one tested positive after implementation of the expanded surveillance program.</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA made significant efforts to implement the expanded BSE surveillance program. Much needed to be done in a short period of time to establish the necessary processes, controls, infrastructure, and networks to assist in this effort. In addition, extensive outreach and coordination was undertaken with other Federal, State, and local entities, private industry, and laboratory and veterinary networks. This report provides an assessment as to the progress USDA made in expanding its surveillance effort and the effectiveness of its controls and processes. This report also discusses the limitations of its program and data in assessing the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. herd.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>40 ELISA test procedures require two additional (duplicate) tests if the initial test is reactive, before final interpretation. If either of the duplicate tests is reactive, the test is deemed inconclusive.</div><div><br /></div><div>41 Protocol for BSE Contract Laboratories to Receive and Test Bovine Brain Samples and Report Results for BSE Surveillance Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), dated October 26, 2004.</div><div><br /></div><div>42 The NVSL conducted an ELISA test on the original material tested at the contract laboratory and on two new cuts from the sample tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>43 A visual examination of brain tissue by a microscope.</div><div><br /></div><div>44 A localized pathological change in a bodily organ or tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE SEE FLAMING EVIDENCE THAT THE USDA ET AL COVERED UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS ;</div><div><br /></div><div>PAGE 43;</div><div><br /></div><div>Section 2. Testing Protocols and Quality Assurance Controls</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>FULL TEXT 130 PAGES</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS.</div><div><br /></div><div>Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary.</div><div><br /></div><div>This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind:</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a>]</div><div><br /></div><div>Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002.</div><div><br /></div><div>October 31, 2002 Review of the Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States Conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health and Center for Computational Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University Final Report Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Office of Public Health and Science Prepared by RTI Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 RTI Project Number 07182.024</div><div><br /></div><div> <a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, February 14, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</div><div><br /></div><div> <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>snip...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; font-size: 13px;">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div></div></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div>***> The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama). Unus<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE HISTORY AT THE BOTTOM...TSS</div><div><br /></div><div><div><div class="yiv7014048874MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL HEALTH STANDARDS COMMISSION Virtual meeting, 7–16 & 23 September 2021<br /></div><div class="yiv7014048874MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">snip...</div><div class="yiv7014048874MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">The Code Commission was provided with an update on the progress of the work to develop case definitions to support notification being conducted by the Scientific Commission. In response to this update, the Code Commission recognised the value of this work and reminded Members that in order to support notification, newly developed case definitions of listed diseases would be published on the OIE Website if they do not conflict with existing OIE Standards. These case definitions would then be considered for inclusion in the relevant disease-specific chapter of the Terrestrial Code according to the prioritisation of the Code Commission’s work programme and the standard-setting process.</div><div class="yiv7014048874MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">The Code Commission acknowledged the rationale provided in the Scientific Commission’s February 2021 report that chronic wasting disease does not meet the criteria for listing, specifically for point 2 of Article 1.2.2. of Chapter 1.2. Criteria for the inclusion of diseases, infections and infestations in the OIE list. The Commission also noted that the Scientific Commission will consider the expert consultation reports and the opinion of the Laboratories Commission on assessments undertaken for paratuberculosis and West Nile virus in accordance with Chapter 1.2.</span><br /></div><div class="yiv7014048874MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">The Code Commission wished to thank the Scientific Commission for its collaborative work in providing opinions to support the consideration of relevant Member comments received. The Code Commission reminded Members that its consideration of the Scientific Commission contributions is noted under the relevant agenda items of this report and encouraged Members to read this report together with the September 2021 Scientific Commission report. </span><br /></div><div class="yiv7014048874MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/11/a-tahsc-sept-2021-report.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/11/a-tahsc-sept-2021-report.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Virtual, 1–11 February 2021 </span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>iv) Chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>The Commission considered the request by the Code Commission for clarification on the rationale for the Commission’s opinion that CWD did not fulfil the criteria for listing, specifically for point 2 of Article 1.2.26 of the Terrestrial Code. The Commission explained that the opinion was based on an extensive consultation process that took into account the opinions of the ad hoc Group on BSE, the Working Group on Wildlife and several subject-matter expert consultations. Based on this extensive consultation, the Commission indicated that the low disease prevalence, the impractical nature of currently available diagnostic tests, and the limited number of control measures make it difficult to eliminate the disease or scientifically provide evidence to demonstrate either freedom or impending freedom. The Commission considered also that despite the implementation of surveillance programmes by some Members, no country can currently demonstrate either freedom or impending freedom from disease. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Annex 19</div><div><br /></div><div>WORK PROGRAMME OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES (FEB 2021)</div><div><br /></div><div>Define a procedure for the evaluation of diseases against the listing criteria of Chapter 1.2., and responding to requests for listing decisions</div><div><br /></div><div>Evaluated proposals for (de)listing of:</div><div><br /></div><div>• M. tuberculosis • Infestation of honey bees with Acarapis woodi • Infestation of honey bees with Tropilaelaps spp. </div><div><br /></div><div>• Chronic wasting disease </div><div><br /></div><div>• Atypical BSE</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>6.8. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Chapter 11.4.), Application for official recognition by the OIE of risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Chapter 1.8.) and Glossary definition for ‘protein meal’</div><div><br /></div><div>Background </div><div><br /></div><div>In February 2018, following preliminary work and scientific exchanges, the Code Commission and the Scientific Commission agreed to an in-depth review of Chapter 11.4. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The OIE convened three different ad hoc Groups between July 2018 and March 2019: i) an ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment, which met twice, ii) an ad hoc Group on BSE surveillance, which met once, and iii) a joint ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment and surveillance, which met once. The Code Commission, at its September 2019 meeting, reviewed the four ad hoc Group reports and the opinion of the Scientific Commission regarding the draft revised chapter and circulated a revised draft Chapter 11.4. for comments. In February 2020, the Code Commission considered comments received on the revised draft Chapter 11.4. and requested that the joint ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment and surveillance be reconvened to address comments of a technical nature. In June 2020, the joint ad hoc Group was convened to address relevant comments and was also requested to review Chapter 1.8. Application for official recognition by the OIE of risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy to ensure alignment with the proposed changes in Chapter 11.4.</div><div><br /></div><div>In September 2020, the Code Commission reviewed the joint ad hoc Group report and the revised draft Chapters 11.4. and 1.8. and made some additional amendments and circulated the revised chapters for comments in its September 2020 report. In February 2021, the Commission considered comments received and amended the chapters, as appropriate, and circulated the revised chapters for a third round of comments. In preparation for the September 2021 meetings, some members of the Code Commission and the Scientific Commission met to discuss key aspects of the revision of Chapters 11.4. and 1.8. to ensure a common understanding of the main concerns raised by Members, the decisions made on the revised chapters and their impact on the official status recognition, as well as on the adapted procedures that will be required. During this meeting, it was agreed that each Commission would address the issues relevant to its meeting and document discussions in their respective reports. </div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion </div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT; </div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2022/04/a-bsc-feb2022-part-b.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2022/04/a-bsc-feb2022-part-b.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>REFERENCES</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div> In most cases of naturally occurring atypical BSE identified so far, the animals were >8 years of age, except for 3 cases: 1 H-BSE and 1 L-BSE in Spain (1) and 1 H-BSE in Germany (12). Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that L-BSE developed sporadically/spontaneously.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Atypical H-type BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Research Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge. Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenat<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">es. Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Published: 23 June 2011</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>References...END</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Pathogens . 2022 May 20;11(5):597. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11050597.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Experimental Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Squirrel Monkeys: The Same Complex Proteinopathy Appearing after Very Different Incubation Times</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Pedro Piccardo 1 2 3, Juraj Cervenak 1, Wilfred Goldmann 2, Paula Stewart 2, Kitty L Pomeroy 1, Luisa Gregori 1, Oksana Yakovleva 1, David M Asher 1 Affiliations expand PMID: 35631118 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050597 Cite Abstract</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Incubation periods in humans infected with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents can exceed 50 years. In humans infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agents, the effects of a "species barrier," often observed when TSE infections are transmitted from one species to another, would be expected to increase incubation periods compared with transmissions of same infectious agents within the same species. As part of a long-term study investigating the susceptibility to BSE of cell cultures used to produce vaccines, we inoculated squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sp., here designated SQ) with serial dilutions of a bovine brain suspension containing the BSE agent and monitored them for as long as ten years. Previously, we showed that SQ infected with the original "classical" BSE agent (SQ-BSE) developed a neurological disease resembling that seen in humans with variant CJD (vCJD). Here, we report the final characterization of the SQ-BSE model. We observed an unexpectedly marked difference in incubation times between two animals inoculated with the same dilution and volume of the same C-BSE bovine brain extract on the same day. SQ-BSE developed, in addition to spongiform changes and astrogliosis typical of TSEs, a complex proteinopathy with severe accumulations of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPTSE), hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), ubiquitin, and α-synuclein, but without any amyloid plaques or β-amyloid protein (Aβ) typical of Alzheimer's disease. These results suggest that PrPTSE enhanced the accumulation of several key proteins characteristically seen in human neurodegenerative diseases. The marked variation in incubation periods in the same experimental TSE should be taken into account when modeling the epidemiology of human TSEs.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="font-size: 14px;">As part of a long-term study investigating susceptibility of several widely used cell cultures to BSE infection, we inoculated squirrel monkeys (SQ) with serial dilutions of a bovine brain suspension containing the C-BSE agent and monitored them for ten years. In a preliminary study, we showed that SQ infected with C-BSE (SQ-BSE) developed a spongiform encephalopathy resembling that seen in humans with vCJD [10,11], albeit without PrP plaques. Here, we report the final characterization of this experimental model after observation over ten years. We observed an unexpected extreme difference in incubation times between two animals inoculated with the same dilution and volume of a C-BSE brain suspension on the same day. SQ-BSE developed, in addition to spongiform changes and astrogliosis, a complex proteinopathy with severe accumulations of PrPTSE, hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), ubiquitin, and α-synuclein but without the beta-amyloid (Aβ) protein typical of Alzheimer’s disease.</div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Keywords: TSE; bovine spongiform encephalopathy; prion; squirrel monkey.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Grant support</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">224-05-1307/NH/NIH HHS/United States</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/5/597" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/5/597</a></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631118/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631118/</a></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/pathogens/pathogens-11-00597/article_deploy/pathogens-11-00597.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/pathogens/pathogens-11-00597/article_deploy/pathogens-11-00597.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. ***These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.</div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAME FARM INDUSTRY WANTS TO COVER UP FINDINGS OF INCREASE RISK TO CJD FROM CERVID</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">BSE INQUIRY</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CJD9/10022</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">October 1994</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge Spencers Lane </span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dear Mr Elmhirst,</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended.. In future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy of the report in advance of publication.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the Department.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The statistical results regarding the consumption of venison was put into perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all. </span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasized by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterize the human dementias"</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">76/10.12/4.6</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">reference...</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">RB3.20</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">1. Kuru and CJD have been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees but scrapie and TME have not.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2. We cannot say that scrapie will not transmit to chimpanzees. There are several scrapie strains and I am not aware that all have been tried (that would have to be from mouse passaged material). Nor has a wide enough range of field isolates subsequently strain typed in mice been inoculated by the appropriate routes (i/c, ilp and i/v) :</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. I believe the proposed experiment to determine transmissibility, if conducted, would only show the susceptibility or resistance of the chimpanzee to infection/disease by the routes used and the result could not be interpreted for the predictability of the susceptibility for man. Proposals for prolonged oral exposure of chimpanzees to milk from cattle were suggested a long while ago and rejected.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">4. In view of Dr Gibbs' probable use of chimpazees Mr Wells' comments (enclosed) are pertinent. I have yet to receive a direct communication from Dr Schellekers but before any collaboration or provision of material we should identify the Gibbs' proposals and objectives.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">6. A negative result would take a lifetime to determine but that would be a shorter period than might be available for human exposure and it would still not answer the question regarding mans' susceptibility. In the meantime no doubt the negativity would be used defensively. It would however be counterproductive if the experiment finally became positive. We may learn more about public reactions following next Monday' s meeting.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R. Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">23 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO (+Mr Wells' comments)</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr T W A Little</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.23/1.1.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CODE 18-77 Reference RB3.46</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Some further information that may assist in decision making has been gained by discussion with Dr Rosalind Ridley.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">She says that careful study of Gajdusek's work shows no increased susceptibility of chimpanzees over New World Monkeys such as Squirrel Monkeys. She does not think it would tell you anything about the susceptibility to man. Also Gajdusek did not, she believes, challenge chimpanzees with scrapie as severely as we did pigs and we know little of that source of scrapie. Comparisons would be difficult. She also would not expect the Home Office to sanction such experiments here unless there was a very clear and important objective that would be important for human health protection. She doubted such a case could be made. If this is the case she thought it would be unethical to do an experiment abroad because we could not do it in our own country.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Retrospectively she feels they should have put up more marmosets than they did. They all remain healthy. They would normally regard the transmission as negative if no disease resulted in five years.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">We are not being asked for a decision but I think that before we made one we should gain as much knowledge as we can. If we decided to proceed we would have to bear any criticisms for many years if there was an adverse view by scientists or media. This should not be undertaken lightly. There is already some adverse comment here, I gather, on the pig experiment though that will subside.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Gibbs' (as' distinct from Schellekers') study is somewhat different. We are merely supplying material for comparative studies in a laboratory with the greatest experience of human SEs in the world and it has been sanctioned by USDA (though we do not know for certain yet if chimpanzees specifically will be used). This would keep it at a lower profile than if we conducted such an experiment in the UK or Europe.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I consider we must have very powerful and defendable objectives to go beyond Gibbs' proposed experiments and should not initiate others just because an offer has been made.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Scientists have a responsibility to seek other methods of investigative research other than animal experimentation. At present no objective has convinced me we need to do research using Chimpanzees - a species in need of protection. Resisting such proposals would enable us to communicate that information to the scientist and the public should the need arise. A line would have been drawn.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO cc Dr T Dr B W A Little Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">26 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.26/3.2</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">this is tse prion political theater here, i.e. what i call TSE PRION POKER...tss</span><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PAGE 26</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Transmission Studies</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite its subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA viewed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province! ...page 26. </span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...see;</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PERCEPTIONS OF UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAH WELLS</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">REPORT OF A VISIT TO THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">APRIL-MAY 1989</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip...</div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Tuesday, May 31, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">89th General Session of the World Assembly of OIE Delegates image for WOAH General Summit 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Discussions and Concerns<br /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a fg_rewritten="1" fg_scanned="1" href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgb(200, 26, 0) !important; color: blue; cursor: pointer; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div>Published: 06 September 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021)</span> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">RE-Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CPISPR-Cas9</span></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv7014048874eletters-comment__info"><h6 class="yiv7014048874eletters-comment__title yiv7014048874text-md yiv7014048874letter-spacing-default yiv7014048874mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;">RE: Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9</h6><h6 class="yiv7014048874eletters-comment__title yiv7014048874text-md yiv7014048874letter-spacing-default yiv7014048874mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="yiv7014048874eletters-comment__user yiv7014048874text-reset yiv7014048874font-weight-bold yiv7014048874text-uppercase yiv7014048874mr-2" style="background-color: transparent; color: inherit !important; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase !important;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><ul class="yiv7014048874eletters-comment__user-data yiv7014048874list-inline yiv7014048874comma-separated yiv7014048874d-inline" style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; display: inline !important; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="yiv7014048874list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.25em;">retired</li> <li class="yiv7014048874list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block;">Mr.</li></ul></h6></div><div class="yiv7014048874eletters-comment__description yiv7014048874serif yiv7014048874text-ellipses yiv7014048874truncated yiv7014048874collapse yiv7014048874show" id="yiv7014048874x697946" style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><div>seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div><div>Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</div><div>Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</div><div><br /></div><div>CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #ca2015; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div><br /></div><div>CONFIDENTIAL</div><div><br /></div><div>EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div><br /></div><div>While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see much more here ;</div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div><div><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv7014048874cxmmr5t8 yiv7014048874oygrvhab yiv7014048874hcukyx3x yiv7014048874c1et5uql yiv7014048874o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>***> The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama).<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE HISTORY AT THE BOTTOM...TSS</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">THURSDAY, MARCH 31, 2022 </b><br /></div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>EFSA ONE Conference 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP of Cervid and Zoonosis Zoonotic Transmission Singeltary Submission </b></span></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/03/efsa-one-conference-2022-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/03/efsa-one-conference-2022-chronic.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 2022</div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">***> OIE Agent causing chronic wasting disease (CWD) TSE Prion of Cervid <***</div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/03/oie-agent-causing-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/03/oie-agent-causing-chronic-wasting.html</a></div></div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Tuesday, May 31, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">89th General Session of the World Assembly of OIE Delegates image for WOAH General Summit 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Discussions and Concerns<br /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">(this link is good and safe from one of my tse prion blogs, My Norton has chosen wrongly to mark it as suspicious, at this time...terry)</span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a fg_rewritten="1" fg_scanned="1" href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html" style="background-color: rgb(200, 26, 0) !important; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; cursor: pointer; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html</a><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7014048874aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div></div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv8451975856MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;">SUNDAY, MAY 08, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;">USA National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Surveillance Update April 11th, 2022</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><br /></div></div><div class="yiv8451975856MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">TUESDAY, MAY 24, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv8451975856MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Texas Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD TSE Prion Update Singeltary FOIA Request Received May 23, 2022</span><br /></div><div class="yiv8451975856MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2022/05/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2022/05/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv8451975856MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="yiv8451975856MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;">TUESDAY, MAY 10, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Concordance of CSF RT-QuIC across the European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease surveillance network</span><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/concordance-of-csf-rt-quic-across.html" style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/concordance-of-csf-rt-quic-across.html</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">TUESDAY, APRIL 05, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div style="font-family: BerninaSansWeb, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 12px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, JANUARY 31, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Validation of Revised International Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network Diagnostic Criteria for Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/validation-of-revised-international.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/validation-of-revised-international.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: BerninaSansWeb, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: BerninaSansWeb, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Friday, March 11, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Prevalence of Surgical Procedures at Symptomatic Onset of Prion Disease<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2022/03/prevalence-of-surgical-procedures-at.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2022/03/prevalence-of-surgical-procedures-at.html</a></div><div style="font-family: BerninaSansWeb, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div class="yiv4950624883aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4950624883aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white;"><div class="yiv4950624883aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #222222;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 02, 2022 <br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Understanding the nature of PrP found in Appendix tissues in the UK population <br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2022/02/understanding-nature-of-prp-found-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2022/02/understanding-nature-of-prp-found-in.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 24, 2021 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;">***> Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD TSE Prion Update December 25, 2021 <***</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;">TUESDAY, OCTOBER 26, 2021 <div>Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Very Young Person Singeltary Reply 2021</div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-in.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div class="yiv4950624883aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4950624883aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white;"><div class="yiv4950624883aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #222222;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Saturday, December 18, 2021 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Direct neural transmission of vCJD/BSE in macaque after finger incision <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/12/direct-neural-transmission-of-vcjdbse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/12/direct-neural-transmission-of-vcjdbse.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="yiv4950624883MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">Tuesday, November 30, 2021 </div><div class="yiv4950624883MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4950624883MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">Second death in France in a laboratory working on prions</div><div class="yiv4950624883MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4950624883MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/11/second-death-in-france-in-laboratory.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/11/second-death-in-france-in-laboratory.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div>Second lab worker with deadly prion disease prompts research pause in France</div><div><br /></div><div>A lab worker died of prion disease in 2019, nine years after a lab accident.</div><div><br /></div><div>BETH MOLE - 7/29/2021, 5:16 PM</div></div><div><br /></div><div></div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/second-lab-worker-with-deadly-prion-disease-prompts-research-pause-in-france/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/second-lab-worker-with-deadly-prion-disease-prompts-research-pause-in-france/</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>A 2020 paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine left little doubt that Jaumain had been infected on the job. She had variant CJD, but since Europe’s ‘mad cow’ outbreak ended after 2000 and the disease virtually disappeared, the paper said it was virtually impossible for someone her age in France to contract food-borne vCJD.</div><div><br /></div><div>Science also said two independent reports – one by government inspectors – had found no safety violations at the lab where Jaumain worked. The press release also noted that the inspectors concluded there was “the presence of a risk control culture within the research teams”. The Jaumain family’s lawyer called the neutrality of the reports into question, however.</div><div><br /></div><div>At the same time, the government inspectors’ report also revealed that there had been at least 17 accidents among the 100 or so scientists and technicians in France working with prions in the previous decade, raising concerns about how effective this risk control culture is. Five of these occurred when workers “stabbed or cut themselves with contaminated syringes or blades”.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/second-case-of-fatal-disease-prompts-french-moratorium-on-prion-research/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/second-case-of-fatal-disease-prompts-french-moratorium-on-prion-research/</a><br /></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Wednesday, July 28, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">France issues moratorium on prion research after fatal brain disease strikes two lab workers<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-on-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-on-prion.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #222222;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Wednesday, July 28, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">France issues moratorium on prion research after fatal brain disease strikes two lab workers<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-on-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-on-prion.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;">Friendly fire, pass it forward, they call it iatrogenic cjd, or what i call 'tse prion poker', are you all in $$$</div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;">all iatrogenic cjd is, is sporadic cjd, before the iatrogenic event is discovered, traced back, proven, documented, put into the academic domain, and then finally the public domain, this very seldom happens, thus problem solved, it's all sporadic cjd...</div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;">SATURDAY, AUGUST 01, 2020</div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease among Physicians, Germany, 1993–2018 high proportion of physicians with sCJD were surgeons</div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/08/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/08/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">SUNDAY, JULY 19, 2020 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Joseph J. Zubak Orthopaedic surgeon passed away Monday, July 6, 2020, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/joseph-j-zubak-orthopaedic-surgeon.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/joseph-j-zubak-orthopaedic-surgeon.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease was identified in a technician who had cut her thumb while handling brain sections of mice infected with adapted BSE 7.5 years earlier. The long incubation period was similar to that of the transfusion-transmitted form of the disease.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2000687" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2000687</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/suppl/10.1056/NEJMc2000687/suppl_file/nejmc2000687_appendix.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nejm.org/doi/suppl/10.1056/NEJMc2000687/suppl_file/nejmc2000687_appendix.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">THURSDAY, JULY 02, 2020 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2020/07/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2020/07/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv7014048874SubmissionTitle" id="yiv7014048874ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-75634693728324297782022-05-31T16:28:00.002-05:002022-05-31T16:32:44.024-05:00USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: BSE: description of typical and atypical cases</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Author item Richt, Juergen Submitted to: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Publication Type: Proceedings</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Acceptance Date: 4/1/2007</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Date: 6/6/2007</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Citation: Richt, J. 2007. BSE: description of typical and atypical cases. In: Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2007 ACVIM Forum, June 6-9, 2007, Seattle, Washington. Paper No. 159. Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: Introduction Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents or prions induce fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and in other mammalian species. They are transmissible among their species of origin, but they can also cross the species barrier and induce infection and/or disease in other species. Human TSEs include Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS), Kuru and fatal familial insomnia (FFI) (1). In animals, four distinct TSE diseases are recognized: scrapie in sheep and goats, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in mink, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. Although considerable research has been undertaken, the precise nature of the causative agent remains controversial. A number of theories describe the etiology, however the "protein only" theory has emerged to dominate the literature. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Widely referred to as "mad cow disease", BSE was first identified as a TSE of cattle in the mid 1980s in the U.K. and more than 180,000 positive cases have been diagnosed in the U.K. to date. BSE is also transmissible via BSE-contaminated feed to cats (feline spongiform encephalopathy, FSE) and exotic ungulates (exotic ungulate encephalopathy, EUE) (2, 3). BSE is a chronic degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle. Affected animals display changes in temperament, abnormal posture, incoordination and difficulty in rising, decreased milk production, and/or loss of body weight despite continued appetite (4). The average incubation period is about 4-6 years and all affected animals succumb to the disease (5). Following the onset of clinical signs, the animal's condition deteriorates until it either dies or is destroyed. This process usually takes from 2 weeks to 6 months. Most cases in the U.K. occurred in dairy cows between 3 and 6 years of age with the highest susceptibility to infection being in the first 6 months of life; adult cattle appear to be at relatively low risk of infection (6). Using epidemiological surveillance programs, many European and non-European countries have discovered BSE-positive animals within the last decade (7) (8). BSE has been reported in native-born cattle in twenty-four countries with a geographic distribution that includes Europe, the Middle East, North America, and Asia. These outbreaks, caused by the consumption of infected meat and bone meal containing a malformed prion protein, have resulted in the destruction of thousands of cattle and have caused significant economic losses. All currently validated diagnostic tests for BSE require brain tissue. There are no validated ante mortem tests for BSE available at present. "Typical" versus "Atypical" BSE cases Molecular characterization of the abnormal form of the prion protein, called PrPres, has allowed the identification of "atypical" cases of BSE cases in cattle. BSE in cattle was considered to be a disease with unique features (9) and the majority of BSE cases so far have been defined as "typical" BSE cases. However, unusual or "atypical" cases of BSE have been reported in the past 3 years by investigators from several countries. Most of these animals were greater than 8 years of age and of various breeds. There have been two molecular types of "atypical" BSE isolates described in the literature so far: (i) a type with a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated isoform also called the L-type and (ii) a type with a higher molecular mass of the unglycosylated isoform, also called the H-type. The L-type has been found in cattle in Italy (10), Japan (11), Germany (12) and Belgium (13). So far, the H-type has been described in cattle from France (14), Germany (12) and the United States (15). The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama). Unus</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=208195" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=208195</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>USDA APHIS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>HISTORY</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: #f6f3e7; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Six cases of BSE have been identified in the U.S. The first case was detected in 2003 in Washington State in a 6 year-old dairy cow imported from Canada and confirmed as classical BSE. The subsequent five cases were confirmed as atypical BSE forms. The second, in 2005, was a 12 year-old beef cow in Texas. The third, in 2006, was a 10 year-old beef cow in Alabama. The fourth, in 2012, was a 10 year-old dairy cow in California. The fifth case, in 2017, was an 11 year-old beef cow in Alabama. The sixth case, in 2018, was a 6 year old mixed breed beef cow in Florida.</span><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: #f6f3e7; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: #f6f3e7; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cattle-disease-information/cattle-bse/cattle-bse" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cattle-disease-information/cattle-bse/cattle-bse</a></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama). Unus<br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SEE HISTORY AT THE BOTTOM...TSS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div class="yiv0950217562MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL HEALTH STANDARDS COMMISSION Virtual meeting, 7–16 & 23 September 2021<br /></div><div class="yiv0950217562MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">snip...</div><div class="yiv0950217562MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">The Code Commission was provided with an update on the progress of the work to develop case definitions to support notification being conducted by the Scientific Commission. In response to this update, the Code Commission recognised the value of this work and reminded Members that in order to support notification, newly developed case definitions of listed diseases would be published on the OIE Website if they do not conflict with existing OIE Standards. These case definitions would then be considered for inclusion in the relevant disease-specific chapter of the Terrestrial Code according to the prioritisation of the Code Commission’s work programme and the standard-setting process.</div><div class="yiv0950217562MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">The Code Commission acknowledged the rationale provided in the Scientific Commission’s February 2021 report that chronic wasting disease does not meet the criteria for listing, specifically for point 2 of Article 1.2.2. of Chapter 1.2. Criteria for the inclusion of diseases, infections and infestations in the OIE list. The Commission also noted that the Scientific Commission will consider the expert consultation reports and the opinion of the Laboratories Commission on assessments undertaken for paratuberculosis and West Nile virus in accordance with Chapter 1.2.</span><br /></div><div class="yiv0950217562MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">The Code Commission wished to thank the Scientific Commission for its collaborative work in providing opinions to support the consideration of relevant Member comments received. The Code Commission reminded Members that its consideration of the Scientific Commission contributions is noted under the relevant agenda items of this report and encouraged Members to read this report together with the September 2021 Scientific Commission report. </span><br /></div><div class="yiv0950217562MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/11/a-tahsc-sept-2021-report.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/11/a-tahsc-sept-2021-report.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Virtual, 1–11 February 2021 </span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>iv) Chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>The Commission considered the request by the Code Commission for clarification on the rationale for the Commission’s opinion that CWD did not fulfil the criteria for listing, specifically for point 2 of Article 1.2.26 of the Terrestrial Code. The Commission explained that the opinion was based on an extensive consultation process that took into account the opinions of the ad hoc Group on BSE, the Working Group on Wildlife and several subject-matter expert consultations. Based on this extensive consultation, the Commission indicated that the low disease prevalence, the impractical nature of currently available diagnostic tests, and the limited number of control measures make it difficult to eliminate the disease or scientifically provide evidence to demonstrate either freedom or impending freedom. The Commission considered also that despite the implementation of surveillance programmes by some Members, no country can currently demonstrate either freedom or impending freedom from disease. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Annex 19</div><div><br /></div><div>WORK PROGRAMME OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES (FEB 2021)</div><div><br /></div><div>Define a procedure for the evaluation of diseases against the listing criteria of Chapter 1.2., and responding to requests for listing decisions</div><div><br /></div><div>Evaluated proposals for (de)listing of:</div><div><br /></div><div>• M. tuberculosis • Infestation of honey bees with Acarapis woodi • Infestation of honey bees with Tropilaelaps spp. </div><div><br /></div><div>• Chronic wasting disease </div><div><br /></div><div>• Atypical BSE</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>6.8. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Chapter 11.4.), Application for official recognition by the OIE of risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Chapter 1.8.) and Glossary definition for ‘protein meal’</div><div><br /></div><div>Background </div><div><br /></div><div>In February 2018, following preliminary work and scientific exchanges, the Code Commission and the Scientific Commission agreed to an in-depth review of Chapter 11.4. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The OIE convened three different ad hoc Groups between July 2018 and March 2019: i) an ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment, which met twice, ii) an ad hoc Group on BSE surveillance, which met once, and iii) a joint ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment and surveillance, which met once. The Code Commission, at its September 2019 meeting, reviewed the four ad hoc Group reports and the opinion of the Scientific Commission regarding the draft revised chapter and circulated a revised draft Chapter 11.4. for comments. In February 2020, the Code Commission considered comments received on the revised draft Chapter 11.4. and requested that the joint ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment and surveillance be reconvened to address comments of a technical nature. In June 2020, the joint ad hoc Group was convened to address relevant comments and was also requested to review Chapter 1.8. Application for official recognition by the OIE of risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy to ensure alignment with the proposed changes in Chapter 11.4.</div><div><br /></div><div>In September 2020, the Code Commission reviewed the joint ad hoc Group report and the revised draft Chapters 11.4. and 1.8. and made some additional amendments and circulated the revised chapters for comments in its September 2020 report. In February 2021, the Commission considered comments received and amended the chapters, as appropriate, and circulated the revised chapters for a third round of comments. In preparation for the September 2021 meetings, some members of the Code Commission and the Scientific Commission met to discuss key aspects of the revision of Chapters 11.4. and 1.8. to ensure a common understanding of the main concerns raised by Members, the decisions made on the revised chapters and their impact on the official status recognition, as well as on the adapted procedures that will be required. During this meeting, it was agreed that each Commission would address the issues relevant to its meeting and document discussions in their respective reports. </div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion </div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT; </div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2022/04/a-bsc-feb2022-part-b.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2022/04/a-bsc-feb2022-part-b.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>REFERENCES</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div> In most cases of naturally occurring atypical BSE identified so far, the animals were >8 years of age, except for 3 cases: 1 H-BSE and 1 L-BSE in Spain (1) and 1 H-BSE in Germany (12). Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that L-BSE developed sporadically/spontaneously.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Atypical H-type BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Research Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge. Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenat<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">es. Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Published: 23 June 2011</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>References...END</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Pathogens . 2022 May 20;11(5):597. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11050597.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Experimental Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Squirrel Monkeys: The Same Complex Proteinopathy Appearing after Very Different Incubation Times</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Pedro Piccardo 1 2 3, Juraj Cervenak 1, Wilfred Goldmann 2, Paula Stewart 2, Kitty L Pomeroy 1, Luisa Gregori 1, Oksana Yakovleva 1, David M Asher 1 Affiliations expand PMID: 35631118 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050597 Cite Abstract</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Incubation periods in humans infected with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents can exceed 50 years. In humans infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agents, the effects of a "species barrier," often observed when TSE infections are transmitted from one species to another, would be expected to increase incubation periods compared with transmissions of same infectious agents within the same species. As part of a long-term study investigating the susceptibility to BSE of cell cultures used to produce vaccines, we inoculated squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sp., here designated SQ) with serial dilutions of a bovine brain suspension containing the BSE agent and monitored them for as long as ten years. Previously, we showed that SQ infected with the original "classical" BSE agent (SQ-BSE) developed a neurological disease resembling that seen in humans with variant CJD (vCJD). Here, we report the final characterization of the SQ-BSE model. We observed an unexpectedly marked difference in incubation times between two animals inoculated with the same dilution and volume of the same C-BSE bovine brain extract on the same day. SQ-BSE developed, in addition to spongiform changes and astrogliosis typical of TSEs, a complex proteinopathy with severe accumulations of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPTSE), hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), ubiquitin, and α-synuclein, but without any amyloid plaques or β-amyloid protein (Aβ) typical of Alzheimer's disease. These results suggest that PrPTSE enhanced the accumulation of several key proteins characteristically seen in human neurodegenerative diseases. The marked variation in incubation periods in the same experimental TSE should be taken into account when modeling the epidemiology of human TSEs.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="font-size: 14px;">As part of a long-term study investigating susceptibility of several widely used cell cultures to BSE infection, we inoculated squirrel monkeys (SQ) with serial dilutions of a bovine brain suspension containing the C-BSE agent and monitored them for ten years. In a preliminary study, we showed that SQ infected with C-BSE (SQ-BSE) developed a spongiform encephalopathy resembling that seen in humans with vCJD [10,11], albeit without PrP plaques. Here, we report the final characterization of this experimental model after observation over ten years. We observed an unexpected extreme difference in incubation times between two animals inoculated with the same dilution and volume of a C-BSE brain suspension on the same day. SQ-BSE developed, in addition to spongiform changes and astrogliosis, a complex proteinopathy with severe accumulations of PrPTSE, hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), ubiquitin, and α-synuclein but without the beta-amyloid (Aβ) protein typical of Alzheimer’s disease.</div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Keywords: TSE; bovine spongiform encephalopathy; prion; squirrel monkey.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Grant support</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">224-05-1307/NH/NIH HHS/United States</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/5/597" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/5/597</a></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631118/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631118/</a></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/pathogens/pathogens-11-00597/article_deploy/pathogens-11-00597.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/pathogens/pathogens-11-00597/article_deploy/pathogens-11-00597.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div><div class="yiv0950217562SubmissionTitle" id="yiv0950217562ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. ***These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.</div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAME FARM INDUSTRY WANTS TO COVER UP FINDINGS OF INCREASE RISK TO CJD FROM CERVID</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">BSE INQUIRY</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CJD9/10022</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">October 1994</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge Spencers Lane </span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dear Mr Elmhirst,</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended.. In future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy of the report in advance of publication.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the Department.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The statistical results regarding the consumption of venison was put into perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all. </span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasized by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterize the human dementias"</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">76/10.12/4.6</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">reference...</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">RB3.20</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">1. Kuru and CJD have been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees but scrapie and TME have not.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2. We cannot say that scrapie will not transmit to chimpanzees. There are several scrapie strains and I am not aware that all have been tried (that would have to be from mouse passaged material). Nor has a wide enough range of field isolates subsequently strain typed in mice been inoculated by the appropriate routes (i/c, ilp and i/v) :</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. I believe the proposed experiment to determine transmissibility, if conducted, would only show the susceptibility or resistance of the chimpanzee to infection/disease by the routes used and the result could not be interpreted for the predictability of the susceptibility for man. Proposals for prolonged oral exposure of chimpanzees to milk from cattle were suggested a long while ago and rejected.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">4. In view of Dr Gibbs' probable use of chimpazees Mr Wells' comments (enclosed) are pertinent. I have yet to receive a direct communication from Dr Schellekers but before any collaboration or provision of material we should identify the Gibbs' proposals and objectives.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">6. A negative result would take a lifetime to determine but that would be a shorter period than might be available for human exposure and it would still not answer the question regarding mans' susceptibility. In the meantime no doubt the negativity would be used defensively. It would however be counterproductive if the experiment finally became positive. We may learn more about public reactions following next Monday' s meeting.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R. Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">23 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO (+Mr Wells' comments)</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr T W A Little</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.23/1.1.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CODE 18-77 Reference RB3.46</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Some further information that may assist in decision making has been gained by discussion with Dr Rosalind Ridley.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">She says that careful study of Gajdusek's work shows no increased susceptibility of chimpanzees over New World Monkeys such as Squirrel Monkeys. She does not think it would tell you anything about the susceptibility to man. Also Gajdusek did not, she believes, challenge chimpanzees with scrapie as severely as we did pigs and we know little of that source of scrapie. Comparisons would be difficult. She also would not expect the Home Office to sanction such experiments here unless there was a very clear and important objective that would be important for human health protection. She doubted such a case could be made. If this is the case she thought it would be unethical to do an experiment abroad because we could not do it in our own country.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Retrospectively she feels they should have put up more marmosets than they did. They all remain healthy. They would normally regard the transmission as negative if no disease resulted in five years.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">We are not being asked for a decision but I think that before we made one we should gain as much knowledge as we can. If we decided to proceed we would have to bear any criticisms for many years if there was an adverse view by scientists or media. This should not be undertaken lightly. There is already some adverse comment here, I gather, on the pig experiment though that will subside.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Gibbs' (as' distinct from Schellekers') study is somewhat different. We are merely supplying material for comparative studies in a laboratory with the greatest experience of human SEs in the world and it has been sanctioned by USDA (though we do not know for certain yet if chimpanzees specifically will be used). This would keep it at a lower profile than if we conducted such an experiment in the UK or Europe.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I consider we must have very powerful and defendable objectives to go beyond Gibbs' proposed experiments and should not initiate others just because an offer has been made.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Scientists have a responsibility to seek other methods of investigative research other than animal experimentation. At present no objective has convinced me we need to do research using Chimpanzees - a species in need of protection. Resisting such proposals would enable us to communicate that information to the scientist and the public should the need arise. A line would have been drawn.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO cc Dr T Dr B W A Little Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">26 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.26/3.2</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">this is tse prion political theater here, i.e. what i call TSE PRION POKER...tss</span><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PAGE 26</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Transmission Studies</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite its subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA viewed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province! ...page 26. </span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...see;</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PERCEPTIONS OF UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAH WELLS</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">REPORT OF A VISIT TO THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">APRIL-MAY 1989</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip...</div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Tuesday, May 31, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">89th General Session of the World Assembly of OIE Delegates image for WOAH General Summit 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Discussions and Concerns<br /></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div>Published: 06 September 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021)</span> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="eletters-comment__info" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><time class="eletters-comment__date text-darker-gray text-uppercase text-xxs" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #595959; font-size: 0.625rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.04em; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: nowrap;">AUG. 11, 2017</time><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***>Assuming no other factors influenced the levels of correct diagnosis and that the numbers estimated for 1997 to 1999 were a true representation of the potential under-diagnosis of the entire epidemic up until 1999, then the total number of missed cases positive for BSE could have been in the region of 5,500.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span face="sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB"><div style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><div>USDA did not test possible mad cows</div><div><br /></div><div>By Steve Mitchell</div><div><br /></div><div>United Press International</div><div><br /></div><div>Published 6/8/2004 9:30 PM</div><div><br /></div><div>WASHINGTON, June 8 (UPI) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture claims ittested 500 cows with signs of a brain disorder for mad cow disease last year, but agency documents obtained by United Press International show the agency tested only half that number.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>"These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."</div><div><br /></div><div>THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!</div><div><br /></div><div>THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>TEXAS 2ND MAD COW THAT WAS COVERED UP, AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS, AND CALLS FROM TSE PRION SCIENTIST AROUND THE GLOBE, THIS 2ND MAD COW IN TEXAS WAS CONFIRMED</div><div><br /></div><div>THE USDA MAD COW FOLLIES POSITIVE TEST COVER UP</div><div><br /></div><div>JOHANNS SECRET POSTIVE MAD COW TEST THAT WERE IGNORED</div><div><br /></div><div>OIG AND THE HONORABLE FONG CONFIRMS TEXAS MAD AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS 7 MONTHS LATER</div><div><br /></div><div>TEXAS MAD COW</div><div><br /></div><div>THEY DID FINALLY TEST AFTER SITTING 7+ MONTHS ON A SHELF WHILE GW BORE THE BSE MRR POLICY, i.e. legal trading of all strains of TSE. now understand, i confirmed this case 7 months earlier to the TAHC, and then, only after i contacted the Honorable Phyllis Fong and after an act of Congress, this animal was finally confirmed ;</div><div><br /></div><div>During the course of the investigation, USDA removed and tested a total of 67 animals of interest from the farm where the index animal's herd originated. All of these animals tested negative for BSE. 200 adult animals of interest were determined to have left the index farm. Of these 200, APHIS officials determined that 143 had gone to slaughter, two were found alive (one was determined not to be of interest because of its age and the other tested negative), 34 are presumed dead, one is known dead and 20 have been classified as untraceable. In addition to the adult animals, APHIS was looking for two calves born to the index animal. Due to record keeping and identification issues, APHIS had to trace 213 calves. Of these 213 calves, 208 entered feeding and slaughter channels, four are presumed to have entered feeding and slaughter channels and one calf was untraceable.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Executive Summary In June 2005, an inconclusive bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) sample from November 2004, that had originally been classified as negative on the immunohistochemistry test, was confirmed positive on SAF immunoblot (Western blot). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) identified the herd of origin for the index cow in Texas; that identification was confirmed by DNA analysis. USDA, in close cooperation with the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), established an incident command post (ICP) and began response activities according to USDA’s BSE Response Plan of September 2004. Response personnel removed at-risk cattle and cattle of interest (COI) from the index herd, euthanized them, and tested them for BSE; all were negative. USDA and the State extensively traced all at-risk cattle and COI that left the index herd. The majority of these animals entered rendering and/or slaughter channels well before the investigation began. USDA’s response to the Texas finding was thorough and effective.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Trace Herd 3 The owner of Trace Herd 3 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest. The herd was placed under hold order on 7/27/05. The herd inventory was conducted on 7/28/05. The animal of interest was not present within the herd, and the hold order was released on 7/28/05. The person who thought he sold the animal to the owner of Trace Herd 3 had no records and could not remember who else he might have sold the cow to. Additionally, a search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable because all leads were exhausted.</div><div><br /></div><div>Trace Herd 4 The owner of Trace Herd 4 was identified as having received one of the COI through an order buyer. Trace Herd 4 was placed under hold order on 7/29/05. A complete herd inventory was conducted on 8/22/05 and 8/23/05. There were 233 head of cattle that were examined individually by both State and Federal personnel for all man-made identification and brands. The animal of interest was not present within the herd. Several animals were reported to have died in the herd sometime after they arrived on the premises in April 2005. A final search of GDB records yielded no further results on the eartag of interest at either subsequent market sale or slaughter. With all leads having been exhausted, this animal of interest has been classified as untraceable. The hold order on Trace Herd 4 was released on 8/23/05.</div><div><br /></div><div>Trace Herd 5 The owner of Trace Herd 5 was identified as having received two COI and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 5 is made up of 67 head of cattle in multiple pastures. During the course of the herd inventory, the owner located records that indicated that one of the COI, a known birth cohort, had been sold to Trace Herd 8 where she was subsequently found alive. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the other animal of interest was not found within the herd. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 5 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest and she was subsequently classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 5 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div><br /></div><div>Trace Herd 6 The owner of Trace Herd 6 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. This herd is made up of 58 head of cattle on two pastures. A herd inventory was conducted and the animal of interest was not present within the herd. The owner of Trace Herd 6 had very limited records and was unable to provide further information on where the cow might have gone after he purchased her from the livestock market. A search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. Additionally, many of the animals presented for sale by the owner of the herd had been re-tagged at the market effectually losing the traceability of the history of that animal prior to re-tagging. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 6 was released on 8/3/05.</div><div><br /></div><div>Trace Herd 7 The owner of Trace Herd 7 was identified as having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 7 contains 487 head of cattle on multiple pastures in multiple parts of the State, including a unit kept on an island. The island location is a particularly rough place to keep cattle and the owner claimed to have lost 22 head on the island in 2004 due to liver flukes. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the animal of interest was not found present within Trace Herd 7. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 7 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest. The cow was subsequently classified as untraceable. It is quite possible though that she may have died within the herd, especially if she belonged to the island unit. The hold order on Trace Herd 7 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div><div><br /></div><div>An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div><br /></div><div>UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL Washington, D.C. 20250 January 25, 2006 REPLY TO ATTN OF: 50601-10-KC TO: W. Ron DeHaven Administrator Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Barbara Masters Administrator Food Safety and Inspection Service ATTN: William J. Hudnall Deputy Administrator Marketing Regulatory Program Business Services William C. Smith Assistant Administrator Office of Program Evaluation, Enforcement, and Review FROM: Robert W. Young /s/ Assistant Inspector General for Audit SUBJECT: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III This report presents the results of our audit of the enhanced BSE surveillance program and controls over specified risk materials and advanced meat recovery products. Your written response to the official draft report, dated January 20, 2006, is included as exhibit G with excerpts of the response and the Office of Inspector General’s (OIG) position incorporated into the Findings and Recommendations section of the report, where applicable. We accept the management decisions for all recommendations. Please follow your agency’s internal procedures in forwarding documentation for final action to the Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO). We are providing a separate memorandum to the agencies and OCFO that provides specific information on the actions to be completed to achieve final action. We appreciate your timely response and the cooperation and assistance provided to our staff during the audit USDA/OIG-A/50601-10-KC/ Page i</div><div><br /></div><div>Executive Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div><br /></div><div>Results in Brief This report evaluates elements of the interlocking safeguards in place to protect United States (U.S.) beef from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, widely known as BSE or "mad cow disease." Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), has led a multi-agency effort to monitor and prevent BSE from entering the food supply. After discovering a BSE-positive cow in December 2003, APHIS expanded its BSE surveillance program. To further protect the food supply, USDA banned materials identified as being at risk of carrying BSE (specified risk materials (SRM)), such as central nervous system tissue. As part of this effort, USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) required beef slaughter and processing facilities to incorporate controls for handling such materials into their operational plans. Onsite FSIS inspectors also inspect cattle for clinical signs in order to prevent diseased animals from being slaughtered for human consumption. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safeguards, we assessed APHIS’ implementation of the expanded surveillance program, as well as FSIS’ controls to prevent banned SRMs from entering the food supply.</div><div><br /></div><div>In June 2004, APHIS implemented its expanded surveillance program; participation by industry in this surveillance program is voluntary. As of May 2005, over 350,000 animals were sampled and tested for BSE. To date, two animals tested positive for BSE; one tested positive after implementation of the expanded surveillance program.</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA made significant efforts to implement the expanded BSE surveillance program. Much needed to be done in a short period of time to establish the necessary processes, controls, infrastructure, and networks to assist in this effort. In addition, extensive outreach and coordination was undertaken with other Federal, State, and local entities, private industry, and laboratory and veterinary networks. This report provides an assessment as to the progress USDA made in expanding its surveillance effort and the effectiveness of its controls and processes. This report also discusses the limitations of its program and data in assessing the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. herd.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>40 ELISA test procedures require two additional (duplicate) tests if the initial test is reactive, before final interpretation. If either of the duplicate tests is reactive, the test is deemed inconclusive.</div><div><br /></div><div>41 Protocol for BSE Contract Laboratories to Receive and Test Bovine Brain Samples and Report Results for BSE Surveillance Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), dated October 26, 2004.</div><div><br /></div><div>42 The NVSL conducted an ELISA test on the original material tested at the contract laboratory and on two new cuts from the sample tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>43 A visual examination of brain tissue by a microscope.</div><div><br /></div><div>44 A localized pathological change in a bodily organ or tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE SEE FLAMING EVIDENCE THAT THE USDA ET AL COVERED UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS ;</div><div><br /></div><div>PAGE 43;</div><div><br /></div><div>Section 2. Testing Protocols and Quality Assurance Controls</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>FULL TEXT 130 PAGES</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS.</div><div><br /></div><div>Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary.</div><div><br /></div><div>This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind:</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">flounder9@verizon.net</a>]</div><div><br /></div><div>Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002.</div><div><br /></div><div>October 31, 2002 Review of the Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States Conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health and Center for Computational Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University Final Report Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Office of Public Health and Science Prepared by RTI Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 RTI Project Number 07182.024</div><div><br /></div><div> <a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, February 14, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</div><div><br /></div><div> <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>snip...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div><br /></div><div><span face="Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif" style="background-color: #fff3db; font-size: 13px;">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div></div></span></div><div class="eletters-comment__info" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #595959; font-size: 8.33333px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.333333px; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: nowrap;"><br /></span><h6 class="eletters-comment__title text-md letter-spacing-default mb-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;">RE: Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9</h6><h6 class="eletters-comment__title text-md letter-spacing-default mb-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;"><br /></h6><div class="eletters-comment__meta text-gray text-xxs letter-spacing-default mb-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #757575; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 0.625rem; margin-bottom: 0.5rem;"><span class="eletters-comment__user text-reset font-weight-bold text-uppercase mr-2" color="inherit !important" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; margin-right: 0.5rem; text-transform: uppercase;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</span> <ul class="eletters-comment__user-data list-inline comma-separated d-inline" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="list-inline-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.25em;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">retired</span></li> <li class="list-inline-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mr.</span></li><li class="list-inline-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><div class="eletters-comment__meta text-gray text-xxs letter-spacing-default mb-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.625rem; margin-bottom: 0.5rem;"><ul class="eletters-comment__user-data list-inline comma-separated d-inline" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="list-inline-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="eletters-comment__description serif text-ellipses truncated collapse show" data-original-height="72px" id="x697946" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #262626; font-family: "PT Serif", serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ca2015; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CONFIDENTIAL</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">snip...see much more here ;</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv2706817792cxmmr5t8 yiv2706817792oygrvhab yiv2706817792hcukyx3x yiv2706817792c1et5uql yiv2706817792o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>***> The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama). Unus<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE HISTORY AT THE BOTTOM...TSS</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="yiv0950217562SubmissionTitle" id="yiv0950217562ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">THURSDAY, MARCH 31, 2022 </b><br /></div><div class="yiv0950217562SubmissionTitle" id="yiv0950217562ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>EFSA ONE Conference 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP of Cervid and Zoonosis Zoonotic Transmission Singeltary Submission </b></span></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562SubmissionTitle" id="yiv0950217562ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/03/efsa-one-conference-2022-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/03/efsa-one-conference-2022-chronic.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562SubmissionTitle" id="yiv0950217562ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 2022</div><div class="yiv0950217562SubmissionTitle" id="yiv0950217562ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">***> OIE Agent causing chronic wasting disease (CWD) TSE Prion of Cervid <***</div><div class="yiv0950217562SubmissionTitle" id="yiv0950217562ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/03/oie-agent-causing-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/03/oie-agent-causing-chronic-wasting.html</a></div></div><div class="yiv0950217562SubmissionTitle" id="yiv0950217562ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Tuesday, May 31, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">89th General Session of the World Assembly of OIE Delegates image for WOAH General Summit 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Discussions and Concerns<br /></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv0950217562aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div></div><div class="yiv0950217562SubmissionTitle" id="yiv0950217562ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-49066032453443491632022-01-24T11:27:00.001-06:002022-01-24T11:27:11.172-06:00Absence of classical and atypical (H- and L-) BSE infectivity in the blood of bovines in the clinical end stage of disease as confirmed by intraspecies blood transfusion<p><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Absence of classical and atypical (H- and L-) BSE infectivity in the blood of bovines in the clinical end stage of disease as confirmed by intraspecies blood transfusion</span></p><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Anne Balkema-Buschmann1, *, Ute Ziegler1 , Grit Priemer1 , Kerstin Tauscher1 , Frauke Köster1 , Ivett Ackermann1 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola1 , Daniel Balkema1 , Jan Schinköthe2 , Bärbel Hammerschmidt2 , Christine Fast1 , Reiner Ulrich2,3 and Martin H. Groschup1</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RESEARCH ARTICLE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Balkema-Buschmann et al., Journal of General Virology 2021;102:001460 DOI 10.1099/jgv.0.001460</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Received 02 August 2019; Accepted 02 June 2020; Published 26 June 2020</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author affiliations: 1 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany; 2 FriedrichLoeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany; 3 Institute of Veterinary</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*Correspondence: Anne Balkema-Buschmann, anne.buschmann@fli.de</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: blood transfusion; BSE; BSE infectivity; cattle; medicinal products.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abbreviations: BSE, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; C-BSE, classical BSE; CJD, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; CWD, Chronic Wasting Disease; H-BSE, atypical BSE with higher MW of unglycosylated PrPC; L-BSE, atypical BSE with lower MW of unglycosylated PrPC; PMCA, Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification; TSE, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">One supplementary table and figure are available with the online version of this article. 001460 © 2021 The Authors</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">While the presence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infectivity in the blood of clinically affected sheep has been proven by intraspecies blood-transfusion experiments, this question has remained open in the case of BSE-affected cattle. Although the absence of infectivity can be anticipated from the restriction of the agent to neuronal tissues in this species, evidence for this was still lacking. This particularly concerns the production and use of medicinal products and other applications containing bovine blood or preparations thereof. We therefore performed a blood-transfusion experiment from cattle in the clinical end stage of disease after experimental challenge with either classical (C-BSE) or atypical (H- and l-) BSE into calves at 4–6months of age. The animals were kept in a free-ranging group for 10years. Starting from 24months post-transfusion, a thorough clinical examination was performed every 6weeks in order to detect early symptoms of a BSE infection. Throughout the experiment, the clinical picture of all animals gave no indication of a BSE infection. Upon necropsy, the brainstem samples were analysed by BSE rapid test as well as by the highly sensitive Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA), all with negative results. These results add resilient data to confirm the absence of BSE infectivity in the donor blood collected from C-, H- and l-BSE-affected cattle even in the final clinical phase of the disease. This finding has important implications for the risk assessment of bovine blood and blood products in the production of medicinal products and other preparations.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Taken together, these results add important information enabling a reassessment of the BSE contamination risk of bovine blood and blood products used for the production of medicinal products and other preparations. According to current regulations, bovine blood products should always be retrieved from countries with a negligible BSE risk, and the traceability, geographical origin, the age of the donor animals, the used stunning method, as well as the possible reduction of TSE agents during manufacture need to be taken into consideration during the risk assessment of the intended product. This makes the production, approval and commercialization of bovine blood products, medicinal products or other preparations containing bovine blood products (including fetal or newborn calf serum widely used in cell culture work) extremely costly and inefficient. In light of the results presented here, lightening these strict regulations should be considered for the preparation of bovine blood and blood products, as the level of BSE infectivity in blood products of cattle in the clinical end stage of disease is either below the detection limit of our tests (atypical BSE), or, according to present knowledge, is completely absent (C-BSE).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116782/pdf/jgv-102-460.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116782/pdf/jgv-102-460.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>GOOD news for the cattle industry for a change, with reference to the BSE TSE PrP and blood risk factors from this study. </div><div><br /></div><div>i remember raising this question to the infamous 50 state BSE emergency conference call way back;</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[TSS] yes, thank you, U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">U.S.A. 50 STATE BSE MAD COW CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</span><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div>However, not so good for the Cervid industry with relations to blood and transmission risk factors of cervid with cwd tse prp;</div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Successful transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to white-tailed deer by intravenous blood transfusion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author item MAMMADOVA, NAJIBA - Orise Fellow item CASSMAN, ERIC - Orise Fellow item Greenlee, Justin</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: Research in Veterinary Science</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Acceptance Date: 10/14/2020</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Date: 12/20/2020</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Citation: Mammadova, N., Cassman, E., Greenlee, J.J. 2020. Successful transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to white-tailed deer by intravenous blood transfusion. Research in Veterinary Science. 133:304-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.009.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.009</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Interpretive Summary: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of cervids that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Chronic wasting disease may be transmitted from ingestion of prions shed in bodily fluids (e.g. feces, urine, saliva, placenta tissue) of infected animals. Few studies have also reported detection of infectious prions in blood. To determine if CWD-infected blood can transmit prion disease, recipient deer were inoculated intravenously (IV) with blood derived from a CWD-infected white-tailed deer. We found that two out of three animals developed disease. This study complements and supports an earlier finding that CWD can be transmitted to deer by intravenous blood transfusion from white-tailed deer with CWD. This information is useful to wildlife and agricultural officials that are involved in efforts to control the spread of chronic wasting disease.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) that affects free-ranging and captive cervid species. The infectious agent of CWD may be transmitted from ingestion of prions shed in bodily fluids (e.g. feces, urine, saliva, placenta tissue) of infected animals, contaminated pastures, and/or decomposing carcasses from dead animals. Studies have also demonstrated prion infectivity in whole blood or blood fractions of CWD infected animals. To determine if CWD-infected blood contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease, recipient deer were inoculated intravenously (IV) with blood derived from a CWD-infected white-tailed deer. We found that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood transfusion with a mean incubation period of approximately 35 months and an attack rate of 100%. This study complements and supports an earlier finding that CWD can be transmitted to deer by intravenous blood transfusion from white-tailed deer with CWD.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373622" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373622</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Successful transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to white-tailed deer by intravenous blood transfusion </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Najiba Mammadovaa,b, Eric Cassmanna,b, Justin J. Greenleea,* aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), USA ARTICLE INFO </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: Blood transfusion Cervid CWD Prion disease Prions in blood White-tailed deer </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ABSTRACT </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) that affects free-ranging and captive cervid species. The infectious agent of CWD may be transmitted from ingestion of prions shed in bodily fluids (e.g. feces, urine, saliva, placenta tissue) of infected animals, contaminated pastures, and/or decomposing carcasses from dead animals. Studies have also demonstrated prion infectivity in whole blood or blood fractions of CWD infected animals. To determine if CWD-infected blood contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease, recipient deer were inoculated intravenously (IV) with blood derived from a CWD- infected white-tailed deer. We found that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood transfusion. The incubation period was associated with recipient prion protein genotype at codon 96 with the GG96 recipient incubating for 25.6 months and the GS96 recipient incubating for 43.6 months. This study complements and supports an earlier finding that CWD can be transmitted to deer by intravenous blood transfusion from white-tailed deer with CWD. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) of cervids. Other TSEs include scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and sporadic and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. The CWD agent has a wide host range among various species of free- ranging and captive cervids, including mule deer (Odocoileus hemi-onus) (Williams & Young, 1980; Spraker et al., 1997; Miller & Wild, 2004), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (Spraker et al., 1997; Miller & Wild, 2004), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) (Williams & Young, 1982), moose (Alces alces shirasi) (Baeten et al., 2007; Kreeger et al., 2006), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) (Benestad et al., 2016; Moore et al., 2016). The infectious agent of CWD may be transmitted from ingestion of prions shed in bodily fluids (e.g. feces, urine, saliva) or placenta tissue of infected animals, contaminated pastures, and/or decomposing carcasses from dead animals (Haley et al., 2011; Haley et al., 2009; Mathiason et al., 2010; Mathiason et al., 2006). A limited number of reports have demonstrated prion infectivity in whole blood or blood fractions of CWD infected animals (Mathiason et al., 2010; Mathiason et al., 2006; Kramm et al., 2017). To determine if CWD-infected blood contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease, recipient deer consisting of three female deer of approximately 2 years of age were inoculated intravenously (IV) with 100 mL of blood immediately after collection from a CWD-infected white-tailed deer (animal ID: 936). Deer 936 was a 21.8-month-old male white-tailed deer that was intracranially (IC) inoculated with 1 mL of a 10% (wt./vol) brain homogenate (derived from a pool of white- tailed deer brainstem material from Wisconsin) at 3 months of age. The procedure for IC inoculation of fawns has been described previously (Greenlee et al., 2011). Donor deer 936 presented with clinical signs of neurologic disease approximately ~17.8 months post inoculation at which time blood was collected by jugular venipuncture into 50 mL syringes containing 7 mL of citrate phosphate dextrose adenine solution anticoagulant (CPDA-1) that were immediately pooled and used as inoculum. Deer 936 was determined CWD positive based on accumu-lation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the brainstem at the level of the obex, the palatine tonsil, and the retropharyngeal lymph node (RLN). Recipient deer were initially housed in separate biosafety level 2 facilities following exposure to CWD. Non-inoculated control deer (n =3) were kept with the CWD-free herd on pasture at the National Animal Disease Center. All white-tailed deer (including donor animals) were genotyped and determined to be homozygous QQ at codons 95 and 226, but there were polymorphisms at codon 96. The donor deer (936) and two recipient deer (940, 942) were homozygous G at codon 96, and a single recipient deer (941) was het-erozygous GS at codon 96.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The animals were fed pelleted growth and maintenance rations that contained no ruminant protein, and clean water was available ad libi-tum. Deer were observed daily for the development of clinical signs of CWD (e.g., behavioral abnormalities, excess salivation, and emaciation) and were euthanized at the onset of unequivocal clinical signs of disease, or at the end of the observation period. At necropsy, duplicate tissue samples were collected and either frozen or stored in 10% buffered neutral formalin. For detection of PrPSc, slides were stained by an automated immunohistochemistry (IHC) method using primary anti-body F99/F96.7.1, described previously (Greenlee et al., 2012; Greenlee et al., 2006). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">At the completion of the study, two of the three IV inoculated deer were determined CWD positive. The two positive deer presented with clinical signs and were euthanized at 25.6- and 43.6-months post inoculation. These deer had detectable pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) in the CNS and various non-CNS tissues (lymphoid tissues comprised of retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN), tonsils (palatine and pharyngeal), spleen, recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT), gut- associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the small intestines, and the enteric nervous system (Table 1). Deer #942 was euthanized 2.9 months post inoculation due to intercurrent disease, and no PrPSc was detectable by IHC, although it’s probable that this deer would have developed CWD given a longer duration of incubation. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This study complements and reinforces earlier findings that CWD can be transmitted to deer by intravenous blood transfusion from white- tailed deer with CWD (Mathiason et al., 2010; Mathiason et al., 2006). In a previous study, a group of eight, 6-month-old fawns were IV inoculated with ~250 mL of whole blood derived from experimentally IC inoculated CWD positive white-tailed deer (Mathiason et al., 2010). In this study, all eight deer were determined to be CWD positive by IHC of all relevant tissues, and began to show clinical signs of TSE between 15 and 26 months post inoculation (Mathiason et al., 2010). While similar results were obtained in our study, we determined that only 100 mL of CWD-infected blood contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease compared to the 250 mL of whole blood used by Mathiason et al. (Mathiason et al., 2010). In an earlier study, a cohort of three 6-month-old white-tailed deer fawns were exposed to the agent of CWD via either a single intraperitoneal (IP) inoculation (n =2) or an IV transfusion (n =1) of blood derived from a naturally infected CWD positive mule deer (Mathiason et al., 2006). Similar to our findings, the fawn that received blood via IV transfusion had detectable PrPSc in the CNS (medulla at the level of the obex), tonsil, and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (Mathiason et al., 2006); however, it did not present with clinical signs and was euthanized 18 months post inoculation (Mathia-son et al., 2006). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We demonstrate here that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood trans-fusion from CWD-infected white-tailed deer. The incubation period appeared to be associated with recipient genotype with the GG96 deer (940) incubating for 25.6 months, while the GS96 deer (941) incubated for 43.6 months; however, we take into consideration the limitation of the small sample size in this study. While a previous and larger study showed similar results, we determined that only 100 mL of CWD- infected blood (~2.5 times less than previously shown in (Mathiason et al., 2010)) contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease. The identification of blood-borne transmission of the CWD agent is important in reinforcing the risk of exposure to CWD via blood as well as the possibility of hematogenous transmission of the CWD agent through insect vector. Finally, these results further highlight the importance of developing a sensitive and reproducible blood-based test to detect pre-clinical CWD, and warrant the continued advancement and evaluation of sensitive antemortem diagnostic tests for the detection of PrPSc in blood of asymptomatic cervids early in the incubation period.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We demonstrate here that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood trans-fusion from CWD-infected white-tailed deer. The incubation period appeared to be associated with recipient genotype with the GG96 deer (940) incubating for 25.6 months, while the GS96 deer (941) incubated for 43.6 months; however, we take into consideration the limitation of the small sample size in this study. While a previous and larger study showed similar results, we determined that only 100 mL of CWD- infected blood (~2.5 times less than previously shown in (Mathiason et al., 2010)) contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease. The identification of blood-borne transmission of the CWD agent is important in reinforcing the risk of exposure to CWD via blood as well as the possibility of hematogenous transmission of the CWD agent through insect vector. Finally, these results further highlight the importance of developing a sensitive and reproducible blood-based test to detect pre-clinical CWD, and warrant the continued advancement and evaluation of sensitive antemortem diagnostic tests for the detection of PrPSc in blood of asymptomatic cervids early in the incubation period. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Funding This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE- SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE. This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452882031047X/pdfft?md5=a5dcc2fc3d28cc1b83104420277a1ea4&pid=1-s2.0-S003452882031047X-main.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452882031047X/pdfft?md5=a5dcc2fc3d28cc1b83104420277a1ea4&pid=1-s2.0-S003452882031047X-main.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452882031047X?via%3Dihub" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452882031047X?via%3Dihub</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 02, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Successful transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to white-tailed deer by intravenous blood transfusion </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/successful-transmission-of-chronic.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/successful-transmission-of-chronic.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. ***These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies.</span><br /></div><div><div class="yiv8693188380aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8693188380aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a></span></div><div class="yiv8693188380aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8693188380aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no inal conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, October 28, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) TSE Prion Zoonosis, friendly fire, iatrogenic transmission, blood products, sporadic CJD, what if?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/10/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/10/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, July 29, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TSE PRION OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE VIA ANIMAL OR HUMAN, iatrogenic transmission, nvCJD or sCJD, what if? </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/tse-prion-occupational-exposure-via.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/tse-prion-occupational-exposure-via.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">PLEASE NOTE;</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strainsNo</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></span></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3502035215AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Experimental Oronasal Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent from White-Tailed Deer to Suffolk Sheep Volume 27, Number 12—December 2021 Dispatch</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/experimental-oronasal-transmission-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/experimental-oronasal-transmission-of.html</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REFERENCES</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical L-type BSE</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical H-type BSE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Published: 23 June 2011</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">References...END</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">223. Scrapie in white-tailed deer: a strain of the CWD agent that efficiently transmits to sheep?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Justin J. Greenleea, Robyn D. Kokemullera, S. Jo Moorea and Heather West Greenleeb</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA; bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">CONTACT Justin J. Greenlee <a href="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov">Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats that is associated with widespread accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous and lymphoid tissues. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the natural prion disease of cervid species, and the tissue distribution of PrPSc in affected cervids is similar to scrapie in sheep. There are several lines of evidence that suggest that multiple strains of CWD exist, which may affect the agent’s potential to transmit to hosts of the same or different species. We inoculated white-tailed deer with the scrapie agent from ARQ/ARQ sheep, which resulted in 100% attack rates by either the intracranial or oronasal route of inoculation. When examining tissues from the brainstems or lymphoid tissues by traditional diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry or western blots, it is difficult to differentiate tissues from deer infected with scrapie from those infected with CWD. However, there are several important differences between tissues from scrapie-infected white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie) and those infected with CWD (WTD CWD). First, there are different patterns of PrPSc deposition in the brains of infected deer: brain tissues from deer with WTD scrapie had predominantly particulate and stellate immunoreactivity whereas those from deer with WTD-CWD had large aggregates and plaque-like deposits. Secondly, the incubation periods of WTD scrapie isolates are longer than CWD isolates in mice expressing cervid prion protein. Most notably, the transmission potential of these two isolates back to sheep is distinctly different. Attempts to transmit various CWD isolates to sheep by the oral or oronasal routes have been unsuccessful despite observation periods of up to 7 years. However, WTD scrapie efficiently transmitted back to sheep by the oronasal route. Upon transmission back to sheep, the WTD scrapie isolate exhibited different phenotypic properties when compared to the sheep receiving the original sheep scrapie inoculum including different genotype susceptibilities, distinct PrPSc deposition patterns, and much more rapid incubation periods in transgenic mice expressing the ovine prion protein. The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identification of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv3502035215cxmmr5t8 yiv3502035215oygrvhab yiv3502035215hcukyx3x yiv3502035215c1et5uql yiv3502035215o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div></div><div><div class="yiv3502035215MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3502035215aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv3502035215aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv3502035215aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv3502035215aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv3502035215aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>MONDAY, DECEMBER 27, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>RT-QuIC detection of pathological prion protein in subclinical goats following experimental oral transmission of L-type BSE<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/12/rt-quic-detection-of-pathological-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/12/rt-quic-detection-of-pathological-prion.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 <div><br /></div><div>Scrapie at Abattoir: Monitoring, Control, and Differential Diagnosis of Wasting Conditions during Meat Inspection </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv3502035215cxmmr5t8 yiv3502035215oygrvhab yiv3502035215hcukyx3x yiv3502035215c1et5uql yiv3502035215o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div><div><br style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-72686053129394746312022-01-17T14:56:00.005-06:002022-01-17T14:56:33.619-06:00Classical BSE prions emerge from asymptomatic pigs challenged with atypical/Nor98 scrapie<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Classical BSE prions emerge from asymptomatic pigs challenged with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Belén Marín1,7, Alicia Otero1,7*, Séverine Lugan2 , Juan Carlos Espinosa3 , Alba Marín‑Moreno3 , EnricVidal4 , Carlos Hedman1 , Antonio Romero5 , Martí Pumarola6 , Juan J. Badiola1 , Juan MaríaTorres3 , OlivierAndréoletti2 & Rosa Bolea1</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Pigs are susceptible to infection with the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) agent following experimental inoculation, and PrPSc accumulation was detected in porcine tissues after the inoculation of certain scrapie and chronic wasting disease isolates. However, a robust transmission barrier has been described in this species and, although they were exposed to C-BSE agent in many European countries, no cases of natural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) infections have been reported in pigs. Transmission of atypical scrapie to bovinized mice resulted in the emergence of C-BSE prions. Here, we conducted a study to determine if pigs are susceptible to atypical scrapie. To this end, 12, 8–9-month-old minipigs were intracerebrally inoculated with two atypical scrapie sources. Animals were euthanized between 22- and 72-months post inoculation without clinical signs of TSE. All pigs tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by enzyme immunoassay, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and bioassay in porcine PrP mice. Surprisingly, in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification demonstrated the presence of C-BSE prions in different brain areas from seven pigs inoculated with both atypical scrapie isolates. Our results suggest that pigs exposed to atypical scrapie prions could become a reservoir for C-BSE and corroborate that C-BSE prions emerge during interspecies passage of atypical scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The outbreak of C-BSE was followed by the appearance of TSE in species that had never been diagnosed with prion diseases and the emergence in humans of vCJD16–18. However, no natural prion disease has been described in pigs, even though they were exposed to C-BSE contaminated feed12. Posterior experimental challenges in pigs and mice expressing porcine PrP have demonstrated that, although they are not completely resistant, pigs present a robust transmission barrier for C-BSE prions4,14,19.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">However, the possible transmission of a TSE to swine is a public health concern due to the wide use of pork as a source of human food, and the increasing use of pigs as tissue donors, being reported a case of vCJD in a human patient receiving a swine dura mater graf20. Although pigs are apparently non-susceptible to C-BSE after oral challenge4,5,21, infectivity has been detected in tissues from pigs orally inoculated with classical scrapie or CWD10,11. In addition, these positive orally inoculated pigs are often subclinical, what could represent a public health concern, considering that these animals could reach the slaughterhouse without showing signs suggestive of prion disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the present study, we evaluated the transmissibility of atypical scrapie to pigs. Pigs were euthanized between 22- and 72-months post inoculation (mpi), and their tissues tested for PrPSc accumulation and infectivity. We did not find evidence of transmission of atypical scrapie to any of the animals by EIA (Table 2), western blotting, or mouse bioassay (Table 3). PrPSc accumulation can be detected in BSE-challenged pigs at 34 mpi4 , and at 22 mpi when inoculated with SBSE7 . Although scrapie or CWD-inoculated pigs do not show clinical signs, PrPSc presence can be found in scrapie-challenged animals at 51 mpi11 and as early as 6 mpi in the case of CWD10.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Our main goal was to test the ability of atypical scrapie/Nor98 strain to propagate in swine, given that mice expressing porcine PrP (PoPrP-Tg001/tgPo mice) showed to be susceptible to atypical scrapie inoculation. One atypical scrapie isolate adapted to this transgenic line, reaching a 100% attack rate and rapid incubation periods in serial passages13, a similar adaptation to that observed with the C-BSE agent19. However, when this atypical scrapie isolate was tested for propagation in tgPo mice again, together with other atypical scrapie isolates, no positive results were obtained, in vitro nor in vivo14. These results, together with the negative transmissions showed in the present study, reinforce the conclusion that porcine species is highly resistant to atypical scrapie. However, we only performed one passage in tgPo mice, and further passages in this line and/or PMCA analysis of tgPo brains to detect any possible prion replication would be of interest.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">However, it was demonstrated that C-BSE prions can be present as a minor variant in ovine atypical scrapie isolates and that C-BSE can emerge during the passage of these isolates to bovine PrP mice15. Considering that the aforementioned atypical scrapie isolate also acquired BSE-like properties when transmitted to tgPo mice13, and that C-BSE is the only prion that efficiently propagates in swine PrP4,7,14, we decided to investigate whether C-BSE prions could emerge from atypical scrapie during the ovine-porcine interspecies transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Interestingly, PMCA reactions seeded with brain material from 7 pigs propagated in tgBov substrate showing PrPres with identical biochemical characteristics to those of C-BSE (Fig. 1). Positive C-BSE amplification was detected in the brain of pigs inoculated with either the PS152 or TOA3 atypical scrapie isolates, at minimum incubation periods of 28- and 35-months post inoculation, respectively. From each animal, positive reactions were not obtained from all brain areas tested (Supplementary table 1). Although PrPres amplified from the pigs showed C-BSE biochemical characteristics, further bioassays in tgBov mice are required to know whether these prions replicate the neuropathological features of C-BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Altogether, our results and data obtained from transmission studies of prions to pigs, tgPo mice and in vitro studies using porcine substrate have shown that pig PrP has a very limited ability to sustain prion replication. No significant polymorphisms have been described for pig PRNP22, and it has been suggested that the conformational flexibility of pig PrP sequence is very low, limiting the number of PrPSc conformations able to produce misfolding14. No differences have been found between pig and minipig PrP sequences either23, suggesting that the conclusions obtained here could be extrapolated to domestic, non-experimental pigs. However, using tgBov substrate, we have demonstrated in vitro the presence of C-BSE seeding activity in some pig brain areas, suggesting that C-BSE prions emerged during the transmission of ovine atypical scrapie prions to pigs. Interestingly, C-BSE prions did not emerge from brain material of all the pigs, and, of those from which it did emerge, it was not detected in all brain areas tested. No correlation between time after inoculation and BSE emergence was found either. When the emergence of C-BSE from atypical scrapie in PMCA was described, it was associated to low levels of C-BSE prions that were present in the original atypical scrapie isolates15. It is possible that this result is related to the great resistance that pigs present to prion diseases, making the penetrance of the BSE prions that could be present in the original inoculum incomplete. In addition, considering that the amount of C-BSE conformers in the atypical scrapie inocula is probably very reduced and perhaps not homogeneously distributed throughout the isolate, it is also possible that not all the pigs received a sufficient amount of C-BSE conformers capable of being detected by PMCA. Finally, we should consider that PMCA amplification of prions is sometimes a stochastic phenomenon, which could explain why no C-BSE propagation was obtained from some of the pigs. It could be also discussed that C-BSE emergence from the pig brains could be related to persistence of the original atypical scrapie inoculum. However, C-BSE amplification was not obtained from all of the pigs and, in some of them (i.e. P-1217 and P-1231) C-BSE propagation was detected in caudal regions of the brain (cerebellum or occipital cortex) but not in more rostral areas (such as parietal cortex). If C-BSE amplification from pig brain samples were associated to inoculum persistence and not bona fide propagation of C-BSE prions it would be expected that such amplification would be detected mainly in the most rostral areas of the brain. Finally, even though the titer generated was not enough to produce disease in the pigs, these results evidence again the issue that pigs could act as subclinical reservoirs for prion diseases as observed with scrapie and CWD, and that the presence of prions can be detected in pigs short after exposure to prions7,10,11.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In conclusion, our findings suggest that, although pigs present a strong transmission barrier against the propagation of atypical scrapie, they can propagate low levels of C-BSE prions. The prevalence of atypical scrapie and the presence of infectivity in tissues from atypical scrapie infected sheep are underestimated24,25. Given that pigs have demonstrated being susceptible to other prion diseases, and to propagate prions without showing signs of disease, the measures implemented to ban the inclusion of ruminant proteins in livestock feed must not be interrupted.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03352651/document" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03352651/document</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96818-2.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96818-2.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Our results suggest that pigs exposed to atypical scrapie prions could become a reservoir for C-BSE and corroborate that C-BSE prions emerge during interspecies passage of atypical scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> However, the possible transmission of a TSE to swine is a public health concern due to the wide use of pork as a source of human food, and the increasing use of pigs as tissue donors, being reported a case of vCJD in a human patient receiving a swine dura mater graf20. Although pigs are apparently non-susceptible to C-BSE after oral challenge4,5,21, infectivity has been detected in tissues from pigs orally inoculated with classical scrapie or CWD10,11. In addition, these positive orally inoculated pigs are often subclinical, what could represent a public health concern, considering that these animals could reach the slaughterhouse without showing signs suggestive of prion disease.<br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, SARAH - Orise Fellow item Kunkle, Robert item KONDRU, NAVEEN - Iowa State University item MANNE, SIREESHA - Iowa State University item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item KANTHASAMY, ANUMANTHA - Iowa State University item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Technical Abstract: We have previously shown that the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent from white-tailed deer can be transmitted to domestic pigs via intracranial or oral inoculation although with low attack rates and restricted PrPSc accumulation. The objective of this study was to assess the potential for cross-species transmission of pig-passaged CWD using bioassay in transgenic mice. Transgenic mice expressing human (Tg40), bovine (TgBovXV) or porcine (Tg002) PRNP were inoculated intracranially with 1% brain homogenate from a pig that had been intracranially inoculated with a pool of CWD from white-tailed deer. This pig developed neurological clinical signs, was euthanized at 64 months post-inoculation, and PrPSc was detected in the brain. Mice were monitored daily for clinical signs of disease until the end of the study. Mice were considered positive if PrPSc was detected in the brain using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In transgenic mice expressing porcine prion protein the average incubation period was 167 days post-inoculation (dpi) and 3/27 mice were EIA positive (attack rate = 11%). All 3 mice were found dead and clinical signs were not noted prior to death. One transgenic mouse expressing bovine prion protein was euthanized due to excessive scratching at 617 dpi and 2 mice culled at the end of the study at 700 dpi were EIA positive resulting in an overall attack rate of 3/16 (19%). None of the transgenic mice expressing human prion protein that died or were euthanized up to 769 dpi were EIA positive and at study end point at 800 dpi 2 mice had positive EIA results (overall attack rate = 2/20 = 10%). The EIA optical density (OD) readings for all positive mice were at the lower end of the reference range (positive mice range, OD = 0.266-0.438; test positive reference range, OD = 0.250-4.000). To the authors’ knowledge, cervid-derived CWD isolates have not been successfully transmitted to transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> item Greenlee, Justin item Moore, S - Orise Fellow item Smith, Jodi - Iowa State University item Kunkle, Robert item West Greenlee, M - Iowa State University Submitted to: American College of Veterinary Pathologists Meeting Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 8/12/2015 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Technical Abstract: The purpose of this work was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to the agent of sheep scrapie and to compare the resultant PrPSc to that of the original inoculum and chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues at preclinical time points, and deer necropsied after 28 months post-inoculation had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. Western blotting (WB) revealed PrPSc with 2 distinct molecular profiles. WB on cerebral cortex had a profile similar to the original scrapie inoculum, whereas WB of brainstem, cerebellum, or lymph nodes revealed PrPSc with a higher profile resembling CWD. Homogenates with the 2 distinct profiles from WTD with clinical scrapie were further passaged to mice expressing cervid prion protein and intranasally to sheep and WTD. In cervidized mice, the two inocula have distinct incubation times. Sheep inoculated intranasally with WTD derived scrapie developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum that had a scrapie-like profile. The WTD study is ongoing, but deer in both inoculation groups are positive for PrPSc by rectal mucosal biopsy. In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile readily passes to deer.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">EFSA </span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.668</a><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep</div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/pdf/10-1654_finalR.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/pdf/10-1654_finalR.pdf</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Transmission of the atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent to Suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Eric D. Cassmann,Najiba Mammadova,S. Jo Moore,Sylvie Benestad,Justin J. Greenlee </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Published: February 11, 2021</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">PLEASE NOTE;</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strainsNo</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></span></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3225265714AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Experimental Oronasal Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent from White-Tailed Deer to Suffolk Sheep Volume 27, Number 12—December 2021 Dispatch</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/experimental-oronasal-transmission-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/experimental-oronasal-transmission-of.html</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REFERENCES</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical L-type BSE</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical H-type BSE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Published: 23 June 2011</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">References...END</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>223. Scrapie in white-tailed deer: a strain of the CWD agent that efficiently transmits to sheep?</div><div><br /></div><div>Justin J. Greenleea, Robyn D. Kokemullera, S. Jo Moorea and Heather West Greenleeb</div><div><br /></div><div>aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA; bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>CONTACT Justin J. Greenlee <a href="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov">Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov</a></div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats that is associated with widespread accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous and lymphoid tissues. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the natural prion disease of cervid species, and the tissue distribution of PrPSc in affected cervids is similar to scrapie in sheep. There are several lines of evidence that suggest that multiple strains of CWD exist, which may affect the agent’s potential to transmit to hosts of the same or different species. We inoculated white-tailed deer with the scrapie agent from ARQ/ARQ sheep, which resulted in 100% attack rates by either the intracranial or oronasal route of inoculation. When examining tissues from the brainstems or lymphoid tissues by traditional diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry or western blots, it is difficult to differentiate tissues from deer infected with scrapie from those infected with CWD. However, there are several important differences between tissues from scrapie-infected white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie) and those infected with CWD (WTD CWD). First, there are different patterns of PrPSc deposition in the brains of infected deer: brain tissues from deer with WTD scrapie had predominantly particulate and stellate immunoreactivity whereas those from deer with WTD-CWD had large aggregates and plaque-like deposits. Secondly, the incubation periods of WTD scrapie isolates are longer than CWD isolates in mice expressing cervid prion protein. Most notably, the transmission potential of these two isolates back to sheep is distinctly different. Attempts to transmit various CWD isolates to sheep by the oral or oronasal routes have been unsuccessful despite observation periods of up to 7 years. However, WTD scrapie efficiently transmitted back to sheep by the oronasal route. Upon transmission back to sheep, the WTD scrapie isolate exhibited different phenotypic properties when compared to the sheep receiving the original sheep scrapie inoculum including different genotype susceptibilities, distinct PrPSc deposition patterns, and much more rapid incubation periods in transgenic mice expressing the ovine prion protein. The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identification of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv2291031581cxmmr5t8 yiv2291031581oygrvhab yiv2291031581hcukyx3x yiv2291031581c1et5uql yiv2291031581o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div><div></div><div><div class="yiv2291031581MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"></div></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv2291031581aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv2291031581aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv2291031581aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv2291031581aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv2291031581aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REFERENCES</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>MONDAY, DECEMBER 27, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>RT-QuIC detection of pathological prion protein in subclinical goats following experimental oral transmission of L-type BSE<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/12/rt-quic-detection-of-pathological-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/12/rt-quic-detection-of-pathological-prion.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 <div><br /></div><div>Scrapie at Abattoir: Monitoring, Control, and Differential Diagnosis of Wasting Conditions during Meat Inspection </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv3249082313cxmmr5t8 yiv3249082313oygrvhab yiv3249082313hcukyx3x yiv3249082313c1et5uql yiv3249082313o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-46265667718490584462022-01-12T13:00:00.000-06:002022-01-12T13:00:04.603-06:00Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?<p><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?, what if?</span></p><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author item CASSMANN, ERIC - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item MOORE, SARA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: Frontiers in Veterinary Science Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/14/2019 Publication Date: 11/29/2019 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S.J., Smith, J.D., Greenlee, J.J. 2019. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6:430. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are protein misfolding diseases that are transmissible between animals. The outcome of prion infection is irreversible brain damage and death. Transmission can occur between animals of the same or different species, however, transmission between different species is usually less efficient due to the species barrier, which results from differences in the amino acid sequence of the prion protein between the donor and recipient species. The present work evaluated whether transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) can infect sheep. Our results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the TME agent and that the TME agent has similar properties to the agent of L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a food borne prion disease. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests similarities between the agent of TME and L-BSE. This experiment demonstrates the susceptibility of four different genotypes of sheep to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation. The four genotypes of sheep used in this experiment had polymorphisms corresponding to codons 136 and 171 of the prion gene: VV136QQ171, AV136QQ171, AA136QQ171, and AA136QR171. All intracranially inoculated sheep without comorbidities (15/15) developed clinical scrapie and had detectable PrPSc by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The mean incubation periods in TME infected sheep correlated with their relative genotypic susceptibility. There was peripheral distribution of PrPSc in the trigeminal ganglion and neuromuscular spindles; however, unlike classical scrapie and C-BSE in sheep, ovine TME did not accumulate in the lymphoid tissue. To rule out the presence of infectious, but proteinase K susceptible PrPSc, the lymph nodes of two sheep genotypes, VV136QQ171 and AA136QQ171, were bioassayed in transgenic ovinized mice. None of the mice (0/32) inoculated by the intraperitoneal route had detectable PrPSc by EIA. Interestingly, mice intracranially inoculated with RPLN tissue from a VV136QQ171 sheep were EIA positive (3/17) indicating that sheep inoculated with TME harbor infectivity in their lymph nodes. Western blot analysis demonstrated similarities in the migration patterns between ovine TME and the bovine TME inoculum. Overall, these results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME, and that the tissue distribution of PrPSc in TME infected sheep is distinct from classical scrapie.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Previous work has shown that the Stetsonville, WI outbreak of TME could have been precipitated by feeding mink a downer cow with atypical BSE; therefore, it very well may have originated from a cow with L-BSE. The agent of TME appears to remain stable, and it has a high transmission efficiency after a sequence of interspecies transmission events. Although C-BSE is the archetypal foodborne TSE, our findings indicate that L-BSE and bTME have greater transmission efficiencies in bovinized mice. Previous work has demonstrated that L-BSE also is more virulent than C-BSE in mice expressing the human prion protein [46, 55]. Although the documented incidence of L-BSE is low, the propensity of L-BSE and the TME agent to cross species barriers support the continued monitoring for atypical BSE.</span><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div>***>This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.<***</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1985</span><br /></div><div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip... </div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a></div></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">57 The experiment which might have determined whether BSE and scrapie were caused by the same agent (ie, the feeding of natural scrapie to cattle) was never undertaken in the UK. </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">It was, however, performed in the USA in 1979, when it was shown that cattle inoculated with the scrapie agent endemic in the flock of Suffolk sheep at the United States Department of Agriculture in Mission, Texas, developed a TSE quite unlike BSE. 32 </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The findings of the initial transmission, though not of the clinical or neurohistological examination, were communicated in October 1988 to Dr Watson, Director of the CVL, following a visit by Dr Wrathall, one of the project leaders in the Pathology Department of the CVL, to the United States Department of Agriculture. 33 </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The results were not published at this point, since the attempted transmission to mice from the experimental cow brain had been inconclusive. </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The results of the clinical and histological differences between scrapie-affected sheep and cattle were published in 1995. </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Similar studies in which cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with scrapie inocula derived from a number of scrapie-affected sheep of different breeds and from different States, were carried out at the US National Animal Disease Centre. 34 </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The results, published in 1994, showed that this source of scrapie agent, though pathogenic for cattle, did not produce the same clinical signs of brain lesions characteristic of BSE..</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">32 Clark, W., Hourrigan, J. and Hadlow, W. (1995) Encephalopathy in Cattle Experimentally Infected with the Scrapie Agent, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 56, 606-12</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">33 YB88/10.00/1.1 </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract:</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion strains may vary in their ability to transmit to humans and animals. Few experimental studies have been done to provide evidence of differences between U.S. strains of scrapie, which can be distinguished by incubation times in inbred mice, microscopic lesions, immunoreactivity to various antibodies, or molecular profile (electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio). Recent work on two U.S. isolates of sheep scrapie supports that at least two distinct strains exist based on differences in incubation time and genotype of sheep affected. One isolate (No. 13-7) inoculated intracerebrally caused scrapie in sheep AA at codon 136 (AA136) and QQ at codon 171 (QQ171) of the prion protein in an average of 19 months post-inoculation (PI) whereas a second isolate (No. x124) caused disease in less than 12 months after oral inoculation in AV136/QQ171 sheep. Striking differences were evident when further strain analysis was done in R111, VM, C57Bl6, and C57Bl6xVM (F1) mice. No. 13-7 did not induce disease in any mouse strain at any time post-inoculation (PI) nor were brain tissues positive by western blot (WB). Positive WB results were obtained from mice inoculated with isolate No. x124 starting at day 380 PI. Incubation times averaged 508, 559, 601, and 633 days PI for RIII, C57Bl6, VM, and F1 mice, respectively. Further passage will be required to characterize these scrapie strains in mice. </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***>This work provides evidence that multiple scrapie strains exist in U.S. sheep. </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=227516" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=227516</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">One of these isolates (TR316211) behaved like the CH1641 isolate, with PrPres features in mice similar to those in the sheep brain. From two other isolates (O100 and O104), two distinct PrPres phenotypes were identified in mouse brains, with either high (h-type) or low (l-type) apparent molecular masses of unglycosylated PrPres, the latter being similar to that observed with CH1641, TR316211, or BSE. Both phenotypes could be found in variable proportions in the brains of the individual mice. In contrast with BSE, l-type PrPres from "CH1641-like" isolates showed lower levels of diglycosylated PrPres. From one of these cases (O104), a second passage in mice was performed for two mice with distinct PrPres profiles. This showed a partial selection of the l-type phenotype in mice infected with a mouse brain with predominant l-type PrPres, and it was accompanied by a significant increase in the proportions of the diglycosylated band. These results are discussed in relation to the diversity of scrapie and BSE strains. </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/13/7230?view=long&pmid=17442721" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/13/7230?view=long&pmid=17442721</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641. </span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">- 59-<br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://prion2016.org/</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Comparison of two US sheep scrapie isolates supports identification as separate strains</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Authors</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">item Moore, Sarah - item Smith, Jodi item West Greenlee, Mary - item Nicholson, Eric item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: Veterinary Pathology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: December 22, 2015 Publication Date: N/A</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Interpretive Summary: Scrapie is a fatal disease of sheep and goats that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether or not a sheep will get scrapie is determined primarily by their genetics. Furthermore, different scrapie strains exist that may result in a different expression of disease such as shorter incubation periods, unusual clinical signs, or unique patterns of lesions within the brain. This study evaluated two U.S. scrapie isolates in groups of sheep with varying susceptibilities to scrapie. Our data indicates that there are differences in incubation periods, sheep genotype susceptibilities, and lesion profiles that support designating these scrapie isolates as unique strains. The identification of a new scrapie strain in the United States means that control measures, methods of decontamination, and the potential for transmission to other species may need to be reevaluated. This information is useful to sheep farmers and breeders that are selectively breeding animals with genotypes resistant to the most prevalent strain of scrapie and could impact future regulations for the control of scrapie in the United States. Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of sheep and goats. There are different strains of sheep scrapie that are associated with unique molecular, transmission, and phenotype characteristics, but very little is known about the potential presence of scrapie strains within sheep in the US. Scrapie strain and PRNP genotype could both affect susceptibility, potential for transmission, incubation period, and control measures required for eliminating scrapie from a flock. Here we evaluate two US scrapie isolates, No. 13-7 and x124, after intranasal inoculation to compare clinical signs, incubation periods (IP), spongiform lesions, and patterns of PrPSc deposition in sheep with scrapie-susceptible PRNP genotypes (QQ171). After inoculation with x124, susceptibility and IP were associated with valine at codon 136 (V136) of the prion protein: VV136 had short IPs (6.9 months), AV136 sheep were 11.9 months, and AA136 sheep did not develop scrapie. All No.13-7 inoculated sheep developed scrapie with IP’s of 20.1 months for AA136 sheep, 22.8 months for AV136 sheep, and 26.7 months for VV136 sheep. Patterns of immunoreactivity in the brain were influenced by challenge isolate and host genotype. Differences in PrPSc profiles versus isolate were most striking when examining brains from sheep with the VV136 genotype. In summary, intranasal inoculation with isolates x124 and No. 13-7 resulted in differences in IP, sheep genotype susceptibility, and PrPSc profile that support designation as separate strains.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Last Modified: 6/6/2016</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=315505" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=315505</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">31</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Appendix I VISIT TO USA - OR A E WRATHALL — INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dr Clark lately of the scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">successfully transmitted ovine and caprine scrapie to cattle. The</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is:-</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Expt A 6 Her x Jer calves born in 1978 were inoculated as follows with</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">a 2nd Suffolk scrapie passage:-</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">i/c 1ml; i/m, 5ml; s/c 5ml; oral 30ml.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1/6 went down after 48 months with a scrapie/BSE-like disease.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Expt B 6 Her or Jer or HxJ calves were inoculated with angora Goat</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">virus 2/6 went down similarly after 36 months.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Expt C Mice inoculated from brains of calves/cattle in expts A & B were resistant, only 1/20 going down with scrapie and this was the reason given for not publishing.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Diagnosis in A, B, C was by histopath. No reports on SAF were given.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dr Warren Foote indicated success so far in eliminating scrapie in offspring from experimentally— (and naturally) infected sheep by ET. He had found difficulty in obtaining embryos from naturally infected sheep (cf SPA).</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prof. A Robertson gave a brief accout of BSE. The us approach was to</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">32</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr A Thiermann showed the picture in the "Independent" with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE was not reported in USA.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">4. Scrapie incidents (ie affected flocks) have shown a dramatic increase since 1978. In 1953 when the National Control scheme was started there were 10-14 incidents, in 1978 - 1 and in 1988 so far 60.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">5. Scrapie agent was reported to have been isolated from a solitary fetus.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">6. A western blotting diagnostic technique (? on PrP) shows some promise.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">7. Results of a questionnaire sent to 33 states on the subject of the national sheep scrapie programme survey indicated</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">17/33 wished to drop it</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">6/33 wished to develop it</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">8/33 had few sheep and were neutral</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Information obtained from Dr Wrathall‘s notes of a meeting of the u.s.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Animal Health Association at Little Rock, Arkansas Nov. 1988.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">33</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ...</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">also see hand written notes ;</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019203707/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20071019203707/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base Scrapie Experiment 1964 </div><div><br /></div><div>How Did CWD Get Way Down In Medina County, Texas? </div><div><br /></div><div>Confucius ponders... </div><div><br /></div><div>Could the Scrapie experiments back around 1964 at Moore Air Force near Mission, Texas, could this area have been ground zero for CWD TSE Prion (besides the CWD cases that have waltzed across the Texas, New Mexico border near WSMR Trans Pecos region since around 2001)? </div><div><br /></div><div>Epidemiology of Scrapie in the United States 1977 </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas A Scrapie Field Trial was developed at Mission, Texas, to provide additional information for the eradication program on the epidemiology of natural scrapie. The Mission Field Trial Station is located on 450 acres of pastureland, part of the former Moore Air Force Base, near Mission, Texas. </div><div><br /></div><div>It was designed to bring previously exposed, and later also unexposed, sheep or goats to the Station and maintain and breed them under close observation for extended periods to determine which animals would develop scrapie and define more closely the natural spread and other epidemiological aspects of the disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>The 547 previously exposed sheep brought to the Mission Station beginning in 1964 were of the Cheviot, Hampshire, Montadale, or Suffolk breeds. </div><div><br /></div><div>They were purchased as field outbreaks occurred, and represented 21 bloodlines in which scrapie had been diagnosed. </div><div><br /></div><div>Upon arrival at the Station, the sheep were maintained on pasture, with supplemental feeding as necessary. </div><div><br /></div><div>The station was divided into 2 areas: </div><div><br /></div><div>(1) a series of pastures and-pens occupied by male animals only, and </div><div><br /></div><div>(2) a series of pastures and pens occupied by females and young progeny of both sexes. </div><div><br /></div><div>... snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>see full text ; </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://we.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a></div></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IBNC BSE TSE Prion mad cow disease</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> ***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0199119657aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div><div>OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>REFERENCES</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div> In most cases of naturally occurring atypical BSE identified so far, the animals were >8 years of age, except for 3 cases: 1 H-BSE and 1 L-BSE in Spain (1) and 1 H-BSE in Germany (12). Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that L-BSE developed sporadically/spontaneously.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Atypical H-type BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Research Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge. Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenat<span style="font-size: 10pt;">es. Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Published: 23 June 2011</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>References...END</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv5137572731cxmmr5t8 yiv5137572731oygrvhab yiv5137572731hcukyx3x yiv5137572731c1et5uql yiv5137572731o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div></div><div><div class="yiv5137572731MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv5137572731aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv5137572731aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv5137572731aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv5137572731aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5137572731aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div class="yiv5137572731cxmmr5t8 yiv5137572731oygrvhab yiv5137572731hcukyx3x yiv5137572731c1et5uql yiv5137572731o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv5137572731cxmmr5t8 yiv5137572731oygrvhab yiv5137572731hcukyx3x yiv5137572731c1et5uql yiv5137572731o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-10804745612544242482021-12-30T12:55:00.004-06:002021-12-30T12:55:47.562-06:00FSIS Issues Public Health Alert for Ineligible Imported Meat and Poultry Products from China, what about BSE?<p>FSIS Issues Public Health Alert for Ineligible Imported Meat and Poultry Products from China, what about BSE?</p><div>NAIS, COOL, FROM FARM TO FORK, MAD COW DISEASE BSE TSE PrP?</div><div><br /></div><div>FSIS Issues Public Health Alert for Ineligible Imported Meat and Poultry Products from China </div><div><br /></div><div>FSIS Announcement</div><div><br /></div><div>WASHINGTON, Dec. 29, 2021 - The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is issuing a public health alert for an undetermined amount of imported meat and poultry products from China. A recall was not requested because FSIS has been unable to identify and contact the importers. The total amount of ineligible product is undetermined because the investigation is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>The products subject to the public health alert and labels are listed here. </div><div><br /></div><div>The meat and poultry products do not identify an eligible establishment number on their packaging and were not presented to FSIS for import reinspection. These products are ineligible to import into the U.S., making them unfit for human consumption.</div><div><br /></div><div>The problem was identified through an investigation with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). FSIS will continue working with CBP and APHIS on the ongoing investigation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Retailers who have purchased the products are urged not to sell them. Consumers who purchased the products should not consume them and need to dispose of them properly. Consumers are asked to dispose of the products by double bagging them to reduce the possibility of animals accessing the products. USDA cannot confirm whether the products were properly heated to control pathogens that affect domestic livestock.</div><div><br /></div><div>There have been no confirmed reports of adverse reactions due to consumption of these products. Anyone concerned about an illness should contact a health care provider.</div><div><br /></div><div>Consumers with food safety questions can call the toll-free USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline at 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) or live chat via Ask USDA from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Eastern Time) Monday through Friday. </div><div><br /></div><div>Consumers can also browse food safety messages at Ask USDA or send a question via email to <a href="mailto:MPHotline@usda.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">MPHotline@usda.gov</a>. For consumers that need to report a problem with a meat, poultry, or egg product, the online Electronic Consumer Complaint Monitoring System can be accessed 24 hours a day at <a href="https://foodcomplaint.fsis.usda.gov/eCCF/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://foodcomplaint.fsis.usda.gov/eCCF/</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/food_label_pdf/2021-12/pha-12292021-01-product-list.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/food_label_pdf/2021-12/pha-12292021-01-product-list.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/recalls-alerts/fsis-issues-public-health-alert-ineligible-imported-meat-and-poultry-products-china" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/recalls-alerts/fsis-issues-public-health-alert-ineligible-imported-meat-and-poultry-products-china</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***> It is evident from Table 1 that China reacted to the outbreak of BSE by placing various bans such as feed ban, MBM ban and making BSE a notifiable disease in 1990. <***<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>(3) (PDF) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management strategies in the People's Republic of China. Available from: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/.../264815349_Bovine...[accessed" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/.../264815349_Bovine...[accessed</a> Dec 29 2021].</div><div><br /></div><div>The Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) of European Union established a qualitative indicator − the geographical BSE risk (GBR) − of the likelihood of the presence of one or more cattle being infected with BSE, pre-clinically as well as clinically, at a given point in time, in a country (Scientific Steering Committee, 2002b). This system was further expanded by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to include countries participating in the import and export of cattle and cattle by-products. The previous GBR classifications have been phased out and as of 2007 WOFAH took the responsibility of classifying countries for their BSE risk under a new categorization system. The categories under the new system are negligible BSE risk, controlled BSE risk and undetermined BSE risk (Official Journal of the European Union, 2007). However, a GBR risk assessment was not conducted for China by any of the above mentioned agencies.</div><div><br /></div><div>As of 2008, the World Organization for Animal Health recognizes Chinese Taipei as a ‘controlled BSE risk region’ (Office of International des Epizooties, 2008). </div><div><br /></div><div>An internal risk analysis was performed by the Chinese Government in 2000 entitled, Risk Analysis and Assessment of BSE in China. Some key highlights from this analysis for China have been reported by Ozawa (2003) (Table 1) as well as for Hong Kong and Chinese Taipei (Table 2). It is evident from Table 1 that China reacted to the outbreak of BSE by placing various bans such as feed ban, MBM ban and making BSE a notifiable disease in 1990. China has been carrying out passive surveillance since 1997 and made it more comprehensive by including an active surveillance stream in the year 2000. </div><div><br /></div><div>But what is notable about China and Hong Kong is the absence of SRM ban whereas data on a similar ban was not available for Chinese Taipei. Ozawa (2003) also noted some disparities in the instituted prevention policies between China, Chinese Taipei, and Hong Kong (Table 1 and Table 2) namely a MBM ban and rendering conditions. Hong Kong relies on voluntary ban on feeding cattle ruminant derived meat and bone meal. Information on national rendering conditions could not be gathered for China. 3.1 </div><div><br /></div><div>Import of cattle and beef from BSE-affected countries China imports live cattle for breeding purposes. Importation of breeding cattle from EU countries (France and Germany), North America (the USA and Canada), and Japan continued until the first case of BSE was reported in these countries. As shown in Figure 1, a total of 6,720 live cattle were imported during the period 1990 to 2003 from countries that later reported BSE (United States Department of Agriculture, 2004a, 2005, 2007; Smith, 2001). Another source reported the country had imported 2,863 breeding cattle from Japan, Canada, the USA and Australia between 1992 to 1999 (China Daily, 2001). Regardless of the number, the fact remains that China did import a large number of live cattle during the 1990s from countries that later reported BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE and vCJD risk management strategies in the People’s Republic of China 309 Table 2 Data on BSE preventive measures in Hong Kong and Chinese Taipei Cattle import Feed ban MBM ban SRM ban Surveillance and monitoring Rendering Public awareness programs Hong Kong None No official ban No official ban (rely on voluntary bans since 2001) No official ban BSE was not a notifiable disease until 2003 Ruminant material not rendered; sent to landfills None 1997 – Ban on use of ruminant derived MBM in feed Chinese Taipei None 2001 – ban on use of animal protein 1990 – Ban on import of MBM from BSE affected countries No data 1990 – BSE made notifiable Rendering at 133°C/3bar/ 20 minute 1990 – Programs in place Source: Data summarised from Ozawa (2003)</div><div><br /></div><div>(3) (PDF) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease risk management strategies in the People's Republic of China. Available from: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/.../264815349_Bovine...[accessed" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/.../264815349_Bovine...[accessed</a> Dec 29 2021].</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJRAM.2010.035273" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJRAM.2010.035273</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264815349_Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy_and_variant_Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease_risk_management_strategies_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264815349_Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy_and_variant_Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease_risk_management_strategies_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***> However, a GBR risk assessment was not conducted for China by any of the above mentioned agencies.</div><div><div><br /></div><div>Animal Health Status of Regions</div><div><br /></div><div>Last Modified: Sep 22, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Regions classified by APHIS as having either negligible risk or controlled risk for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) 9 CFR 92.5</div><div><br /></div><div>NO LISTING OF BSE RISK FACTOR FOR CHINA; SEE;</div><div><br /></div><div><div>BSE RISK ASSESSMENT PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ??? not listed!</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wcm/connect/aphis_content_library/sa_our_focus/sa_animal_health/sa_import_into_us/animal-health-status-of-regions/animal-health-status-of-regions" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wcm/connect/aphis_content_library/sa_our_focus/sa_animal_health/sa_import_into_us/animal-health-status-of-regions/animal-health-status-of-regions</a><br /></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>Spongiform encephalopathies in mainland China</div><div><br /></div><div>Chang-Kai Sun Xiao-Qin Chong Yuan-Gui Huang</div><div><br /></div><div>Published:August 24, 1996DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)64699-5" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)64699-5</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and a new variant of human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in the UK have had international medical, economic, and political repercussions. 1 , 2 Not a single case of BSE or scrapie has been reported in the People's Republic of China. Yet more than 30 confirmed and probably naturally occurring, sporadic or family, cases of spongiform encephalopathy including more than 20 cases of CJD and five of the slower progressing Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, have been described since 1980. None of the patients had a history of ever having received any probable contaminated medical treatment. Nor were they medical workers who had ever contacted any person with spongiform encephalopathy. The onset of progressive neuropsychiatric dysfunction at an early or late age is rare in these cases. However, there were six cases of spongy degeneration of the brain in infancy reported 12 years ago. 3</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)64699-5/fulltext" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)64699-5/fulltext</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div>Published: 18 October 2008 </div><div><br /></div><div>Surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in China from 2006 to 2007 </div><div><br /></div><div>Qi Shi, Chen Gao, Wei Zhou, Bao-Yun Zhang, Jian-Ming Chen, Chan Tian, Hui-Ying Jiang, Jun Han, Ni-Juan Xiang, Xiao-Fang Wang, Yong-Jun Gao & Xiao-Ping Dong BMC Public Health volume 8, Article number: 360 (2008) Cite this article</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract Background Human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (HTSE), or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), is a group of rare and fatal diseases in central nervous system. Since outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant CJD, a worldwide CJD surveillance network has been established under the proposition of WHO. In China, a national CJD surveillance system has started since 2002. The data of CJD surveillance from 2006 to 2007 was analyzed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods Total 12 provinces are included in CJD surveillance system. The surveillance unit in each province consists of one or two sentinel hospitals and the provincial CDC. All suspected CJD cases reported from CJD surveillance were diagnosed and subtyped based on the diagnostic criteria for CJD issued by WHO.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results Total 192 suspected CJD cases were reported and 5 genetic CJD, 51 probable and 30 possible sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases were diagnosed. The collected sCJD cases distribute sporadically without geographical clustering and seasonal relativity and the highest incidences in both probable and possible sCJD cases appeared in the group of 60–69 year. The most common three foremost symptoms were progressive dementia, cerebellum and mental-related symptoms. The probable sCJD patients owning both typical EEG alteration and CSF protein 14-3-3 positive have more characteristic clinical syndromes than the ones having only one positive. The polymorphisms of codon 129 of all tested reported cases shows typical patterns of Han Chinese as previous reports, that M129M are predominant whereas M129V are seldom.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion Chinese CJD patients possessed similar epidemiological and clinical characteristics as worldwide.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion Since German neurologists Creutzfeldt and Jakob firstly reported the cases with progressive cerebral dysfunction, the 'Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease' has been known for almost one century. Since the occurrence of vCJD in Europe was addressed, WHO consultation had recommended the establishment of worldwide CJD surveillance[14]. In 2002, China started to set up the national CJD surveillance and join into the worldwide surveillance system. It consists of twelve provinces now with about 440 millions inhabitants. In this paper, we propose the surveillance results from 2006 to 2007. Except five genetic CJD cases, all CJD cases are diagnosed as sCJD. No iCJD and vCJD has been identified. The collected sCJD cases distribute sporadically without geographical clustering. The mean onset ages of the probable sCJD and possible sCJD cases are almost the same, showing the highest incidence in the group of 60–69 years. There are more male cases than female ones in the past two years, probably reflecting only short-term surveillance.</div><div><br /></div><div>Many symptoms have been described as the foremost clinical manifestations in sCJD patients. The first three common symptoms are progressive dementia, cerebellum and mental-related symptoms. Along with the progression of the disease, more neurological symptoms have been identified, among them progressive dementia has been observed sooner or later in all sCJD patients. No differences in the appearances and frequencies of other four main clinical manifestations have been notified in the groups of probable sCJD and possible sCJD.</div><div><br /></div><div>EEG examination and CSF protein 14-3-3 test are the indexes for probable sCJD according to the diagnostic criteria recommended by WHO[9]. We find that the probable sCJD patients owning both typical EEG alteration and CSF protein 14-3-3 positive have more characteristic clinical syndromes than the ones having only one positive. Meanwhile, all cases with 14-3-3 positive and EEG altheration show myoclonus during their clinical courses. CSF 14-3-3 positive is believed as the marker of brain damage[15]. EEG abnormality represents early recognition of worsening brain function[16]. It might reflect that the patients owning two positive results have more pathological changes in brains.</div><div><br /></div><div>In our surveillance system, the PRNP genes of all reported cases have been screened if available. The polymorphisms of codon 129 of all tested reported cases show typical patterns of Han Chinese as previous reports[13], that M129M are predominant whereas M129V are seldom. Additionally, analyses of a few biopsy and postmortem brain samples of sCJD cases collected previously show all type 1 PrPSc patterns in Western blots (unpublished data). All these patients have been confirmed to be M129M homozygous. Furthermore, five genetic CJD cases have been identified through CJD surveillance. Two cases, T188K and E200K, do not have detectable family histories, which are reported and primarily diagnosed as probable and possible sCJD, respectively. It emphasizes that PRNP gene sequencing is essential and unique for detection of gCJD without detectable family history.</div><div><br /></div><div>Although CJD cases have been identified through our CJD surveillance, the reported and diagnosed cases is far from the expected one based on the numbers of inhabitants. Therefore, it is hard to line out the morbidity of CJD in China. Lack of knowledge of this rare disease in local clinicians in small town encumbers the sensitivity of surveillance system. Carefully designed training programs will help to improve this situation. Compared with the developed countries, the rate of postmortem is extremely lower in China, due to the traditional customs. Therefore, apart from the future legislation for brain autopsy of suspected CJD patient, enhancing follow-up will improve the quality of our CJD surveillance system.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion The results of the present study revealed the general epidemiology status of CJD in China from 2006 to 2007. Foremost clinical manifestations were different among the CJD patients, but along with the progression of the disease, progressive dementia was observed sooner or later in all cases. EEG examination, CSF protein 14-3-3 test and PRNP gene analyses were the main laboratory tools for the suspected patients without postmortem. M129M were the predominant genotype in Han Chinese. The morbidity of CJD in China still remained unsettled for the short-term surveillance. Due to the lower rate of postmortem, enhancing follow-up will improve the quality of the CJD surveillance system.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-360" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-360</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3953653246aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv3953653246aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv3953653246aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv3953653246aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv3953653246aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Officials and Industry can continue to post/quote that old BS junk science, but it's not true. for one thing, not a single case of the so called old age spontaneous atypical BSE cases have ever been proven to be spontaneous, and see what the OIE themselves state;</div><div><br /></div><div>OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>REFERENCES</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div><br /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div> In most cases of naturally occurring atypical BSE identified so far, the animals were >8 years of age, except for 3 cases: 1 H-BSE and 1 L-BSE in Spain (1) and 1 H-BSE in Germany (12). Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that L-BSE developed sporadically/spontaneously.</div><div><br /></div><div>Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical H-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</div><div><br /></div><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge. Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenat<span style="font-size: 10pt;">es. Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div>P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br /></div><div>Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div><br /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div>Published: 23 June 2011</div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div><br /></div><div>The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>References...END</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE;</div><div><br /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br /></div><div>Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author:</div><div><br /></div><div>‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div><br /></div><div>In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a><br /></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><span style="color: #29303b;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>kind regards, terry</div></div><div><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;" /></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-43730032229880134362021-12-18T12:56:00.008-06:002021-12-19T11:17:37.529-06:00CFIA Canada Alberta Laboratory detection of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy<p><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CFIA Canada Alberta Laboratory detection of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy</span></p><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Laboratory detection of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy</span></div><div><br /></div><div>On December 17, 2021, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) notified the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) of a case of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a 8 and a half year old beef cow on a farm in Alberta.<br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The detection and reporting of an atypical BSE case will not affect the OIE negligible risk status of Canada and market access for Canadian animals and beef products should be unaffected.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Government of Canada will work with the cattle and beef industries to maintain the confidence of international trading partners to maintain market access for Canadian animals and products.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cases of atypical BSE are generally observed in animals aged 8 years or older. Atypical BSE has worldwide distribution, even in countries where no classical BSE has been reported. These two factors support the assumption that this extremely rare disease develops spontaneously. Atypical strains occurs naturally and sporadically in all cattle populations at a very low rate and which have only been identified in older cattle.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canada continues to maintain its safeguards in order to prevent the introduction of certain cattle tissues capable of transmitting BSE, known as specified risk material (SRM). The detection of atypical BSE in Canada underscores the ongoing effectiveness of Canada's robust targeted BSE surveillance program.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">As this case has been confirmed as an atypical case, no further actions on the index farm are required. There is no quarantine or other restrictions in place for the farm.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/laboratory-detection-of-bse/eng/1639696303653/1639696304380" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/laboratory-detection-of-bse/eng/1639696303653/1639696304380</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/food-inspection-agency/news/2021/05/backgroundercanada-achieving-negligible-risk-status-for-bse0.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.canada.ca/en/food-inspection-agency/news/2021/05/backgroundercanada-achieving-negligible-risk-status-for-bse0.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.alberta.ca/canada-and-alberta-bse-surveillance-program.aspx" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.alberta.ca/canada-and-alberta-bse-surveillance-program.aspx</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/agriculture-natural-resources-and-industry/agribusiness-farmers-and-ranchers/livestock/animal-health-and-welfare/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/agriculture-natural-resources-and-industry/agribusiness-farmers-and-ranchers/livestock/animal-health-and-welfare/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/minister-bibeau-welcomes-recognition-that-canada-is-negligible-risk-for-bse-854741762.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/minister-bibeau-welcomes-recognition-that-canada-is-negligible-risk-for-bse-854741762.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>I remember another famous quote;</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Alberta Premier Ralph Klein has taken aim at the owner of the province's infamous mad cow, saying a "self-respecting" rancher would not have taken the animal to slaughter but instead would have simply "shot, shovelled and shut up."</span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">3. Atypical BSE</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves<br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">REFERENCES</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle" style="animation-name: none; background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div></div><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle" style="animation-name: none; background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; transition-property: none;"><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="animation-name: none; font-family: inherit; transition-property: none;"><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical L-type BSE</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical H-type BSE</div><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Published: 23 June 2011</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">References...END</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">PLEASE NOTE;</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strainsNo</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><div><div><div>CDFA September 2018</div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div>North America</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE Cases in North America by Year and Location Year Province/State Type Age (Years) Strain Canada</div><div><br /></div><div>1993 Alberta1 Beef cow 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2003 Alberta Angus cow 6-8 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2004 Alberta Holstein cow 8 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2005 Alberta Charolais cow 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2006 Alberta Holstein Hereford cow 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2006 British Columbia Holstein cow 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2006 Manitoba Beef cow 15</div><div><br /></div><div>2006 Alberta Dairy cow 4 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2006 Alberta Beef cow 8-10</div><div><br /></div><div>2007 Alberta Bull 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2007 British Columbia Dairy cow 5 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2007 Alberta Beef cow 13 Atypical</div><div><br /></div><div>2008 Alberta Dairy cow 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2008 British Columbia Holstein cow 5 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2008 Alberta Beef cow 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2008 British Columbia Dairy cow 7 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2009 Alberta Dairy cow 7 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2010 Alberta Angus cow 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2011 Alberta Dairy cow 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2015 Alberta Beef cow 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>U.S.</div><div><br /></div><div>2003 Washington2 Dairy cow 6 Classical</div><div><br /></div><div>2005 Texas Beef cow 12 Atypical</div><div><br /></div><div>2006 Alabama Beef cow 10 Atypical</div><div><br /></div><div>2012 California Dairy cow 10 Atypical</div><div><br /></div><div>2017 Alabama Beef cow 11 Atypical</div><div><br /></div><div>2018 Florida Beef cow Mature Atypical</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Animal was imported from the United Kingdom</div><div><br /></div><div>2 Animal was born in Alberta, Canada</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/animal_health/pdfs/BSE_NorthAmerica.pdf</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Change in Disease Status of Canada Because of BSE</div><div>From:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>"Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder@WT.NET></div><div>Reply To:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE></div><div>Date:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thu, 29 May 2003 08:31:15 -0500</div><div>Content-Type:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain</div><div>Parts/Attachments:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain (286 lines)</div><div>######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE> #########</div><div><br /></div><div>[Federal Register: May 29, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 103)]</div><div>[Rules and Regulations]</div><div>[Page 31939-31940]</div><div>From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]</div><div>[DOCID:fr29my03-1]</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> =======================================================================</div><div>Rules and Regulations</div><div> Federal Register</div><div>________________________________________________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains regulatory documents</div><div>having general applicability and legal effect, most of which are keyed</div><div>to and codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, which is published</div><div>under 50 titles pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 1510.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by the Superintendent of Documents.</div><div>Prices of new books are listed in the first FEDERAL REGISTER issue of each</div><div>week.</div><div><br /></div><div> =======================================================================</div><div><br /></div><div>[[Page 31939]]</div><div><br /></div><div>DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</div><div><br /></div><div>9 CFR Parts 93 and 94</div><div><br /></div><div>[Docket No. 03-058-1]</div><div><br /></div><div>Change in Disease Status of Canada Because of BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA.</div><div><br /></div><div>ACTION: Interim rule and request for comments.</div><div><br /></div><div>-----------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div>SUMMARY: We are amending the regulations by adding Canada to the list</div><div>of regions where bovine spongiform encephalopathy exists because the</div><div>disease has been detected in an animal in that region. This action</div><div>prohibits or restricts the importation of ruminants that have been in</div><div>Canada and meat, meat products, and certain other products and</div><div>byproducts of ruminants that have been in Canada. This action is</div><div>necessary to help prevent the introduction of bovine spongiform</div><div>encephalopathy into the United States.</div><div><br /></div><div>DATES: This rule is effective retroactively to May 20, 2003. We will</div><div>consider all comments that we receive on or before July 28, 2003.</div><div><br /></div><div>ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by postal mail/commercial delivery</div><div>or by e-mail. If you use postal mail/commercial delivery, please send</div><div>four copies of your comment (an original and three copies) to: Docket</div><div>No. 03-058-1, Regulatory Analysis and Development, PPD, APHIS, Station</div><div>3C71, 4700 River Road Unit 118, Riverdale, MD 20737-1238. Please state</div><div>that your comment refers to Docket No. 03-058-1. If you use e-mail,</div><div>address your comment to regulations@aphis.usda.gov <mailto:regulations@aphis.usda.gov>. Your comment must</div><div>be contained in the body of your message; do not send attached files.</div><div>Please include your name and address in your message and ``Docket No.</div><div>03-058-1'' on the subject line.</div><div> You may read any comments that we receive on this docket in our</div><div>reading room. The reading room is located in room 1141 of the USDA</div><div>South Building, 14th Street and Independence Avenue, SW., Washington,</div><div>DC. Normal reading room hours are 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through</div><div>Friday, except holidays. To be sure someone is there to help you,</div><div>please call (202) 690-2817 before coming.</div><div> APHIS documents published in the Federal Register, and related</div><div>information, including the names of organizations and individuals who</div><div>have commented on APHIS dockets, are available on the Internet at</div><div>http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppd/rad/webrepor.html <http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/leaving.cgi?from=leavingFR.html&log=linklog&to=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppd/rad/webrepor.html>.</div><div><br /></div><div>FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. Gary Colgrove, Director, Sanitary</div><div>Trade Issues Team, National Center for Import and Export, VS, APHIS,</div><div>4700 River Road Unit 38, Riverdale, MD 20737-1231; (301) 734-4356.</div><div><br /></div><div>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:</div><div><br /></div><div>Background</div><div><br /></div><div> The regulations in 9 CFR parts 93, 94, 95, and 96 (referred to</div><div>below as the regulations) govern the importation of certain animals,</div><div>birds, poultry, meat, other animal products and byproducts, hay, and</div><div>straw into the United States in order to prevent the introduction of</div><div>various animal diseases, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div>(BSE).</div><div><br /></div><div> BSE is a neurological disease of cattle and is not known to exist</div><div>in the United States. It appears that BSE is primarily spread through</div><div>the use of ruminant feed containing protein and other products from</div><div>ruminants infected with BSE. Therefore, BSE could become established in</div><div>the United States if materials carrying the BSE agent, such as certain</div><div>meat, animal products, and animal byproducts from ruminants, are</div><div>imported into the United States and are fed to ruminants in the United</div><div>States. BSE could also become established in the United States if</div><div>ruminants with BSE are imported into the United States.</div><div><br /></div><div> Sections 94.18, 95.4, and 96.2 of the regulations prohibit or</div><div>restrict the importation of certain meat and other animal products and</div><div>byproducts from ruminants that have been in regions in which BSE exists</div><div>or in which there is an undue risk of introducing BSE into the United</div><div>States. Paragraph (a)(1) of Sec. 94.18 lists the regions in which BSE</div><div>exists. Paragraph (a)(2) lists the regions that present an undue risk</div><div>of introducing BSE into the United States because their import</div><div>requirements are less restrictive than those that would be acceptable</div><div>for import into the United States and/or because the regions have</div><div>inadequate surveillance. Paragraph (b) of Sec. 94.18 prohibits the</div><div>importation of fresh, frozen, and chilled meat, meat products, and most</div><div>other edible products of ruminants that have been in any region listed</div><div>in paragraphs (a)(1) or (a)(2). Paragraph (c) of Sec. 94.18 restricts</div><div>the importation of gelatin derived from ruminants that have been in any</div><div>of these regions. Section 95.4 prohibits or restricts the importation</div><div>of certain byproducts from ruminants that have been in any of those</div><div>regions, and Sec. 96.2 prohibits the importation of casings, except</div><div>stomach casings, from ruminants that have been in any of these regions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Additionally, the regulations in part 93 pertaining to the importation</div><div>of live animals provide that the Animal and Plant Health Inspection</div><div>Service (APHIS) may deny an application for a permit for the</div><div>importation of ruminants from regions where a communicable disease such</div><div>as BSE exists and from regions that present risks of introducing</div><div>communicable diseases into the United States (see Sec. 93.404(a)(3)).</div><div><br /></div><div> On May 20, 2003, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency reported a</div><div>case of BSE in a beef cow in northern Alberta. Therefore, in order to</div><div>prevent the introduction of BSE into the United States, we are amending</div><div>Sec. 94.18(a)(1) by adding Canada to the list of regions where BSE is</div><div>known to exist. This action prohibits or restricts the importation of</div><div>ruminants that have been in Canada and the importation of meat, meat</div><div>products, and certain other products and byproducts of ruminants that</div><div>have been in Canada. We are making this amendment effective</div><div>retroactively to May 20, 2003, which is the date that Canada reported</div><div>the BSE case.</div><div><br /></div><div> As noted previously, the regulations in Sec. 93.404(a)(3) provide</div><div>the basis for APHIS to deny an application for a permit for the</div><div>importation of ruminants from regions listed in Sec. 94.18(a)(1) or</div><div>(a)(2). Because, with certain exceptions, ruminants may not be imported</div><div>into the</div><div><br /></div><div>[[Page 31940]]</div><div><br /></div><div>United States unless their importation is authorized by a permit, the</div><div>provisions of Sec. 93.404(a)(3) have been sufficient to prevent the</div><div>entry of live ruminants from regions affected with BSE. However, the</div><div>regulations in part 93 provide exemptions from the permit requirement</div><div>for ruminants from several regions, including Canada, under certain</div><div>circumstances. Given that the denial of a permit application may not</div><div>serve in all cases to provide a regulatory basis for preventing the</div><div>importation of ruminants from regions affected with BSE, we have</div><div>amended the regulations in Sec. 93.401, ``General prohibitions;</div><div>exceptions,'' to include an explicit prohibition on the importation of</div><div>ruminants that have been in any region listed in Sec. 94.18(a)(1) or</div><div>(a)(2).</div><div><br /></div><div>Emergency Action</div><div><br /></div><div> This rulemaking is necessary on an emergency basis to prevent the</div><div>introduction of BSE into the United States. Under these circumstances,</div><div>the Administrator has determined that prior notice and opportunity for</div><div>public comment are contrary to the public interest and that there is</div><div>good cause under 5 U.S.C. 553 for making this rule effective less than</div><div>30 days after publication in the Federal Register.</div><div><br /></div><div> We will consider comments we receive during the comment period for</div><div>this interim rule (see DATES above). After the comment period closes,</div><div>we will publish another document in the Federal Register. The document</div><div>will include a discussion of any comments we receive and any amendments</div><div>we are making to the rule.</div><div><br /></div><div>Executive Order 12866 and Regulatory Flexibility Act</div><div><br /></div><div> For this action, the Office of Management and Budget has waived its</div><div>review under Executive Order 12866.</div><div><br /></div><div> This emergency situation makes timely compliance with section 604</div><div>of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) impracticable.</div><div>We are currently assessing the potential economic effects of this</div><div>action on small entities. Based on that assessment, we will either</div><div>certify that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a</div><div>substantial number of small entities or publish a final regulatory</div><div>flexibility analysis.</div><div><br /></div><div>Executive Order 12988</div><div><br /></div><div> This rule has been reviewed under Executive Order 12988, Civil</div><div>Justice Reform. This rule: (1) Preempts all State and local laws and</div><div>regulations that are inconsistent with this rule; (2) has retroactive</div><div>effective to May 20, 2003; and (3) does not require administrative</div><div>proceedings before parties may file suit in court challenging this</div><div>rule.</div><div><br /></div><div>Paperwork Reduction Act</div><div><br /></div><div> This interim rule contains no information collection or</div><div>recordkeeping requirements under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995</div><div>(44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.).</div><div><br /></div><div>List of Subjects</div><div><br /></div><div>9 CFR Part 93</div><div><br /></div><div> Animal diseases, Imports, Livestock, Poultry and poultry products,</div><div>Quarantine, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.</div><div><br /></div><div>9 CFR Part 94</div><div><br /></div><div> Animal diseases, Imports, Livestock, Meat and meat products, Milk,</div><div>Poultry and poultry products, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.</div><div><br /></div><div>Accordingly, we are amending 9 CFR parts 93 and 94 as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div>PART 93--IMPORTATION OF CERTAIN ANIMALS, BIRDS, AND POULTRY, AND</div><div>CERTAIN ANIMAL, BIRD, AND POULTRY PRODUCTS; REQUIREMENTS FOR MEANS</div><div>OF CONVEYANCE AND SHIPPING CONTAINERS</div><div><br /></div><div>1. The authority citation for part 93 continues to read as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div> Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1622 and 8301-8317; 21 U.S.C. 136 and 136a;</div><div>31 U.S.C. 9701; 7 CFR 2.22, 2.80, and 371.4.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>2. In Sec. 93.401, paragraph (a) is revised to read as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Sec. 93.401 General prohibitions; exceptions.</div><div><br /></div><div> (a) No ruminant or product subject to the provisions of this part</div><div>shall be brought into the United States except in accordance with the</div><div>regulations in this part and part 94 of this subchapter;\3\ nor shall</div><div>any such ruminant or product be handled or moved after physical entry</div><div>into the United States before final release from quarantine or any</div><div>other form of governmental detention except in compliance with such</div><div>regulations. Notwithstanding any other provision of this subpart, the</div><div>importation of any ruminant that has been in a region listed in Sec.</div><div>94.18(a)(1) or (a)(2) of this subchapter is prohibited. Provided,</div><div>however, the Administrator may upon request in specific cases permit</div><div>ruminants or products to be brought into or through the United States</div><div>under such conditions as he or she may prescribe, when he or she</div><div>determines in the specific case that such action will not endanger the</div><div>livestock or poultry of the United States.</div><div>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div> \3\ Importations of certain animals from various regions are</div><div>absolutely prohibited under part 94 because of specified diseases.</div><div>---------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div>* * * * *</div><div><br /></div><div>PART 94--RINDERPEST, FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE, FOWL PEST (FOWL</div><div>PLAGUE), EXOTIC NEWCASTLE DISEASE, AFRICAN SWINE FEVER, CLASSICAL</div><div>SWINE FEVER, AND BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY: PROHIBITED AND</div><div>RESTRICTED IMPORTATIONS</div><div><br /></div><div>3. The authority citation for part 94 continues to read as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div> Authority: 7 U.S.C. 450, 7701-7772, and 8301-8317; 21 U.S.C. 136</div><div>and 136a; 31 U.S.C. 9701; 42 U.S.C. 4331 and 4332; 7 CFR 2.22, 2.80,</div><div>and 371.4.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sec. 94.18 [Amended]</div><div><br /></div><div>4. In Sec. 94.18, paragraph (a)(1) is amended by adding, in</div><div>alphabetical order, the word ``Canada,''.</div><div><br /></div><div> Done in Washington, DC, this 23rd day of May, 2003 .</div><div>Bobby R. Acord,</div><div>Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.</div><div>[FR Doc. 03-13440 Filed 5-28-03; 8:45 am]</div><div><br /></div><div>BILLING CODE 3410-34-P</div><div><br /></div><div>http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/03-13440.htm</div><div><br /></div><div>TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>########### http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>BSE CANADA & EXPORTS TO USA AND CANADA FROM UK</div><div>From:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>"Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder@WT.NET></div><div>Reply To:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE></div><div>Date:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tue, 20 May 2003 14:31:59 -0500</div><div>Content-Type:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain</div><div>Parts/Attachments:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain (146 lines)</div><div>######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE> #########</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings BSE-L,</div><div><br /></div><div>i believe i sent this through before, but thought under the circumstances,</div><div>i would pass through again. i did not read over all of it, maybe be more?</div><div><br /></div><div>TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>1994 UK EXPORTS BEEF VEAL USA , MEXICO $ CANADA ONLY</div><div>other Countries list in PDF file)</div><div><br /></div><div>USA -------- TOTALS ''8'' TONS</div><div>CANADA -- TOTALS ''29'' TONS</div><div><br /></div><div>1995 UK EXPORT BEEF AND VEAL TO USA AND CANADA</div><div><br /></div><div>USA ------- TOTALS ''358'' TONS</div><div><br /></div><div>CANADA --TOTALS ''24'' TONS</div><div><br /></div><div>BONE-IN BEEF AND VEAL</div><div><br /></div><div>USA-------- TOTALS ''10'' TONS (i think this is part of the 358 tons</div><div>above?)</div><div><br /></div><div> UK EXPORT OF LIKE CATTLE TO USA AND CANADA</div><div><br /></div><div>1986 TO 1996 USA TOTAL = 1297</div><div><br /></div><div>1986 TO 1996 CAN TOTAL = 299</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11f/tab10.pdf</div><div><br /></div><div>UK EXPORT MEAT OR OFFAL OF BOVINE ANIMALS DEC 1987</div><div><br /></div><div>CANADA -- 64,526 KG</div><div><br /></div><div>UK EXPORT OFFALS OF BOVINE ANIMALS FRESH CHILLED</div><div>OR FROZEN OTHER THAN LIVER DEC 1987 YTD</div><div><br /></div><div>USA -- 45,943 KG</div><div><br /></div><div>UK EXPORT MEAT OF BOVINE ANIMAL WITH BONE IN 1988</div><div><br /></div><div>CANADA -- 4,163 KG</div><div><br /></div><div>PREP OR PRES MEAT OR OFFAL OF BOVINE ANIMALS CUMULATIVE</div><div>TO DEC 1988</div><div><br /></div><div>USA -------- 28,609 KG</div><div>CANADA -- 22,044 KG</div><div><br /></div><div>MEAT OF BOVINE ANIMALS WITH BONE IN CUMULATIVE TO ANUAL 1989</div><div><br /></div><div>USA -------- 17,880 KG</div><div>MEXICO---- 33,444 KG</div><div><br /></div><div>BONELESS MEAT OF BOVINE 1989</div><div><br /></div><div>USA --------111,953 KG</div><div>CANADA---1,800 KG</div><div>MEXICO --- 1,143,387 KG</div><div><br /></div><div>EDIBLE OFFAL OF BOVINE ANIMALS 1989</div><div><br /></div><div>USA -------- 19,980 KG</div><div>MEXICO--- 31,244 KG</div><div><br /></div><div>MORE........</div><div><br /></div><div>MEAT OF BOVINE ANIMALS BONELESS 1990</div><div><br /></div><div>USA 146,443</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11g/tab05.pdf</div><div><br /></div><div>http://web.archive.org/web/20060517075218/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11g/tab05.pdf</div><div><br /></div><div> Other US BSE risks: the imported products picture</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html#hhh</div><div><br /></div><div>Terry</div><div><br /></div><div>Meat and bonemeal is not specifically classified for overseas trade</div><div>purposes. The nearest equivalent is listed as "flours and meals of meat</div><div>or offals (including tankage), unfit for human consumption; greaves". UK</div><div>exports of this to the US are listed below:</div><div><br /></div><div>Country Tonnes</div><div>1980</div><div>1981 12</div><div>1982</div><div>1983</div><div>1984 10</div><div>1985 2</div><div>1986</div><div>1987</div><div>1988</div><div>1989 20</div><div>1990</div><div><br /></div><div>Data for exports between 1975 and 1979 are not readily available. These</div><div>can be obtained (at a charge) from data retailers appointed by HM</div><div>Customs and Excise: BTSL (Tel: 01372 463121) or Abacus (01245 252222).</div><div><br /></div><div>Best wishes</div><div>Simon Pearsall</div><div>Overseas trade statistics Stats (C&F)C</div><div><br /></div><div>Simon</div><div>as discussed</div><div>thanks</div><div>Julie</div><div>-----</div><div><br /></div><div>now if you consider the obvious, the picture even gets worse;</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm</div><div><br /></div><div>hey, but it's not here..........''NOT''</div><div><br /></div><div>TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>########### http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>BSE in North America CANADIAN UPDATE Latest Information (as of January 25, 2005 - 16:00 EST)</div><div>From:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>"Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder@WT.NET></div><div>Reply To:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@LISTSERV.KALIV.UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE></div><div>Date:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tue, 25 Jan 2005 16:52:00 -0600</div><div>Content-Type:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain</div><div>Parts/Attachments:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain (27 lines)</div><div>##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</div><div><br /></div><div>Canadian Food Inspection Agency BSE in North America</div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information</div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of January 25, 2005 - 16:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> * Case 3 (Confirmed January 11, 2005</div><div> o The remaining eight identified animals from the birth cohort</div><div> will be sampled for testing today. Results are expected in a</div><div> few days. To date, 33 of 41 birth cohort animals have been</div><div> tested, with all results negative for BSE.</div><div> o The feed component of the investigation is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div> </div><div>http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/situatione.shtml</div><div> </div><div> </div><div>TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>######### https://listserv.kaliv.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ##########</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CANADA OIE Report date: 17 January 2005.</div><div>From:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>"Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder@WT.NET></div><div>Reply To:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@LISTSERV.KALIV.UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE></div><div>Date:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fri, 21 Jan 2005 13:38:55 -0600</div><div>Content-Type:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain</div><div>Parts/Attachments:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain (108 lines)</div><div><br /></div><div>##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</div><div><br /></div><div>BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CANADA</div><div><br /></div><div>See also: 14 January 2005 </div><div><br /></div><div><http://www.oie.int/eng/info/hebdo/AIS_10.HTM#Sec3>, 7 January 2005 </div><div><http://www.oie.int/eng/info/hebdo/AIS_11.HTM#Sec7>, 15 August 2003 </div><div><http://www.oie.int/eng/info/hebdo/AIS_06.HTM#Sec2></div><div><br /></div><div>Immediate notification report</div><div><br /></div><div>Information received on 17 January 2005 from Dr Brian Evans, Executive </div><div>Director, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa:</div><div><br /></div><div>Report date: 17 January 2005.</div><div><br /></div><div>Date of first confirmation of the event: 11 January 2005.</div><div><br /></div><div>Date of start of the event: 4 January 2005.</div><div><br /></div><div>Clinical disease: yes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nature of diagnosis: laboratory.</div><div><br /></div><div>Details of outbreak:</div><div><br /></div><div>First administrative division Lower administrative division Type of </div><div>epidemio-logical unit Name of the location Latitude Longitude</div><div>Alberta Red Deer district farm Innisfail 52º 07' 48" N 114º 32' 23" W</div><div><br /></div><div>MAP <http://www.oie.int/cartes/CAN050121.jpg></div><div><br /></div><div>Date of start of the outbreak Species Number of animals in the outbreak</div><div>susceptible cases deaths destroyed slaughtered</div><div>4 Jan. 2005 bov 110 1 ... 1 0</div><div><br /></div><div>Description of affected population: the infected animal has been </div><div>determined to be a Charolais cow 81 months of age, born on 21 March 1998 </div><div>on the same premises. There are 110 cows on the premises, 25 of which </div><div>are from the birth cohort. Additional birth cohorts have been traced to </div><div>seven other premises.</div><div><br /></div><div>Diagnosis:</div><div><br /></div><div>Laboratories where diagnosis was made Diagnostic tests used Date Results</div><div>Provincial TSE(1) Laboratory, Edmonton, Alberta ELISA(2) rapid test 6 </div><div>Jan. 2005 positive</div><div>National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Winnipeg, Manitoba </div><div>western blot rapid test 9 Jan 2005 positive</div><div>National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD), Winnipeg, Manitoba </div><div>immunohistochemical test 11 Jan. 2005 positive</div><div><br /></div><div>Source of outbreak or origin of infection: unknown or inconclusive.</div><div><br /></div><div>Control measures:</div><div><br /></div><div>A. Undertaken: quarantine.</div><div><br /></div><div>B. To be undertaken: stamping out.</div><div><br /></div><div>Treatment of affected animal: no.</div><div><br /></div><div>Other details/comments:</div><div><br /></div><div>Plans are under way for evaluation, depopulation, sampling and testing </div><div>during the week of 17-21 January 2005.</div><div><br /></div><div>The infected animal was born on 21 March 1998. It is suspected that the </div><div>animal most likely became infected through the consumption of </div><div>contaminated feed at an early age.</div><div><br /></div><div>No part of the animal entered the human or animal food systems. The </div><div>affected carcass was placed under quarantine before being transported to </div><div>a federal laboratory for incineration. A comprehensive epidemiological </div><div>investigation is under way.</div><div><br /></div><div>In accordance with Article 2.3.13.5. of the Terrestrial Animal Health </div><div>Code <http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_chapitre_2.3.13.htm>, the </div><div>progeny born to the infected animal within the previous two years and </div><div>the birth cohort of the positive animal (animals born between 1 January </div><div>1997 and 31 December 1999 and which may have been exposed to the same </div><div>feed sources) are being traced. All such animals remaining alive will be </div><div>detained, their movements controlled and, when slaughtered, they will be </div><div>sampled for testing and completely destroyed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Of the 349 animals from the birth cohort of the positive animal, 28 died </div><div>at birth, 162 were sold as calves, 43 were sold as yearling bulls, 91 </div><div>are currently being traced and 25 are alive on the premises. These 25 </div><div>animals remain under quarantine on the farm.</div><div><br /></div><div>In parallel a thorough investigation of feed sources on the farm is </div><div>under way.</div><div><br /></div><div>(1) TSE: transmissible spongiform encephalopathy</div><div><br /></div><div>(2) ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</div><div><br /></div><div>* * *</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.oie.int/eng/info/hebdo/AIS_09.HTM#Sec0</div><div><br /></div><div>NICE to see at least Canada is still using the WB...</div><div><br /></div><div>TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>######### https://listserv.kaliv.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ##########</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MAD COW BSE NORTH AMERICA 'CANADIAN UPDATE' (as of January 18, 2005 - 16:00 EST)</div><div>From:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>"Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder@WT.NET></div><div>Reply To:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@LISTSERV.KALIV.UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE></div><div>Date:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tue, 18 Jan 2005 17:13:16 -0600</div><div>Content-Type:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain</div><div>Parts/Attachments:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain (393 lines)</div><div>##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</div><div><br /></div><div>Canadian Food Inspection AgencyBSE in North America</div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information</div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of January 18, 2005 - 16:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> * Case 3 (Confirmed January 11, 2005)</div><div> o The guidelines of the World Organization for Animal Health</div><div> recommend that BSE investigations include an infected</div><div> animal's most recently born offspring, based on the</div><div> theoretical possibility of maternal transmission.</div><div> o The CFIA has determined that the infected animal's most</div><div> recently born offspring are no longer alive. The two animals</div><div> died of causes unrelated to BSE. This finding concludes the</div><div> offspring component of the investigation.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of January 17, 2005 - 14:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> * Case 2 (Confirmed January 2, 2005)</div><div> o</div><div><br /></div><div> Further investigation of the birth cohort has determined</div><div> that an additional two animals were exported to the United</div><div> States. This brings the total number of exported birth</div><div> cohort animals to six. American authorities have been notified.</div><div><br /></div><div> * Case 3 (Confirmed January 11, 2005)</div><div> o</div><div><br /></div><div> The CFIA is pursuing multiple lines of inquiry to</div><div> investigate the use, sale and production of feeds. Given the</div><div> timeframe of interest, it may not be possible to draw any</div><div> definitive links between a particular feed and the origin of</div><div> infection.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> CFIA officials are finalizing the details of Canada's feed ban</div><div> review. The review is tentatively scheduled to begin later this</div><div> week. Officials from the United States will arrive in Canada on</div><div> January 24, 2005, to begin their examination of the feed ban.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of January 14, 2005 - 12:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> * Case 2 (Confirmed January 2, 2005)</div><div> o Based on records of feed purchases and use, the CFIA has</div><div> confirmed that the infected animal, born in 1996, was</div><div> exposed to feed rations containing meat and bone meal.</div><div> o</div><div><br /></div><div> This feed was produced before the 1997 feed ban, when the</div><div> inclusion of meat and bone meal in ruminant feeds was</div><div> allowed. This finding concludes the feed component of the</div><div> investigation.</div><div><br /></div><div> * Case 3 (Confirmed January 11, 2005)</div><div> o An additional 15 cattle from the infected animal's birth</div><div> cohort have been identified and placed under individual</div><div> animal quarantines. All live animals from the birth cohort,</div><div> currently 37 cattle, will be tested.</div><div> o</div><div><br /></div><div> Investigators are collecting information pertaining to feed</div><div> used on the farm of origin. The CFIA is tracing records from</div><div> the farm of origin and investigating feed retailers and</div><div> manufacturers.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> CFIA officials expect to release the details of a review of</div><div> Canada's feed ban next week. International animal health and feed</div><div> experts are expected to participate in the review.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of January 12, 2005 - 15:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> * Case 2 (Confirmed January 2, 2005)</div><div> o Nine animals from Case 2's birth cohort have been euthanized</div><div> and tested negative for BSE.</div><div> o</div><div><br /></div><div> Ongoing traceouts have confirmed that an additional three</div><div> birth cohort animals were exported to the United States.</div><div> American authorities have been notified.</div><div><br /></div><div> * Case 3 (Confirmed January 11, 2005)</div><div> o</div><div><br /></div><div> Based on current information, we have identified 22 cattle</div><div> from Case 3's birth cohort. Additional traceouts are underway</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> CFIA officials are preparing to undertake a review of Canada's</div><div> feed ban. This process will examine the effectiveness of</div><div> industry's compliance with the ban in limiting the spread of BSE.</div><div> The review will include participation from international animal</div><div> health and feed experts.</div><div><br /></div><div> * An extensive international outreach campaign is underway to</div><div> reinforce awareness and understanding of the science-based</div><div> measures Canada has in place to protect human and animal health</div><div> from BSE.</div><div> o Canadian officials have been dispatched to China and will be</div><div> travelling to Hong Kong, Japan and Taiwan over the coming week.</div><div> o Canada's Chief Veterinary Officer is currently in Washington</div><div> for technical discussions with USDA and FDA officials.</div><div> o Minister Mitchell will travel to Mexico next week and the</div><div> United States soon after to meet with his counterparts.</div><div> o Heads of Missions will be fully briefed this week so they</div><div> can serve as effective advocates of Canada's BSE safeguards.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of January 11, 2005 - 14:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) today announced that</div><div> Canada's national surveillance program has detected bovine</div><div> spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in an Alberta beef cow</div><div> <http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/newcom/2005/20050111e.shtml></div><div> just under seven years of age. As part of its surveillance</div><div> program, the CFIA has control of the carcass. No part of the</div><div> animal has entered the human food or animal feed systems.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The CFIA is investigating what the animal may have been fed early</div><div> in its life and the source of the feed. The infected animal was</div><div> born in March 1998, and the farm of origin has been confirmed.</div><div> Based on preliminary information, feed produced prior to the</div><div> introduction of the 1997 feed ban in Canada remains the most</div><div> likely source of infection in this animal.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> This current investigation is independent of the BSE investigation</div><div> on the case which was confirmed on January 2, 2005.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of January 7, 2005 - 15:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The Canadian Food Inspection Agency's (CFIA) investigation has</div><div> gathered a significant amount of information about other animals</div><div> of potential interest. The investigation is ongoing and the</div><div> numbers mentioned are based on currently available information.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The infected animal last gave birth in 2003 and 2004. Both calves</div><div> have died of causes unrelated to BSE. This finding concludes the</div><div> offspring component of our investigation.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The investigation has also determined that the birth cohort -</div><div> animals born on the farm of origin within 12 months before and</div><div> after the infected animal - includes 38 cattle of primary</div><div> interest. It is possible that these animals could have been</div><div> exposed to the same feed as the infected animal. Finding multiple</div><div> cases of BSE in a single birth cohort is rare, based on</div><div> international experiences. No additional cases were uncovered</div><div> during Canada's two previous investigations.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> Of the 38 animals, 1 previously tested negative through the</div><div> national surveillance program after being reported as a downer. We</div><div> have located 9 more animals from this group. These animals have</div><div> been placed under individual animal quarantines.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> We are continuing to investigate the locations and status of the</div><div> remaining animals. Given the age of the infected animal, it is</div><div> likely that some of the animals from the birth cohort are no</div><div> longer alive. We expect to begin euthanizing animals from the</div><div> birth cohort during the week of January 10.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of January 3, 2005 - 10:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The United States continues to consider Canada as a minimal risk</div><div> region. As stated in the United States Department of Agriculture</div><div> press release of January 3, 2005</div><div> <http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/%21ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/01/0001.xml>,</div><div> the United States would not alter the implementation of its rule</div><div> to resume trade with Canada.</div><div><br /></div><div> o</div><div><br /></div><div> Statement by Ron DeHaven, Administrator, Animal and Plant</div><div> Health Inspection Service</div><div> <http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/%21ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/01/0001.xml></div><div> (English Only)</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of January 2, 2005 - 19:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) today confirmed</div><div> <http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/newcom/2005/20050102e.shtml></div><div> that an older dairy cow from Alberta has tested positive for</div><div> bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). No part of the animal</div><div> entered the human food or animal feed systems.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The CFIA is continuing its investigation and has determined the</div><div> infected animal's farm of origin. Efforts are now underway to</div><div> identify any other animals of similar risk. Specifically, the</div><div> Agency is focusing on two categories of animals: recently born</div><div> offspring of the infected animal and cattle born on the same farm</div><div> within a year of the infected animal</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The Agency has also launched a feed investigation to examine what</div><div> the infected animal was fed early in its life, when infection was</div><div> most likely to have occurred prior to the 1997 feed ban.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of December 31, 2004 - 14:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> Consistent with our testing protocol, we are now conducting</div><div> confirmatory testing using the OIE "gold standard" test for BSE .</div><div> Confirmatory testing was initiated on December 30 and results are</div><div> expected in two to four days.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The suspect animal's farm of origin has been determined through</div><div> the CFIA's investigation. While earlier information suggested the</div><div> suspect animal might be ten years old, it has now been confirmed</div><div> that the cow was eight years old.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> Similar to the two North American BSE -infected animals detected</div><div> in 2003, this animal was born before the Canadian and American</div><div> feed bans were introduced in 1997.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of December 30, 2004 - 02:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> Preliminary BSE testing results completed late on December 29,</div><div> 2004 have identified a suspect 10-year-old dairy cow. Although the</div><div> finding is not definitive, multiple screening tests have yielded</div><div> positive results.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> No part of the animal entered the human food or animal feed</div><div> systems. Samples are currently being analyzed at the Canadian</div><div> Science Centre for Human and Animal Health in Winnipeg.</div><div> Confirmatory results are expected in three to five days.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The Government of Canada's normal policy is to report only</div><div> confirmed results. However, given the unique situation created by</div><div> the United States' border announcement on December 29 it was</div><div> decided that the most prudent action would be to publicly announce</div><div> <http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/newcom/2004/20041230e.shtml></div><div> the available information and provide stakeholders with a full</div><div> understanding of the current situation.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The United States Office of the Management and Budget (OMB ) has</div><div> completed its review of the proposed rule on Bovine Spongiform</div><div> Encephalopathy (BSE ) and returned it to the United States</div><div> Department of Agriculture (USDA) for publication in the Federal</div><div> Register.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The USDA said Wednesday that the final rule will be published in</div><div> the January 4 Federal Register</div><div> <http://www.agr.gc.ca/cb/index_e.php?s1=n&s2=2004&page=n41230a></div><div> and will take effect March 7, 2005.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> When implemented, the rule will provide access to the U.S. for a</div><div> range of live animals and beef and ruminant products. In</div><div> particular, the rule will once again allow for the importation</div><div> into the U.S. of live cattle under 30 months for immediate</div><div> slaughter or for feeding, provided they are slaughtered before</div><div> reaching the age of 30 months. The rule also allows for the</div><div> importation of meat from animals older than 30 months and removes</div><div> segregation requirements at Canadian slaughter facilities.</div><div><br /></div><div> o</div><div><br /></div><div> Rule to Establish Minimal-Risk Regions for Bovine Spongiform</div><div> Encephalopathy</div><div> <http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/bse.html></div><div> United States Department of Agriculture (English Only)</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of December 14, 2004 - 14:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The Government of Canada today announced that Cuba has agreed to</div><div> re-open its border</div><div> <http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/newcom/2004/20041214e.shtml></div><div> to a broad range of Canadian beef products.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> Effective immediately, Cuba will accept Canadian beef and beef</div><div> products from cattle of any age with minor exceptions, such as</div><div> mechanically separated meat, vertebral column, trimmings, and</div><div> tissues derived from the head.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> Cuba has also agreed to accept Canadian pet food that does not</div><div> contain meat and bone meal of ruminant origin. Building on this</div><div> agreement, Canadian and Cuban officials hope to agree shortly on</div><div> certification requirements that would permit the importation of</div><div> live Canadian cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Latest Information (as of December 10, 2004 - 14:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has proposed amendments</div><div> <http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/newcom/2004/20041210e.shtml></div><div> to federal regulations that will strengthen existing animal feed</div><div> controls.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The proposed amendments prohibit the use of specified risk</div><div> material (SRM) in animal feeds, including pet food.</div><div><br /></div><div> *</div><div><br /></div><div> The proposed regulations have been placed in the Canada Gazette</div><div> Part 1. A 75-day comment period ending February 24, 2005 is being</div><div> provided to give regulated industries, trading partners and other</div><div> interested parties the opportunity to review the proposed</div><div> amendments and provide the CFIA with written comments.</div><div><br /></div><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/situatione.shtml</div><div><br /></div><div>TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>######### https://listserv.kaliv.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ##########</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Potential Case of BSE MAD COW Identified in B.C.</div><div>From:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>"Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder9@VERIZON.NET></div><div>Reply To:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@LISTS.AEGEE.ORG></div><div>Date:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thu, 13 Apr 2006 11:23:22 -0500</div><div>Content-Type:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain</div><div>Parts/Attachments:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain (67 lines)</div><div>##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</div><div> </div><div>Subject: Potential Case of BSE MAD COW Identified in B.C. </div><div><br /></div><div>Date: April 13, 2006 at 8:55 am PST</div><div><br /></div><div>Latest Information (as of April 13, 2006 - 12:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div>The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is currently conducting confirmatory testing of samples from a cow from British Columbia suspected of having bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</div><div><br /></div><div>No part of the animal-an approximately six-year-old dairy cow-entered the human food or animal feed systems, and the entire carcass has been placed under control.</div><div><br /></div><div>This case, if positive, has no bearing on the safety of Canadian beef. Canada has a suite of internationally recognized safeguards that work together to provide high levels of human and animal health protection.</div><div><br /></div><div>Final testing is now underway and will be completed over the holiday weekend.</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/situatione.shtml</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>FINAL TESTING CONFIRMS BSE CASE IN B.C.</div><div>From:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>"Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder9@VERIZON.NET></div><div>Reply To:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@LISTS.AEGEE.ORG></div><div>Date:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sun, 16 Apr 2006 15:54:54 -0500</div><div>Content-Type:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain</div><div>Parts/Attachments:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div><div>text/plain (753 lines)</div><div>##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</div><div><br /></div><div> </div><div>Subject: FINAL TESTING CONFIRMS BSE CASE IN B.C.</div><div>Date: April 16, 2006 at 1:24 pm PST</div><div><br /></div><div>Latest Information</div><div><br /></div><div>Latest Information (as of April 16, 2006 - 15:00 EST)</div><div><br /></div><div>Testing at the National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease in Winnipeg has confirmed bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a cow from British Columbia. No part of this animal entered the human food or animal feed systems. </div><div>The CFIA is also conducting a thorough examination of potential sources of infection. Investigators will pay particular attention to the feed to which the animal may have been exposed early in its life, when cattle are most susceptible to BSE. </div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/situatione.shtml</div><div><br /></div><div>FINAL TESTING CONFIRMS BSE CASE IN B.C.</div><div><br /></div><div>OTTAWA, April 16, 2006 - Testing at the National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease in Winnipeg has confirmed bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a cow from British Columbia. As reported on April 13, 2006, samples from this animal were sent to Winnipeg for additional testing after screening tests produced inconclusive results.</div><div><br /></div><div>This finding does not affect the safety of Canadian beef. Tissues in which BSE is known to concentrate in infected animals are removed from all cattle slaughtered in Canada for domestic and international human consumption. No part of this animal entered the human food or animal feed systems.</div><div><br /></div><div>Preliminary investigations conducted prior to receiving final results identified the animal’s exact date of birth and birth farm — two critical elements required to trace other animals of interest, as defined by the World Organization for Animal Health. With the confirmed positive results and this information already in hand, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has immediately undertaken the animal component of its investigation on a priority basis.</div><div><br /></div><div>The CFIA is also conducting a thorough examination of potential sources of infection. Investigators will pay particular attention to the feed to which the animal may have been exposed early in its life, when cattle are most susceptible to BSE. The CFIA is collecting records of feed purchased by and used on the animal’s birth farm. As in previous investigations, the CFIA will also fully consider all other scientific pathways in an attempt to definitively determine how the animal became infected.</div><div><br /></div><div>This animal, a six-year-old dairy cow, developed BSE after the implementation of Canada’s feed ban. Similar situations are common to almost all BSE-affected countries that have introduced feed controls. Although the design, implementation and compliance of Canada’s feed ban have been rigorously assessed by a number of countries over the past several years, and have been described as robust and effectively enforced, the Government is committed to continuously making improvements where possible. An enhanced feed ban would accelerate the eradication of BSE in Canada. Accordingly, the CFIA has published proposed regulatory amendments, and following extensive consultations, is now in the process of finalizing their content. </div><div><br /></div><div>The feed ban and national surveillance program which identified this animal, contribute to Canada's interlocking BSE controls. While the feed ban continues to limit the spread of BSE, Canada's national surveillance program effectively monitors the health of the Canadian cattle herd. The national surveillance program, which targets cattle most at risk of having BSE, has tested more than 100,000 such animals since 2003. The detection of only five animals within this high-risk population over the past three years and the age of the animals detected supports the conclusion that the level of BSE in Canada is very low and declining.</div><div><br /></div><div>The strong participation of producers to facilitate the detection of any suspect cases at the farm level, as demonstrated once again by this most recent finding, and the close collaboration between the Provinces and Federal Government in the surveillance effort demonstrates the shared commitment which exists to protect animal and human health in Canada.</div><div><br /></div><div>In keeping with its ongoing practice, the CFIA will post to its website updated information as it becomes available.</div><div><br /></div><div>- 30 -</div><div><br /></div><div>For information:</div><div><br /></div><div>Canadian Food Inspection Agency</div><div><br /></div><div>Media Relations: (613) 228-6682</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/newcom/2006/20060416e.shtml</div></div><div><br /></div><div>BSE Cases Identified in Canadian-born Cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Update: February 12, 2015 a New Case of BSE Detected in Canada</div></div><div><br /></div><div>The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) external icon announced the confirmation of another bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a beef cow from Alberta born in March 2009. See the CFIAexternal icon notice.</div></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Based on the known or most likely year of birth, an average of 1.4 cases of BSE occurred among the group of animals born each year in Canada from 1991 through 2004. The highest reported number of cases by birth year in a single year, 3 BSE cases, occurred in 2000, 2001 and 2002. The most recently reported case extends the period of BSE transmission in Canada through at least the early half of 2009.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/bse/case-canadian-cattle.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/bse/case-canadian-cattle.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2015 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Report on the Investigation of the Nineteenth Case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Canada November 2015</span><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/11/report-on-investigation-of-nineteenth.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/11/report-on-investigation-of-nineteenth.html</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 2015 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A BSE CANADIAN COW MAD COW UPDATE Transcript - Briefing (February 18, 2015)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/02/a-bse-canadian-cow-mad-cow-update.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/02/a-bse-canadian-cow-mad-cow-update.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 2015 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canadian Food Inspection Agency Confirms Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Alberta </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canadian Food Inspection Agency Confirms Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Alberta The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has confirmed bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a beef cow from Alberta. No part of the animal's carcass entered the human food or animal feed systems.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Government of Canada is committed to protecting human and animal health and takes the management of BSE very seriously. Immediately upon confirmation of this case, the CFIA launched an investigation and is working closely with provincial and industry partners.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE is a progressive, fatal neurological disease in cattle. Canada's last confirmed BSE case was reported in 2011. This latest case was detected through the national BSE surveillance program, which continues to play an important role in Canada's strategy to manage BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">As part of the investigation, the CFIA is seeking to confirm the age of the animal, its history and how it became infected. The investigation will focus in on the feed supplied to this animal during the first year of its life. The Agency will also trace out all animals of equivalent risk. Equivalent risk animals will be ordered destroyed and tested for BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Canada remains a "controlled BSE risk" country, as recognized by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Accordingly, this case should not affect current exports of Canadian cattle or beef.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The case will be reported to the OIE, in line with Canada's international obligations and our commitment to transparency. It will be reported on the CFIA website, as part of the Agency's monthly reportable diseases update.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bse/cfia-confirms-bse-in-alberta/eng/1423797248015/1423797327027" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bse/cfia-confirms-bse-in-alberta/eng/1423797248015/1423797327027</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Transcript - Briefing (February 13, 2015) Date/Date: February 13, 2015 4:00 p.m.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Location/Endroit: Teleconference, Ottawa, Ontario</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Principal(s)/Principaux:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Denis Schryburt, Media Relations Officer, Canadian Food Inspection Agency Paul Mayers, Vice-President, Policy and Programs, CFIA Dr. Martine Dubuc, Vice-President, Science, CFIA, and Delegate for Canada for the World Organization for Animal Health Nathalie Durand, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Subject/Sujet: The Canadian Food Inspection Agency Holds a Technical Briefing to Provide More Information on a BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) Find in Alberta.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Operator: Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Bonjour, mesdames et messieurs. Welcome to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's technical briefing on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Alberta. Bienvenue à la séance d'information technique sur le cas d'Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine en Alberta. I would like to turn the meeting over to the technical briefing operator, Mr. Denis Schryburt. J'aimerais maintenant céder la parole au modérateur de cette séance, M. Denis Schryburt. À vous la parole, M. Schryburt. Please go ahead, sir.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Denis Schryburt: Thank you very much. Good afternoon and thank you for joining us today. My name is Denis Schryburt, Media Relations Officer at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and I'll be moderating today's technical briefing. I will begin by introducing our speakers who will make a short statement in both official languages and then open it up to the media for questions.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our first speaker is Paul Mayers, Vice-President, Policy and Programs, followed by Dr. Martine Dubuc, Vice-President, Science, and Delegate for Canada for the World Organization for Animal Health.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Bonjour et merci de vous joindre à nous aujourd'hui. Mon nom est Denis Schryburt, agent des Relations avec les médias à l'Agence canadienne d'inspection des aliments, et j'animerais la séance d'information technique aujourd'hui. Je vais débuter par présenter nos porte-parole qui feront une brève déclaration dans les deux langues officielles et ensuite répondre à vos questions.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Notre premier porte-parole est Paul Mayers, vice-président, Politique et Programmes, suivi par Martine Dubuc, vice-présidente, science, et la délégué pour Canada pour l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">I will now invite Paul Mayers to make a brief statement in English. Mr. Mayers.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Paul Mayers: Thank you, Denis. Good afternoon, everyone, and thank you for calling in today. We'd like to provide some information today on a developing animal health situation. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has confirmed Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, also known as BSE, in a beef cow from Alberta.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">First of all, no part of the animal's carcass entered the human food or animal feed system. Canada's suite of internationally recognized safeguards effectively protects the safety of food and animal feed. There is no risk to food safety.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Government of Canada is committed to protecting human and animal health and takes the management of BSE very seriously. Immediately upon confirmation of this case, the CFIA launched an investigation and is working closely with provincial and industry partners. This investigation will follow the well-developed procedures we've employed in response to previous BSE cases.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Canada's last confirmed BSE case was reported in 2011. This latest case in Alberta was detected through the National BSE Surveillance Program, which is a program that continues to play an important part in Canada's strategy to manage BSE. The fact that we continue to see very high levels of producer participation in the surveillance program underscores the commitment present throughout the cattle and beef sectors to responsibly manage BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The detection of a small number of additional BSE cases is not unexpected in the context of the 30,000 samples we take annually, as Canada continues our ongoing management of this disease.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">As has been our practice for CFIA investigations of BSE cases, the Agency is seeking to confirm the age of the animal, its history and how it may have become infected. We're also working to trace out all animals of equivalent risk such as the animals that may have been exposed to the same feed as the infected animal in the first year of its life. Equivalent risk animals will be ordered destroyed, and they will be tested for BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The CFIA will notify the World Organization for Animal Health, also known as the OIE, in line with Canada's international obligations and our commitment to transparency.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">This finding should not affect Canada's status as a controlled BSE risk country as recognized by the OIE. Canada continues to effectively manage BSE through a series of integrated safeguards designed to protect both human and animal health. These include prohibiting risk materials from entering the human food and animal feed chains and testing cattle for BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Again, the CFIA is strongly committed to protecting animal health. Our investigation is underway, and we are mobilizing all necessary resources to address this situation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Thank you.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Denis Schryburt: Thank you, Mr. Mayers. Et maintenant j'invite Martine Dubuc à faire une déclaration en français. Mme Dubuc, s'il-vous-plaît.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dr Martine Dubuc: Merci. Bonjour à tous, et merci de vous être joints à la téléconférence aujourd'hui. Nous aimerions vous donner aujourd'hui des renseignements sur une situation de santé animale en évolution.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">L'Agence canadienne d'inspection des aliments a confirmé un cas d'Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine, aussi connu sous le nom d'ESB, chez une vache de boucherie provenant de l'Alberta.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div>snip... <br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">-30-</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bse/transcript/eng/1423881622681/1423881709500" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bse/transcript/eng/1423881622681/1423881709500</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Timeline of Events: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy – Alberta – February 2015</span><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">February 13</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) holds a technical briefing related to the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) positive case found in Alberta.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">February 12</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The CFIA notifies key trading partners of the new finding and posts the information on its website.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">February 11</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The CFIA confirms BSE in one beef cow in Alberta.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The CFIA continue to gather information on the animal's herd of origin and to trace the suspect animal's offspring.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">February 10</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The CFIA gather preliminary information on the suspect animal's herd of origin.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">February 9</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The CFIA receives a tissue sample from the affected animal and begins confirmatory testing at its laboratory in Lethbridge.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">CFIA inspectors follow up at the farm, obtain additional samples, discuss next steps with producer and begin the investigation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">February 7</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The province of Alberta reports a non-negative test for BSE to the CFIA.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bse/cfia-confirms-bse-in-alberta/timeline/eng/1423937283891/1423937285813">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bse/cfia-confirms-bse-in-alberta/timeline/eng/1423937283891/1423937285813</a> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Friday, February 20, 2015</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A BSE CANADIAN COW MAD COW UPDATE Transcript - Briefing (February 18, 2015)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/02/a-bse-canadian-cow-mad-cow-update.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/02/a-bse-canadian-cow-mad-cow-update.html</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/02/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/02/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, February 14, 2015</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canadian Food Inspection Agency Confirms Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Alberta</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/02/canadian-food-inspection-agency.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/02/canadian-food-inspection-agency.html</a></div></div><div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Current as of: 2015-01-31</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sheep flocks and/or goat herds confirmed to be infected with classical scrapie in Canada in 2015 Date confirmed Location Animal type infected January 5 Ontario Goat</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div></div><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/2015/scrapie-2015-/eng/1423162035296/1423162036030" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/2015/scrapie-2015-/eng/1423162035296/1423162036030</a><div><br /></div><div></div><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/scrapie/eng/1329723409732/1329723572482" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/scrapie/eng/1329723409732/1329723572482</a><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Tuesday, February 10, 2015</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Alberta Canada First case of chronic wasting disease found in farm elk since 2002</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/02/alberta-canada-first-case-of-chronic.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/02/alberta-canada-first-case-of-chronic.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Tuesday, May 21, 2013</div><div><br /></div><div>Canada, USA, Bad feed, mad cows: Why we know three BSE cases had a common origin and why the SSS policy is in full force $$$</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/canada-usa-bad-feed-mad-cows-why-we.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/canada-usa-bad-feed-mad-cows-why-we.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, January 17, 2013</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canada, U.S. agree on animal-disease measures to protect trade, while reducing human and animal health protection</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/01/canada-us-agree-on-animal-disease.html">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/01/canada-us-agree-on-animal-disease.html</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, December 2, 2012</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CANADA 19 cases of mad cow disease SCENARIO 4: ‘WE HAD OUR CHANCE AND WE BLEW IT’</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2012/12/canada-19-cases-of-mad-cow-disease.html">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2012/12/canada-19-cases-of-mad-cow-disease.html</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Tuesday, October 2, 2012</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canadian veterinarian fined after approving banned BSE high risk cattle for export to U.S.A.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/10/canadian-veterinarian-fined-after.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/10/canadian-veterinarian-fined-after.html</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, April 23, 2012</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE CJD TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE CANADA 2012</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, February 10, 2011</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY REPORT UPDATE CANADA FEBRUARY 2011 and how to hide mad cow disease in Canada Current as of: 2011-01-31</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2011/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2011/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Friday, March 4, 2011 </div><div><br /></div><div>Alberta dairy cow found with mad cow disease</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/alberta-dairy-cow-found-with-mad-cow.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/alberta-dairy-cow-found-with-mad-cow.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wednesday, August 11, 2010</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SIXTEENTH CASE OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN CANADA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/08/report-on-investigation-of-sixteenth.html ">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/08/report-on-investigation-of-sixteenth.html </a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, August 19, 2010</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SEVENTEENTH CASE OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN CANADA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/08/report-on-investigation-of-seventeenth.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/08/report-on-investigation-of-seventeenth.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Published Date: 2010-03-11 19:00:03 </span><br /></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> BSE, bovine - Canada: (AB) Archive Number: 20100311.0792</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE, BOVINE - CANADA: (ALBERTA) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">******************************* </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A ProMED-mail post <http://www.promedmail.org> ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases <http://www.isid.org></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">[1] Date: 25 Feb 2010 Source: Canadian Food Inspection Agency [edited] <<a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/disemala/rep/2010bseesbe.shtml" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/disemala/rep/2010bseesbe.shtml</a>> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases have been confirmed in Canada in 2010. BSE is a reportable disease under the "Health of Animals Regulations." This means that all suspected cases must be reported to the CFIA. The following table lists individual animals confirmed to be infected with BSE in Canada in 2010, updated 28 Feb 2010:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Date confirmed: 25 Feb 2010 Location: Alberta Animal type infected: Beef cow Age of animal: 72 months</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">-- Communicated by: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. <flounder9@verizon.net></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">****** [2] Date: 11 Mar 2010 Source: Meat Trade News [edited] <http://www.meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/news/100310/canada___case_of_bse_mad_cow_disease_in__year_old_cow.aspx> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Badger has learned a new case of BSE was discovered 2 weeks ago, but the public was not informed as part of the government's new communication strategy. The decision not to announce new cases of BSE was made in August 2009, and the public was informed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) online.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"The CFIA is committed to providing all stakeholders, including the general public, media and trading partners, with timely information about disease detections in farmed animals. As such, we have revised how we report online for disease detections in farmed animals to provide a more comprehensive view of Canada's animal health status. All confirmed cases of federally reportable diseases in farmed animals will be centrally located on our website. This information will be updated monthly," explained CFIA spokesperson Jenn Gearey.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The new communication strategy means journalists will not be notified when any new cases of BSE are discovered.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The latest finding of BSE -- Canada's 17th domestic case -- was announced to industry stakeholders, such as processors, on 25 Feb 2010, but not to the media or general public. And while the CFIA claims its reportable diseases page will be updated monthly, no new information has been posted since 31 Jan 2010.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The infection was detected through the national surveillance program in a 6-year-old black angus cow in the same general area of Alberta, home to most of Canada's BSE activity.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The last case discovered in Canada was in May 2009, the only occurrence that year. In 2008, there were 4 incidents; in 2007, there were 3, and in 2006, there were 5 cases of BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canada's international risk status has not been affected by the latest case.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">-- Communicated by: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. <flounder9@verizon.net></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">****** [3] Date: 10 Mar 2010 Source: Reuters Canada [edited] <http://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCATRE6295A420100310> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canada has confirmed its 17th case of mad cow disease, a finding that will delay any upgrade to its international risk status by one year, a top industry official said on Wednesday [10 Mar 2010].</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The animal was born in February 2004, making it Canada's latest-born case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The new case pushes back the earliest date for an upgrade to Canada's controlled risk status from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) to 2016, said Ted Haney, president of the Canada Beef Export Federation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A country cannot apply to upgrade to negligible status sooner than 11 years after the latest-born case of BSE. The process then takes about one year.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canada, along with many other countries with controlled risk status from the OIE, can ship beef as long as it meets conditions such as disease surveillance.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The infected animal, which has been slaughtered, has not affected trade, Haney said.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The 2003 discovery of the 1st case of mad cow disease on a Canadian farm caused many countries to halt imports of Canadian beef. Most markets have since reopened, but the cattle industry remains in a slump due to other factors such as a strong Canadian dollar.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mad cow disease is believed to be spread when cattle eat protein rendered from the brains and spines of infected cattle or sheep. Canada banned that practice in 1997.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Canadian Food Inspection Agency tightened feed rules further in 2007 and said the moves should help eliminate the disease nationally within a decade, although the agency cautioned it still expected to discover the occasional new case.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CFIA spokeswoman Julie LePage confirmed the 17th case but could not provide details of the new case.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The CFIA notified cattle industry officials of the new case late last month [February 2010] but did not issue a news release, Haney said.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">[Byline: Rod Nickel]</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">-- Communicated by: ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">[While it may be CFIA's decision on how to notify the public, it may not be in the best interest as far as public relations are concerned. Also, the Reuters article does not make much sense. How can the OIE status change be delayed to 2016 if it is 11 years from the last case? From the CFIA website [article [1] in this posting], it appears the animal was confirmed positive on 25 Feb 2010. Thus, 11 years would be 2021. - Mod.TG] See Also 2009 ---- BSE, bovine - Canada (AB) 20090517.1841 BSE, bovine, 2008 - Canada: (AB, BC) CFIA reports 20090417.1459 2008 ---- BSE, bovine - Canada (04): (BC) 20081119.3648 BSE, bovine - Canada (03): (AB) 20080819.2580 BSE, bovine - Canada (02): (BC) 20080623.1941 BSE, bovine - Canada (AB) 20080226.0786 2007 ---- BSE, bovine - Canada (AB) (03) 20071218.4076 BSE, bovine - Canada (BC) 20070502.1430 BSE, bovine - Canada (AB) (02) 20070308.0813 BSE, bovine - Canada (AB) 20070208.0499 2006 ---- BSE, bovine - Canada (AB)(06) 20061227.3621 BSE, bovine - Canada (AB)(05) 20060825.2413 BSE, bovine - Canada (AB)(04) 20060823.2384 ...................................................tg/msp/lm</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*##########################################################* </span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=20100311.0792" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=20100311.0792</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Increased Atypical Scrapie Detections</div><div><br /></div><div>Press reports indicate that increased surveillance is catching what otherwise would have been unreported findings of atypical scrapie in sheep. In 2009, five new cases have been reported in Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. With the exception of Quebec, all cases have been diagnosed as being the atypical form found in older animals. Canada encourages producers to join its voluntary surveillance program in order to gain scrapie-free status. The World Animal Health will not classify Canada as scrapie-free until no new cases are reported for seven years. The Canadian Sheep Federation is calling on the government to fund a wider surveillance program in order to establish the level of prevalence prior to setting an eradication date. Besides long-term testing, industry is calling for a compensation program for farmers who report unusual deaths in their flocks.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/This%20Week%20in%20Canadian%20Agriculture%20%20%20%20%20Issue%2028_Ottawa_Canada_11-6-2009.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/This%20Week%20in%20Canadian%20Agriculture%20%20%20%20%20Issue%2028_Ottawa_Canada_11-6-2009.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Published Date: 2008-08-19 11:00:29 Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> BSE, bovine - Canada (03): (AB) Archive Number: 20080819.2580</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE, BOVINE - CANADA (03): (ALBERTA) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">************************************ </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A ProMED-mail post <http://www.promedmail.org> ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases <http://www.isid.org></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">[1] Date: Fri 15 Aug 2008 Source: Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) [edited] <http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/ab2008/14notavie.shtml> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE [bovine spongiform encephalopathy] case confirmed in Alberta</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">----------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has confirmed bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a 6-year-old beef cow from Alberta. No part of the animal's carcass entered the human food or animal feed systems.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The animal's birth farm has been identified, and an investigation is underway. The CFIA is tracing the animal's herdmates at the time of birth and examining possible sources of infection. The age and location of the infected animal are consistent with previous cases detected in Canada.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This case was detected through the national BSE surveillance program, which has been highly successful in demonstrating the low level of BSE in Canada. The program continues to play an important role in Canada's strategy to manage BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canada remains a Controlled Risk country for BSE, as recognized by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Accordingly, this case should not affect exports of Canadian cattle or beef.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">For information: Canadian Food Inspection Agency Media relations: 613-228-6682</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">-- Communicated by: Terry S Singeltary Sr <flounder9@verizon.net></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">****** [2] Date: Sat 16 Aug 2008 Source: Montana News Station, Associated Press (AP) report [edited] <http://www.montanasnewsstation.com/Global/story.asp?S=8851685> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">New mad cow case found in Canada </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">--------------------------------</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A new case of mad cow disease was confirmed in Canada, its 14th case since 2003.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Government inspectors say no part of the animal entered the human food system. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) says the disease was found in a 6-year-old beef cow. The agency did not say where the cow was born. The agency says it is tracing other cattle in the herd and is trying to determine how the cow became infected with the disease. They say the new case should not affect exports of Canadian cattle or beef.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mad cow disease causes spongy holes in the brain. In people, a rare but fatal form of the disease has been linked to eating infected tissue from cows.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The inspection agency has said a ban on using animal materials in feed products has virtually eliminated the spread of BSE in Canada, but it said a small number of mad cow cases are still expected to surface.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">-- Communicated by: ProMED-mail Rapporteur Brent Barrett</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">****** [3] Date: Sat 16 Aug 2008 Source: The Edmonton Journal [edited] <http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=e1dd935b-43dc-417a-a76e-6376990ba413></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Another mad cow case confirmed </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">------------------------------</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A 6-year-old beef cow was confirmed Friday [15 Aug 2008] as the 13th case of mad cow disease in Alberta, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency said.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">It is the 14th confirmed case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE, in Canada.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"At this point, it is too early to say how it could have been infected," said Natalie Bragg, a veterinary program specialist with the food inspection agency.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The cow was born, raised, and died on the same farm in northern Alberta, Bragg said. The agency does not release specific locations of infected animals. The animal was euthanized after it became sick. A sample from the animal was tested twice and confirmed as carrying BSE on Friday [15 Aug 2008].</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The agency said no traces of BSE made it into either human or animal food supplies. Bragg said the investigation is now focused on the feed on the farm, including how it was transported and stored. The animal was born after a 1997 ban on feed containing cattle or other ruminant parts was introduced.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The agency is also tracking all other animals that were born within a year, and on the same farm, as the dead cow.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Last month [July 2008], it was revealed that Alberta plans to test 50 per cent fewer cattle for BSE by stopping targeted tests of elderly bovines or those without proper documentation. The step was taken because animals that are 9 years old or older are far less likely to contract the diseases, the Alberta government said. Between 2004 and mid-2006, 54 per cent of cattle tested in the province were 9 years or older. 2 of those cows tested positive.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Alberta tests up to 30 000 cattle a year, roughly half of the national BSE monitoring.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle industry officials downplayed the latest BSE discovery, saying it should have little impact on their business, including international beef exports. "So far there has been no major reaction and no markets have closed, and that's because we have kept our international clients educated," said Cam Daniels of Canada Beef Export Federation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Daniels regularly travels to Japan, China, Mexico, Macau, the Middle East, and other places to talk to importers and distributors. "They understand clearly the control measures we have in place, and they know we're expecting more cases because we are working diligently to find them," he said.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">While everyone looks forward to the time when mad cow is eradicated in Canada, some overseas clients view the climbing number of cases as positive right now because it means our surveillance programs are working, said Alberta Beef Producers spokeswoman Lori Creech. "They prefer we find them, rather than in the words of Ralph Klein, 'Shoot, shovel and shut up,' " she said.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"We are very transparent and open as a country. This latest case doesn't affect our status in the world at all because it's not unexpected that they would find another animal with BSE."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) lists Canada as a controlled risk country for BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">[Byline: Ryan Cormier and Keith Gerein]</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">-- Communicated by: ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">[Although Canada is proposing a decrease of its surveillance their system is clearly working. The system may be expensive, but it appears to be a model for others. - Mod.TG</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Alberta can be located on the HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Canada at <http://healthmap.org/promed?v=55.4,-101.9,4>. - CopyEd.MJ] See Also BSE, bovine - Canada (02): (BC) 20080623.1941 BSE, bovine - Canada (AB) 20080226.0786 2007 ---- BSE, bovine - Canada (AB) (03) 20071218.4076 BSE, bovine - Canada (BC) 20070502.1430 BSE, bovine - Canada (AB) (02) 20070308.0813 BSE, bovine - Canada (AB) 20070208.0499 ...................................tg/mj/dk</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*##########################################################*</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=20080819.2580" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=20080819.2580</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, JUNE 23, 2008</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE CASE CONFIRMED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA OTTAWA </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div></div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2008/06/bse-case-confirmed-in-british-columbia.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2008/06/bse-case-confirmed-in-british-columbia.html</a><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MAD COW TESTING USDA AND CANADA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/04/mbm-greaves-meat-offal-live-cattle.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/04/mbm-greaves-meat-offal-live-cattle.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/04/report-on-investigation-of-eleventh.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/04/report-on-investigation-of-eleventh.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/03/rapid-typing-of-transmissible.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/03/rapid-typing-of-transmissible.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/01/docket-no-aphis-2006-0026-rin-0579-ac45.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/01/docket-no-aphis-2006-0026-rin-0579-ac45.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/01/bse-oie-usda.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2008/01/bse-oie-usda.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/12/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta-december.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/12/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta-december.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: Re: REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE NINTH CASE OF BSE IN CANADA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">UPDATE MARCH 26, 2007</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: March 26, 2007 at 1:29 pm PST</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Attachment 1: Estimation of BSE Prevalence in Canada</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Table 5 summarizes the results of the estimation of BSE prevalence in the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">standing Canadian adult cattle population as of August 15, 2006. Based on</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">the expected prevalence value under the BBC model and the estimated adult</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">herd size (Table 1), the expected number of BSE-infected animals in the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">standing Canadian adult cattle population is 4.1. By comparison, the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">expected value obtained under BSurvE Prevalence B is 3.9 per million, which</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">corresponds to an estimated 23.2 BSE-infected animals in the standing</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canadian adult cattle population.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/BSE_Prevalence.pdf</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">greetings,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">23.2 BSE-infected mad cows in the standing Canadian adult cattle population.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">very disturbing...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">tss</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE; MRR; IMPORTATION OF LIVE BOVINES AND PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BOVINES [Docket No. APHIS-2006-0041] RIN 0579-AC01</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0701&L=sanet-mg&D=0&P=3854</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0703&L=sanet-mg&T=0&P=4652</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0703&L=sanet-mg&D=0&P=2583</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Importation of Certain Commodities From BSE Minimal-risk Regions (Canada)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Environmental Assessment, October 27, 2006</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/EnvironmentalAssessment10-27-2006.pdf</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Docket No. 03-080-1 -- USDA ISSUES PROPOSED RULE TO ALLOW LIVE ANIMAL</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IMPORTS FROM CANADA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web01.aphis.usda.gov/BSEcom.nsf/0/b78ba677e2b0c12185256dd300649f9d?OpenDocument&AutoFramed">https://web01.aphis.usda.gov/BSEcom.nsf/0/b78ba677e2b0c12185256dd300649f9d?OpenDocument&AutoFramed</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TSS</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">----- Original Message -----</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder9@VERIZON.NET></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">To: <BSE-L@aegee.org></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sent: Monday, March 26, 2007 1:42 PM</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: Re: BSE CANADA UPDATE CASE 9</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Subject: REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE NINTH CASE OF BSE IN CANADA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> UPDATE MARCH 26, 2007</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Date: March 26, 2007 at 11:23 am PST</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE NINTH CASE OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN CANADA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Background</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Between January 20 and 22, 2007, a bull on a commercial beef farm in</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> northern Alberta died after having experienced a loss of body condition over</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the course of the winter. A private practitioner sampled the animal under</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Canada's National BSE Surveillance Program on January 24, 2007. Brain</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> samples were received by the Alberta Agriculture and Food (AAF) Laboratory</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> on January 29, where they were screened for BSE using a Bio-Rad rapid test.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The preliminary test results received on January 30, 2007, did not rule out</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> BSE. In accordance with the prescribed testing protocol, the test was</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> repeated on January 31 and produced a second reaction. Brain samples were</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> then sent to the National BSE Reference Laboratory in Lethbridge, Alberta,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> where rapid screening tests validating these results were performed. BSE was</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> confirmed by the Scrapie Associated Fibril (SAF) immunoblot procedure with</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> monoclonal antibody 6H4 on February 7, 2007. This method had been chosen as</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the main confirmatory test because of poor tissue quality (autolysis and</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> freezing artefact). Immunohistochemistry was also performed for additional</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> confirmation and was positive on February 7, 2007. The carcass was secured</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> from the farm, transferred to the AAF laboratory and incinerated. No part of</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the carcass entered the human food supply or animal feed chain.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The CFIA immediately initiated an epidemiological investigation based on the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> most recent World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommended BSE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> guidelines. Specifically, the CFIA investigated:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the birth cohort (all cattle born in the same herd as, and within 12 months</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> of, the birth of the BSE-positive animal);</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the feed cohort (all cattle which, during their first year of life, were</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> reared with the BSE-positive animal during its first year of life, and which</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> investigation showed consumed the same potentially contaminated feed during</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the period); and</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> feed to which the animal may have been exposed early in its life.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Animal Investigation</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The producer identified the positive animal as an unregistered Angus bull 79</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> months of age at the time of death. The animal was born on the farm and</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> remained there throughout its life. The bull had been losing condition over</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the course of the winter and died from undetermined causes. A private</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> veterinary practitioner attended the premises to determine if the animal met</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the inclusion criteria of Canada's National BSE Surveillance Program. A</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> post-mortem examination could not be performed because the carcass was</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> frozen, but the animal was assessed as having a body condition score of one</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> (emaciated) and arrangements were made to forward appropriate samples for</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> laboratory evaluation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> In an effort to corroborate the producer's recollection of the animal's</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> origin and age, samples for DNA analysis were obtained from animals on the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> premises that were identified by the owner to be the sire and dam of the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> affected bull. The DNA results confirmed the parentage of the case animal</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> and, therefore, that it was a home-bred animal as described. This</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> demonstrated that the farm of origin was also the birth farm of the positive</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> animal.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The dam of the positive animal, located on the birth farm, was demonstrated</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> to have been born in 1998 according to the producer's tagging system. This</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> indicated that her first calf - the positive bull - was born as part of the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> spring 2000 calf crop, which corroborated the producer's recollection.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The birth and feed cohort comprised 593 animals that, along with the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> positive animal, were born or raised on the farm. This includes animals born</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> in the entire 1999, 2000 and 2001 calving seasons. It also includes</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> additional animals sold from the farm that cannot be distinguished from the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> cohort based on their description at the point of sale. The trace-out</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> investigation of the cohort identified 57 live animals retained by the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> producer. These animals are currently quarantined on the producer's premises</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> pending a final decision on the timing of their disposition. In the event</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> that any of the animals are not destroyed immediately, but retained under</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> official control until after calving or to the end of their productive</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> lives, their carcasses will be excluded from the food and feed chains on</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> their death or destruction in accordance with the norms prescribed in the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> OIE International Terrestrial Animal Health Code (2006). The following is</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the disposition of the remaining 536 animals in the cohort:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> 411 animals were traced and confirmed to have died or been slaughtered.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> 49 animals were traced and presumed to have died or been slaughtered.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> One animal was traced and confirmed to have been exported and the importing</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> country has been notified.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Tracing of the remaining 75 animals is expected to be completed by the end</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> of March (the outcomes of the remaining traces will not change the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> epidemiological profile of the investigation, but will achieve the objective</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> of eliminating any living cohort animals from the food and feed systems as</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> per OIE guidelines). A final summary of cohort dispositions will be posted</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> when the remaining traces have been completed.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Feed Investigation</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The feed investigation focussed on feeds to which the animal may have been</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> exposed during its first year of life. Review of the manufacture,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> transportation and handling of these feeds did not demonstrate a link</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> between production practices for a specific product and potential</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> cross-contamination with prohibited material.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Other species present on the farm included horses, dogs, and cats. On-farm</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> mixing and delivery equipment consisted of a portable mix mill used to</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> combine ground grain with commercial products and a mixer wagon used to</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> combine forages with grain. Feed products available to the horses were the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> same as the commercial farm operation - no special products were purchased</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> for them. Cat and dog food products were purchased and presumed to have</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> contained prohibited material. These products were stored and fed in the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> house since 1999 and were not available to be accessed by the index case.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> All identified feed products to which the BSE-positive animal had access</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> were products intended for feeding to ruminants and consisted of farm-grown</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> or purchased grains and forages, as well as commercially prepared feed</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> products. Commercial products included frequent purchase of trace</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> mineralized salt and intermittent purchase of other mineral, limestone,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> protein supplement, molasses, vitamin premix and a complete feed.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The case animal was moved from a pen to pasture shortly after birth and</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> remained on pasture until weaned at approximately six months of age. While</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> on pasture, the animal also had access to mineral and trace mineralized</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> salt. The animal was weaned into a pen where it remained until approximately</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> 10 months of age, prior to returning to pasture. Feeds available during this</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> time included forages and barley mixed on-farm with limestone, trace</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> mineralized salt, and vitamin premix. Other products that the animal may</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> have accessed included a 32% protein supplement and a complete feed.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Commercially prepared products were either purchased directly from a</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> manufacturer or from a retail supplier that purchased from various</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> manufacturers concurrently. The mineral and trace mineralized salt products</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> that were purchased directly from the manufacturer were produced in a</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> facility that had discontinued using prohibited material prior to May, 1999.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> These products were therefore ruled out as a possible source of</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> contamination.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Investigation at the retailer identified two possible manufacturers of the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> trace mineralized salt, one manufacturer of the protein supplement, one</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> manufacturer of the vitamin premix, one supplier of the limestone and one</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> manufacturer of the complete feed. Of these, only the protein supplement,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> vitamin premix and one of the sources of trace mineralized salt were</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> manufactured in facilities also handling prohibited material. The</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> manufacture of the other products was therefore also ruled out as a possible</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> source of contamination.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The facility manufacturing the protein supplement employed sequencing and</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> flushing procedures to ensure products for ruminants were free of</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> contamination with prohibited material. Investigation of specific products</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> potentially received by the farm confirmed these sequencing and flushing</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> procedures were followed and documented. The protein supplement was ruled</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> out as a potential source of contamination.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The facility manufacturing the vitamin premix was also the second</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> manufacturer of the trace mineralized salt. Manufacturing records for</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> products from this facility for the time frame of interest are no longer</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> available so production practices to prevent cross-contamination of ruminant</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> feeds by prohibited material as required by the regulations could not be</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> verified. Ingredient receiving records do not document that appropriate</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> procedures were always followed after receipt of prohibited material so</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> opportunities for cross-contamination may have existed at this point in the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> manufacturing process. However, there are no records to associate specific</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> production lots through the manufacturer and retailer to the producer.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Transportation records for the complete feed and grain were not available so</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> confirmation of compliance with regulatory requirements at the time could</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> not be verified. The possibility of cross-contamination during</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> transportation cannot be ruled out for these products. The other commercial</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> products were packaged in such a manner (bags or totes) to eliminate</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> contamination during subsequent transportation and storage.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> No direct link between specific products and production practices associated</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> with potential cross-contamination can be made in this case. Facilities that</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> handle prohibited material and manufacture ruminant rations are considered</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> higher risk and did manufacture products to which the positive animal had</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> access. The facilities identified in the investigation and which handled</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> prohibited material, were each supplied exclusively by the same rendering</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> facility common to previous investigations.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Investigation Overview</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The detection of this case does not change any of Canada's BSE risk</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> parameters. The location and age of the animal are consistent with previous</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> cases, and the BSE surveillance results to date, including this new case,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> still reflect an extremely low level of BSE in Canada. In essence, the case</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> confirms what was already known about an extremely low level of BSE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> infectivity having existed in Canada's feed system during the late 1990's</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> and early 2000's within a previously determined geographic area and time</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> interval.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Since the confirmation of BSE in a native-born animal in May 2003, Canada</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> has significantly increased its targeted testing of cattle in high-risk</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> categories advocated by the OIE (including animals which die on-farm). This</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> effort is directed at determining the level of BSE in Canada, while</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> monitoring the effectiveness of the suite of risk-mitigating measures in</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> place. Canada's National BSE Surveillance Program continues to demonstrate</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> an extremely low level of BSE in Canada, with nine positive animals detected</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> among over 150,000 targeted tests conducted since 2003. Such detections</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> demonstrate the effectiveness and integrity of Canada's surveillance system;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the level of awareness existing at all levels of the animal and meat</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> production systems; the value of financial reimbursement provided for</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> sampling and carcass disposal; and the commitment of Canadian producers and</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> veterinarians to eliminating this disease. Canada's surveillance program</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> adheres to OIE guidelines.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The safety of beef produced in Canada is assured by public health measures</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> enacted in 2003, following the first detection of BSE in a native-born</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> animal in Canada. The removal of Specified Risk Materials (SRM), those</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> tissues which have been demonstrated to have the potential to harbour BSE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> infectivity, from all animals slaughtered for human consumption is the most</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> effective single measure to protect consumers in Canada and importing</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> countries from exposure to BSE infectivity in meat products.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> As demonstrated by the surveillance system, the feed ban implemented in 1997</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> is effectively preventing the amplification of BSE in Canada's feed system.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The detection of BSE in a few animals born after the 1997 feed ban is not</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> unexpected and does not indicate a failure of those measures. Additional</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> regulations to enhance Canada's feed ban were announced on June 26, 2006.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The most important change will require the removal of specified risk</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> material from all animal feeds, pet food and fertilizer. The enhancement</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> will significantly accelerate progress toward eradicating BSE from the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> national cattle herd by preventing more than 99% of potential BSE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> infectivity from entering the Canadian feed system and eliminating</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> opportunities for cross-contamination within the complex system of</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> production, transportation and storage of animal feeds. For further</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> information, please see the fact sheet, Canada's Enhanced Feed Ban, at</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/feebet/rumin/enhrene.shtml.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/ab2007/9investe.shtml</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> TSS</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> ----- Original Message -----</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder9@VERIZON.NET></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> To: <BSE-L@aegee.org></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Sent: Tuesday, March 06, 2007 8:04 PM</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Subject: BSE CANADA UPDATE CASE 9</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Subject: BSE CANADA UPDATE CASE 9</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Date: March 6, 2007 at 5:46 pm PST</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Latest Information (as of March 6, 2007 - 16:30 EST)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The Canadian Food Inspection Agencys (CFIA) comprehensive investigation of</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Canada's latest case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is nearing</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> completion.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> CFIA investigators have confirmed the animal was born in 2000 and was at</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> least six and a half years old at the time of its death, based on dental</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> analysis, DNA testing and information provided by the producer.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Information collected through the investigation also indicates the animal</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> was born and raised on the farm where it was found.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The CFIA has directed all necessary resources toward the tracing of cattle</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> that may have been exposed to the same feed as the affected animal during</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the early part of their lives.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> The investigation also includes a thorough examination of the formulation,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> production, transportation and storage of a number of feed sources used on</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> the birth farm at the time.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> This case is consistent with our understanding of BSE in North America. The</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> CFIA has maintained that more cases could be found, especially considering</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> that we are testing cattle most at risk of having BSE More than 150,000</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> cattle have been tested since BSE was first detected in 2003.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> All of Canadas cases have been detected through the surveillance program.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> These findings provide undisputable proof that our targeted testing regime</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> is effective and working as intended to closely monitor the health of Canada</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> s cattle herd.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> Under Canada's enhanced feed ban, which comes into effect on July 12, 2007,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> BSE should be eliminated from the national cattle herd within approximately</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> 10 years. The CFIA expects the periodic detection of a limited number of</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> cases to continue as the level of BSE continues to decline.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/situatione.shtml</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> TSS</span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">-------- Original Message --------</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Subject: BSE CANADA AND NORTH AMERICA Latest Information (as of January 12, 2005 -15:00 EST)</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2005 08:44:55 -0600</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">flounder@</span><span class="skimlinks-unlinked" face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">wt.net</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">BSE-L@</span><span class="skimlinks-unlinked" face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">LISTSERV.KALIV.UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">To: </span><a href="mailto:BSE-L@LISTSERV.KALIV.UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #197621; cursor: pointer; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">BSE-L@LISTSERV.KALIV.UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Canadian Food Inspection Agency - BSE in North America - Latest Information Page 1 of 26</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">BSE in North America</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Latest Information</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Latest Information (as of January 12, 2005 -15:00 EST)</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">" Case 2 (Confirmed January 2, 2005)</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">o Nine animals from Case 2's birth cohort have been euthanized and tested negative</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">for BSE.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">o Ongoing traceouts have confirmed that an additional three birth cohort animals</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">were exported to the United States. American authorities have been notified.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">. Case 3 (Confirmed January 11, 2005)</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">o Based on current information, we have identified 22 cattle from Case 3's birth</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">cohort. Additional traceouts are underway</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">. CFIA officials are preparing to undertake a review of Canada's feed ban. This process will</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">examine the effectiveness of industry's compliance with the ban in limiting the spread of</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">BSE. The review will include participation from international animal health and feed</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">experts.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">" An extensive international outreach campaign is underway to reinforce awareness and</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">understanding of the science-based measures Canada has in place to protect human and</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">animal health from BSE.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">o Canadian officials have been dispatched to China and will be travelling to Hong</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Kong, Japan and Taiwan over the coming week.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">o Canada's Chief Veterinary Officer is currently in Washington for technical</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">discussions with USDA and FDA officials.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">o Minister Mitchell will travel to Mexico next week and the United States soon after to</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">meet with his counterparts.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">o Heads of Missions will be fully briefed this week so they can serve as effective</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">advocates of Canada's BSE safeguards.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Latest Information (as of January 11, 2005 -14:00 EST)</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">" The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) today announced that Canada's national</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">surveillance program has detected bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in an Alberta</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">beef cow just under seven years of age. As part of its surveillance program, the CFIA has</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">control of the carcass. No part of the animal has entered the human food or animal feed</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">systems.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">" The CFIA is investigating what the animal may have been fed early in its life and the</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">source of the feed. The infected animal was born in March 1998, and the farm of origin has</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">been confirmed. Based on preliminary information, feed produced prior to the introduction</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">of the 1997 feed ban in Canada remains the most likely source of infection in this animal.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">. This current investigation is independent of the BSE investigation on the case which was</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">confirmed on January 2, 2005.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><a class="link link--external" href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/situatione.shtml" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #16691d; cursor: pointer; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/situatione.shtml</a><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;"> 1/13/2005 TSS</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">######### </span><a class="link link--external" href="https://listserv.kaliv.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #197621; cursor: pointer; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://listserv.kaliv.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html</a><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;"> ##########</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Latest Information (as of January 11, 2005 - 14:00 EST)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) today announced that</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canada's national surveillance program has detected bovine</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in an Alberta beef cow</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/newcom/2005/20050111e.shtml></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">just under seven years of age. As part of its surveillance</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">program, the CFIA has control of the carcass. No part of the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">animal has entered the human food or animal feed systems.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The CFIA is investigating what the animal may have been fed early</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">in its life and the source of the feed. The infected animal was</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">born in March 1998, and the farm of origin has been confirmed.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Based on preliminary information, feed produced prior to the</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">introduction of the 1997 feed ban in Canada remains the most</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">likely source of infection in this animal.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">This current investigation is independent of the BSE investigation</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">on the case which was confirmed on January 2, 2005.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/bseesb/situatione.shtml</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">NEW CASE OF BSE DETECTED</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OTTAWA, January 11, 2005 - The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) today announced that Canada's national surveillance program has detected bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in an Alberta beef cow just under seven years of age. As part of its surveillance program, the CFIA has control of the carcass. No part of the animal has entered the human food or animal feed systems.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Public health remains protected through the removal of specified risk material (SRM) from all animals slaughtered for human food. SRM are tissues that, in infected animals, contain the BSE agent. This measure is internationally recognized as the most effective public health measure against BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The CFIA is investigating what the animal may have been fed early in its life and the source of the feed. The infected animal was born in March 1998, and the farm of origin has been confirmed. Based on preliminary information, feed produced prior to the introduction of the 1997 feed ban in Canada remains the most likely source of infection in this animal.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The infected animal was detected through the recently enhanced national surveillance program. Additional cases may be found as testing of high-risk cattle continues. In 2004, the Government of Canada tested over 22,000 animals.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canada's science-based BSE safeguards to protect public and animal health have been designed with the understanding that BSE is potentially present in a small and declining number of animals. This includes animals born before and shortly after the 1997 feed ban. The Government of Canada continues to believe that the ruminant to ruminant feed ban introduced in 1997 has limited the spread of BSE and remains effective</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Initial testing on the animal was conducted by Alberta authorities. Results were inconclusive and samples were then sent to the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health in Winnipeg. The definitive diagnosis was made today using the internationally recognized "gold standard" test for BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Since the surveillance program was enhanced in January 2004, Canada has tested more than 24,000 high-risk cattle. This targeted approach has detected an additional two BSE positive cattle. These findings demonstrate the shared commitment of cattle producers, industry and governments to responsibly search for any remaining cases of BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This current investigation is independent of the BSE investigation on the case which was confirmed on January 2, 2005.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The CFIA will hold a news conference today, January 11, 2005, at 2:00 EST. A media advisory has been issued.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">-30-</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">For information:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Media Relations</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">(613) 228-6682</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/newcom/2005/20050111e.shtml</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Release No. 0011.05</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Statement by Dr. Ron DeHaven,Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">January 11, 2005</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"Today, Canada announced that a six year, nine month old cow has tested positive for BSE. We remain confident that the animal and public health measures that Canada has in place to prevent BSE, combined with existing U.S. domestic safeguards, provide the utmost protections to U.S. consumers and livestock.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"However, since this animal was born shortly after the implementation of Canadas feed ban and to determine if there are any potential links among the positive animals, we will expedite sending a technical team to Canada to evaluate the circumstances surrounding these recent finds. We appreciate Canadas willingness to cooperate and assist us in these efforts. We will continue our ongoing work with Canadian officials in their epidemiological investigations to determine the facts of these cases.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"As always, protection of public and animal health is our top priority. The result of our investigation and analysis will be used to evaluate appropriate next steps in regard to the minimal risk rule published last week."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">#</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA News</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">oc.news@usda.gov</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">202 720-4623</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB/.cmd/ad/.ar/sa.retrievecontent/.c/6_2_1UH/.ce/7_2_5JM/.p/5_2_4TQ/.d/1/_th/J_2_9D/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?PC_7_2_5JM_contentid=2005%2F01%2F0011.xml&PC_7_2_5JM_navtype=RT&PC_7_2_5JM_parentnav=LATEST_RELEASES&PC_7_2_5JM_navid=NEWS_RELEASE#7_2_5JM</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Docket No, 04-047-l Regulatory Identification No. (RIN) 091O-AF46 NEW BSE SAFEGUARDS (comment submission)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">https://web01.aphis.usda.gov/regpublic.nsf/0/eff9eff1f7c5cf2b87256ecf000df08d?OpenDocument</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Docket No. 03-080-1 -- USDA ISSUES PROPOSED RULE TO ALLOW LIVE ANIMAL</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IMPORTS FROM CANADA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">https://web01.aphis.usda.gov/BSEcom.nsf/0/b78ba677e2b0c12185256dd300649f9d?OpenDocument&AutoFramed</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Docket No. 2003N-0312 Animal Feed Safety System [TSS SUBMISSION]</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/03n0312/03N-0312_emc-000001.txt</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Docket Management Docket: 02N-0273 - Substances Prohibited From Use in</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Animal Food or Feed; Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Comment Number: EC -10</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Accepted - Volume 2</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jan03/012403/8004be07.html</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PART 2</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jan03/012403/8004be09.html</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ..</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Asante/Collinge et al, that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest _sporadic_ CJD;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3923s1_OPH.htm</span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Statement by Ron DeHaven, Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">January 3, 2005</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"Yesterday, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) confirmed that an older dairy cow from Alberta, Canada, has tested positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The infected animal was born in 1996, prior to the implementation of Canada's 1997 feed ban. No part of the animal entered the human food or animal feed systems.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"USDA remains confident that the animal and public health measures that Canada has in place, including the removal of specified risk material (SRMs) from the human food chain, a ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban, a national surveillance program and import restrictions, combined with existing U.S. domestic safeguards and the additional safeguards announced as part of USDA's BSE minimal-risk rule announced Dec. 29 provide the utmost protections to U.S. consumers and livestock.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">'The extensive risk assessment conducted as part of USDA's rulemaking process took into careful consideration the possibility that Canada could experience additional cases of BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"According to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) guidelines, a country may be considered a BSE minimal-risk country if it has less than 2 cases per million cattle over 24 months of age during each of the previous 4 consecutive years. Considering Canada has roughly 5.5 million cattle over 24 months of age, under OIE guidelines, they could detect up to 11 cases of BSE in this population and still be considered a minimal-risk country, as long as their risk mitigation measures and other preventative measures were effective.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"USDA will continue to work closely with CFIA officials as their investigation into this situation progresses."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB/.cmd/ad/.ar/sa.retrievecontent/.c/6_2_1UH/.ce/7_2_5JM/.p/5_2_4TQ/.d/1/_th/J_2_9D/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?PC_7_2_5JM_contentid=2005%2F01%2F0001.xml&PC_7_2_5JM_navtype=RT&PC_7_2_5JM_parentnav=LATEST_RELEASES&PC_7_2_5JM_navid=NEWS_RELEASE#7_2_5JM</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transcript of U. S. Farm Report, Town and Country Living Year-end interview with Agriculture Secretary Ann M. Veneman As Aired January 1, 2005 on RFD-TV</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"Obviously my time has been spent in large part on continuing on the BSE crisis that we encountered."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MR. SAMUELSON: "That happened just before Christmas a year ago."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SEC. VENEMAN: "Exactly. And after our interview, there we were, the cow who stole Christmas, December 23rd. And we've spent a lot of time working through all of the issues-- increased strength of our regulations, implementing animal ID, implementing an enhanced testing program. There's been a whole host of issues we've had to deal with. And that's taken a lot of time.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"MR. SAMUELSON: "Finally, back to BSE for a moment. You mentioned animal identification. Are we making progress on that program?"</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SEC. VENEMAN: "Absolutely. We are working closely with states and organizations to implement premise ID, individual animal ID, and to put it into a national database. Obviously this is a voluntary program as we get it up and running, but we expect over time that it will become a mandatory program that will allow us to trace back animals in the event of a disease outbreak, particularly of disease like foot and mouth disease where it spreads very, very quickly, and it's important to quickly be able to see where the animals have gone so that we can see where the disease might spread."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"The other day is December 23, 2003, the day that we discovered we had our first case of BSE. And we then of course had to deal with the cow who stole Christmas. And that took up a lot of what we did all of this year in terms of implementing the programs in the aftermath of that."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MR. SAMUELSON: "But I give you high marks -- the cattle industry and you as Secretary and your staff -- because we didn't go through the difficult times that the Canadian growers went through."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SEC. VENEMAN: "Well, that's absolutely true. We kept demand high, prices have stayed high. The cattle industry is in good shape, and that's because consumer confidence remained strong."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/01/0003.xml</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Statement By Dr. Ron DeHaven Administrator, Animal & Plant Health</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Inspection Service</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">January 7, 2005</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">"The U.S. Department of Agriculture is working closely with the Canadian</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Food Inspection Agency in their investigation of the Canadian dairy cow</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">that recently tested positive for BSE. This investigation is focused on</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">identifying birth cohorts - animals born in the same herd within one</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">year of the affected animal. The preliminary investigation has shown</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">that one of these birth cohorts was imported into the United States in</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">February 2002 for immediate slaughter. USDA, in collaboration with FDA,</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">is currently tracing the disposition of this animal and will provide</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">further details as the investigation evolves.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">"Even at the height of BSE infection in Europe and the United Kingdom,</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">it was extremely rare to have more than one animal in the same herd</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">affected with BSE, therefore USDA believes it is extremely unlikely that</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">this imported cow would have been infected. Nevertheless, as was the</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">case in May 2003, when Canada had its first case of BSE and a small</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">number of birth cohorts were traced to the United States, USDA will make</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">every reasonable effort to obtain and provide information about the</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">disposition of this animal as well as any other birth cohorts that are</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">traced to the United States through Canada's epidemiological investigation.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">"USDA and FDA have had a strong program in place for years to protect</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">the U.S. livestock population from BSE. Import controls on live cattle</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">and certain ruminant products from countries at high risk of BSE were</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">put in place more than 15 years ago. In 1997, both the United States and</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Canada finalized animal feed bans, which are the single most important</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">safeguard to prevent the spread of the disease through the cattle</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">population. Public and animal health in the United States and Canada</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">have also been protected through ongoing surveillance efforts and</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">inspection of animals at slaughter for neurological signs, and now by</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">the removal of specified risk materials from the human food supply.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">"USDA also continues the enhanced BSE surveillance program that began in</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">June 2003. To date, more than 170,000 targeted animals have been tested</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">for BSE. All samples have been negative."</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span class="skimlinks-unlinked" face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/01/0007.xml</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">TSS</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">######### </span><a class="link link--external" href="https://listserv.kaliv.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #197621; cursor: pointer; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://listserv.kaliv.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html</a><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;"> ##########</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">-------- Original Message --------</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Subject: Re: Dr. Ron DeHaven DOING THE MAD COW TEXAS TWO-STEP AGAIN</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Date: Fri, 31 Dec 2004 10:41:56 -0600</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">flounder@</span><span class="skimlinks-unlinked" face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">WT.NET</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">BSE-L@</span><span class="skimlinks-unlinked" face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">LISTSERV.KALIV.UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">To: </span><a href="mailto:BSE-L@LISTSERV.KALIV.UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #197621; cursor: pointer; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">BSE-L@LISTSERV.KALIV.UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">References: <</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">41D44A6C.2020304@</span><span class="skimlinks-unlinked" face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">wt.net</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> <</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">41D48915.9040301@</span><span class="skimlinks-unlinked" face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">wt.net</span><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> * Dec. 30: CFIA begins definitive laboratory immunohistochemistry test</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> on sample in Winnipeg lab with results expects as early as Saturday</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> but more likely on Monday...</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">are they this stupid or do they just not know about the</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">atypical cases and the fact that immunohistochemistry</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">misses some of them ???</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">WHY no OIE WB done $$$</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> Diagnosis:</span></div><div><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> - The brain sample from the bullock tested positive to the ELISA-based</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) screening test, and was sent to</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> the National Institute of Infectious Disease for confirmation and was</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> subjected to Western blot analysis, histopathological examination and</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> immunohistochemical examination. Based on these results, this case was</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> concluded as an atypical BSE on 6 October 2003.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> - Result of Western blot analysis: PrPsc (scrapie-associated prion</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> protein) was detected, the pattern of glycoform and relative protease</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> resistance of PrPsc were different from what is known for BSE. Results</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> of histopathological examination and immunohistochemical examination</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> were negative.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">IF we look at # 8 and # 9 cows, they seem to be very similar to the USA</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">positives that turn out to be negative all the time;</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">>8. 6/10/2003 Holstein Steer 13/10/2001 23 mths</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> No clinical signs WB+, IHC-, HP-</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">>9. 4/11/2003 Holstein Steer 13/1/2002</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">>21 mths No clinical signs WB+, IHC-, HP-</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">NOW, what does the USDA say about negative IHC ;</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> John Clifford of the USDA said in a statement that the negative IHC</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> results "makes us confident that the animal in question is indeed</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> negative."</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">SURE it does, i suppose this is why they refused to do a WB$</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">snip...</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> A U.S. veterinarian knowledgeable about mad cow tests told UPI that</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> experts she has spoken with are "very, very skeptical about" the</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> USDA's negative test result.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> The veterinarian, who requested anonymity because she feared</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> repercussions for speaking out against the USDA, said the skepticism</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> arose because the agency did not run another kind of mad cow test</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> called a Western blot. The test sometimes can pick up positive cases</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> that IHC misses and the agency has used it in the past to rule out</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #383a3b; font-family: "segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span face=""segoe ui", "helvetica neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "fira sans", "droid sans", sans-serif" style="color: #383a3b; font-size: 15px;">> suspect cases.</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Subject: Re: USDA/APHIS JUNE 2004 'ENHANCED' BSE/TSE COVER UP UPDATE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> DECEMBER 19, 2004 USA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Date: Thu, 30 Dec 2004 12:27:06 -0600</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> BSE-L</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> OH, i did ask Bio-Rad about this with NO reply to date;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> -------- Original Message --------</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> Subject: USA BIO-RADs INCONCLUSIVEs</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2004 15:37:28 -0600</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> To: susan_berg@bio-rad.com</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> Hello Susan and Bio-Rad,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> Happy Holidays!</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> I wish to ask a question about Bio-Rad and USDA BSE/TSE testing</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> and there inconclusive. IS the Bio-Rad test for BSE/TSE that</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> complicated,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> or is there most likely some human error we are seeing here?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> HOW can Japan have 2 positive cows with</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> No clinical signs WB+, IHC-, HP- ,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> BUT in the USA, these cows are considered 'negative'?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> IS there more politics working here than science in the USA?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> What am I missing?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> -------- Original Message --------</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> Subject: Re: USDA: More mad cow testing will demonstrate beef's safety</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2004 09:26:19 -0600</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> snip...end</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> Experts doubt USDA's mad cow results</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> snip...END</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> WELL, someone did call me from Bio-Rad about this,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> however it was not Susan Berg.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> but i had to just about take a blood oath not to reveal</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> there name. IN fact they did not want me to even mention</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> this, but i feel it is much much to important. I have omitted</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> any I.D. of this person, but thought I must document this ;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Bio-Rad, TSS phone conversation 12/28/04</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Finally spoke with ;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Bio-Rad Laboratories</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> 2000 Alfred Nobel Drive</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Hercules, CA 94547</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Ph: 510-741-6720</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Fax: 510-741-5630</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Email: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> at approx. 14:00 hours 12/28/04, I had a very pleasant</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> phone conversation with XXXX XXXXX about the USDA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> and the inconclusive BSE testing problems they seem</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> to keep having. X was very very cautious as to speak</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> directly about USDA and it's policy of not using WB.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> X was very concerned as a Bio-Rad official of retaliation</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> of some sort. X would only speak of what other countries</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> do, and that i should take that as an answer. I told X</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> I understood that it was a very loaded question and X</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> agreed several times over and even said a political one.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> my question;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Does Bio-Rad believe USDA's final determination of False positive,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> without WB, and considering the new</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> atypical TSEs not showing positive with -IHC and -HP ???</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> ask if i was a reporter. i said no, i was with CJD Watch</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> and that i had lost my mother to hvCJD. X did not</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> want any of this recorded or repeated.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> again, very nervous, will not answer directly about USDA for fear of</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> retaliation, but again said X tell</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> me what other countries are doing and finding, and that</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> i should take it from there.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> "very difficult to answer"</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> "very political"</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> "very loaded question"</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> outside USA and Canada, they use many different confirmatory tech. in</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> house WB, SAF, along with</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> IHC, HP, several times etc. you should see at several</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> talks meetings (TSE) of late Paris Dec 2, that IHC- DOES NOT MEAN IT</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> IS NEGATIVE. again, look what</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> the rest of the world is doing.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> said something about Dr. Houston stating;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> any screening assay, always a chance for human</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> error. but with so many errors (i am assuming</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> X meant inconclusive), why are there no investigations, just false</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> positives?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> said something about ''just look at the sheep that tested IHC- but</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> were positive''. ...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> TSS</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> -------- Original Message --------</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Subject: Your questions</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Date: Mon, 27 Dec 2004 15:58:11 -0800</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> From: To: flounder@wt.net</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Hi Terry:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> ............................................snip Let me know your</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> phone number so I can talk to you about the Bio-Rad BSE test.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Thank you</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Regards</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Bio-Rad Laboratories</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> 2000 Alfred Nobel Drive</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Hercules, CA 94547</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Ph: 510-741-6720</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Fax: 510-741-5630</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> Email: =================================</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> END...TSS</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> ######### https://listserv.kaliv.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>> ##########</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>></span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">EDMONTON - Some of former Alberta premier Ralph Klein's most colourful quotes — and the reactions they elicited:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SNIP...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"This all came about through the discovery of a single, isolated case of mad cow disease in one Alberta cow on May 20th. The farmer — I think he was a Louisiana fish farmer who knew nothing about cattle ranching. I guess any self-respecting rancher would have shot, shovelled and shut up, but he didn't do that." — Klein recalls how the mad cow crisis started and rancher Marwyn Peaster's role. The premier was speaking at the Western Governors Association meeting in Big Sky, Mont. September 2004.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"The premier meant that in an ironic or almost a sarcastic way." — Klein spokesman Gordon Turtle.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">---</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"You would have to eat 10 billion meals of brains, spinal cords, ganglia, eyeballs and tonsils." — Klein speaking in Montreal in January 2005 on the risk of humans contracting mad cow disease.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">---</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"I would offer $5 billion to have a Japanese person to come over here and eat nothing but Alberta beef for a year. And if he gets mad cow disease, I would be glad to give him $5 billion — make it $10 billion — Canadian." — Klein speaking after Japan closed its borders to Canadian beef.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">---</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Kleinisms+former+Alberta+premier+Ralph+Klein+sound+bite/8171110/story.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Kleinisms+former+Alberta+premier+Ralph+Klein+sound+bite/8171110/story.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span>see page 176 of 201 pages...tss</div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a><br /></div><div> <br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>*** CANADA MBM LIVE CATTLE BSE TSE PRION TO USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2003 02:23:12 +0200</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/01/canada-mbm-live-cattle-bse-tse-prion-to.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2013/01/canada-mbm-live-cattle-bse-tse-prion-to.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>sporadic/spontaneous CJD can be caused by atypical and typical BSE and Scrapie and CWD...it's just science!</div><div><div id="yiv8119846088" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div class="yiv8119846088yqt4915609498" id="yiv8119846088yqt32956"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div id="yiv8119846088"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">''In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE.''</div><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strainsNo</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>''In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE.'' <br clear="none" /></div></div><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8119846088aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wednesday, February 16, 2011</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html</a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 2021 </span><br clear="none" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Classical BSE prions emerge from asymptomatic pigs challenged with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/09/classical-bse-prions-emerge-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/09/classical-bse-prions-emerge-from.html</a></span></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">TUESDAY, OCTOBER 26, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Very Young Person Singeltary Reply 2021<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-in.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2021 </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">Continuing Enhanced National Surveillance for Prion Diseases in the U.S.</span><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/continuing-enhanced-national.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/continuing-enhanced-national.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div dir="ltr">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: BSE Canada USA From: Karin.Irgens@DYREHELSETILSYNET.NO</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2003 02:23:12 +0200</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Parts/Attachments: text/plain (261 lines)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Reply ######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ######### Hello all</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry Singletary has provided the official US import and export statistics for the USA in 2002 and the first 3 months of 2003, for live cattle and MBM (meat and bone meal)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">I have tried to figure out how many 'risk units' (external challenge) the USA has imported from Canada during 2002-2003. </span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/10/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/10/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>TUESDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion end of year report December 14, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/12/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/12/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2021<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>CANADA CJD VPSPR TSE PRION ?</div><div><br /></div><div><div>i have a question, i have been trying to figure out, maybe you can help. </div><div><br /></div><div>why is there no documented vpspr variably protease-sensitive prionopathy in Canada?</div><div><br /></div><div>are the vpspr cases being lumped in with all of sporadic cjd cases, and just no mention of different types?</div><div><br /></div><div>i cannot find anything on it.</div><div><br /></div><div>Canada vpspr 0 cases ???</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29887135/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29887135/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>USA vpspr;</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">6 Includes 39 case in which the diagnosis is pending (1 from 2018, 1 from 2019, 1 from 2020 and 19 from 2021), and 19 inconclusive cases; </div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">7 Includes 33 (33 from 2021) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">8 The sporadic cases include 4158 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 76 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 35 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div></div><div><a href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/resources-professionals/tables-cases-examined" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/resources-professionals/tables-cases-examined</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>i just find it odd that Canada has NO cases of vpspr...</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-46240122155423748682021-10-25T11:31:00.002-05:002021-10-25T11:31:17.856-05:00Prion Infectivity and PrPBSE in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System of Cattle 8 Months Post Oral BSE Challenge<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Infectivity and PrPBSE in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System of Cattle 8 Months Post Oral BSE Challenge</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Ivett Ackermann 1 , Reiner Ulrich 2 , Kerstin Tauscher 3 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola 1,4 , Markus Keller 1 , James C. Shawulu 1,5, Mark Arnold 6 , Stefanie Czub 7 , Martin H. Groschup 1 and Anne Balkema-Buschmann 1,*</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; Ivett.Ackermann@fli.de (I.A.); fatolan@yahoo.com (O.I.F.); Markus.Keller@fli.de (M.K.); james.shawulu@ymail.com (J.C.S.); Martin.Groschup@fli.de (M.H.G.) 2 Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; reiner.ulrich@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de 3 Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; Kerstin_Tauscher@gmx.de 4 Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria 5 Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja 900105, Nigeria 6 Animal and Plant Health Agency Sutton Bonington, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RB, UK; Mark.Arnold@apha.gov.uk 7 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada; stefanie.czub37@gmail.com * Correspondence: anne.buschmann@fli.de</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract: After oral exposure of cattle with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), the infectious agent ascends from the gut to the central nervous system (CNS) primarily via the autonomic nervous system. However, the timeline of this progression has thus far remained widely undetermined. Previous studies were focused on later time points after oral exposure of animals that were already 4 to 6 months old when challenged. In contrast, in this present study, we have orally inoculated 4 to 6 weeks old unweaned calves with high doses of BSE to identify any possible BSE infectivity and/or PrPBSE in peripheral nervous tissues during the first eight months postinoculation (mpi). For the detection of BSE infectivity, we used a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, while PrPBSE depositions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). We were able to show that as early as 8 mpi the thoracic spinal cord as well as the parasympathetic nodal ganglion of these animals contained PrPBSE and BSE infectivity. This shows that the centripetal prion spread starts early after challenge at least in this age group, which represents an essential piece of information for the risk assessments for food, feed, and pharmaceutical products produced from young calves.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">5. Conclusions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In summary, we detected PrPBSE and BSE infectivity as early as 8 mpi in the nodal ganglion as well as in the thoracic spinal cord from one calf challenged before weaning in this study and also at eight mpi in the thoracic spinal cord sampled from cattle challenged at 4 to 6 months of age during an earlier pathogenesis study [5,20]. This current study considerably expands the existing data on the early C-BSE pathogenesis by demonstrating that after challenge with an unnaturally high dose of 100 g BSE-positive brainstem tissue, parts of the peripheral and central nervous system from cattle may already contain PrPBSE and BSE infectivity after short time periods up to 8 months after oral infection, which should be considered relevant information for risk assessments for food and pharmaceutical products.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/article/10%20.3390/ijms222111310/s1" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/ijms222111310/s1</a> . </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: prion protein; BSE; infectivity; PrPBSE; cattle; peripheral and central nervous system; protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310/pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310/pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>O.4.3</div><div><br /></div><div>Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission</div><div><br /></div><div>Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).</div><div><br /></div><div>Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.</div><div><br /></div><div>P.4.23</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models</div><div><br /></div><div>Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.</div><div><br /></div><div>Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</div><div><br /></div><div>P03.137</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus Macaque, a Non-human Primate; Development of Clinical Symptoms and Tissue Distribution of PrPSC</div><div><br /></div><div>Yamakawa, Y1; Ono, F2; Tase, N3; Terao, K3; Tannno, J3; Wada, N4; Tobiume, M5; Sato, Y5; Okemoto-Nakamura, Y1; Hagiwara, K1; Sata, T5 1National Institure of Infectious diseases, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Japan; 2Corporation for Production and Research Laboratory Primates., Japan; 3National Institure of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba Primate Reserch Center, Japan; 4Yamauchi Univ., Veterinary Medicine, Japan; 5National Institure of Infectious diseases, Pathology, Japan</div><div><br /></div><div>Two of three cynomolgus monkeys developed abnormal neuronal behavioral signs at 30-(#7) and 28-(#10) months after intracerebral inoculation of 200ul of 10% brain homogenates of BSE affected cattle (BSE/JP6). Around 30 months post inoculation (mpi), they developed sporadic anorexia and hyperekplexia with squeal against environmental stimulations such as light and sound. Tremor, myoclonic jerk and paralysis became conspicuous during 32 to 33-mpi, and symptoms become worsened according to the disease progression. Finally, one monkey (#7) fell into total paralysis at 36-mpi. This monkey was sacrificed at 10 days after intensive veterinary care including infusion and per oral supply of liquid food. The other monkey (#10) had to grasp the cage bars to keep an upright posture caused by the sever ataxia. This monkey was sacrificed at 35-mpi. EEG of both monkeys showed diffuse slowing. PSD characteristic for sporadic CJD was not observed in both monkeys. The result of forearm movement test showed the hypofunction that was observed at onset of clinical symptoms. Their cognitive function determined by finger maze test was maintained at the early stage of sideration. However, it was rapidly impaired followed by the disease progression. Their autopsied tissues were immunochemically investigated for the tissue distribution of PrPSc. Severe spongiform change in the brain together with heavy accumulation of PrPSc having the type 2B/4 glycoform profile confirmed successful transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus macaques. Granular and linear deposition of PrPSC was detected by IHC in the CNS of both monkeys. At cerebral cortex, PrPSC was prominently accumulated in the large plaques. Sparse accumulation of PrPSc was detected in several peripheral nerves of #7 but not in #10 monkey, upon the WB analysis. Neither #7 nor #10 monkey accumulated detectable amounts of PrPSc in their lymphatic organs such as tonsil, spleen, adrenal grands and thymus although PrPSc was barely detected in the submandibular lymph node of #7 monkey. Such confined tissue distribution of PrPSc after intracerebral infection with BSE agent is not compatible to that reported on the Cynomolgus macaques infected with BSE by oral or intra-venous (intra-peritoneal) routs, in which PrPSc was accumulated at not only CNS but also widely distributed lymphatic tissues.</div><div><br /></div><div>P04.27</div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</div><div><br /></div><div>Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div><div><br /></div><div>The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Received 27 July 2006</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DISCUSSION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...end</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">P04.27</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasm�zas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; L�wer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat � l�Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit�, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Background:</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Aims:</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Methods:</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Results:</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Conclusions:</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study �BSE in primates� supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a></span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Corinne Ida Lasm�zas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Fr�d�ric Auvr�, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sal�s, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0�1 mg 0�01 mg</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">PrPres biochemical detection</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Published online January 27, 2005</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></span></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>RESEARCH ARTICLE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers1☯, Clare E. Hoover2☯, Kristen A. DavenportID3, Davin M. Henderson1, Erin E. McNultyID1, Amy V. Nalls1, Candace K. Mathiason1, Edward A. HooverID1*</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, 2 AstraZeneca Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America, 3 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * <a href="mailto:Edward.hoover@colostate.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Edward.hoover@colostate.edu">Edward.hoover@colostate.edu</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogene- sis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of pri- ons of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD- positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD min- imum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Discussion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>As CWD expands across North America and Scandinavia, how this disease is transmitted so efficiently remains unclear, given the low concentrations of prions shed in secretions and excretions [13, 14]. The present studies demonstrated that a single oral exposure to as little as 300nmg of CWD-positive brain or equivalent saliva can initiate infection in 100% of exposed white-tailed deer. However, distributing this dose as 10, 30 ng exposures failed to induce infec- tion. Overall, these results suggest that the minimum oral infectious exposure approaches 100 to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain equivalent. These dynamics also invite speculation as to whether potential infection co-factors, such as particle binding [46, 47] or compromises in mucosal integrity may influence infection susceptibility, as suggested from two studies in rodent models [48, 49].</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Few studies in rodent models have explored oral infection with murine or hamster adapted scrapie by assessing the same total dose administered as a single bolus vs. the same bolus divided into fractional, sequential exposures [50–52]. The results reported by Diringer et al. [50] and Jacquemot et al. [52] have indicated that divided-dose exposures were as effective as a single bolus only if the interval between doses was short (1–2 days). In deer, we likewise found that when a total dose of 300 ng of brain was administered as 10 doses divided doses over 12 weeks this exposure failed to induce CWD infection, whereas three weekly 100 ng doses (300 ng total) induced infection. While this latter outcome may have involved an additive dynamic, we cannot exclude that a dose 100 ng alone also may have been sufficient to establish infection. Our conclusions here are unfortunately limited by the absence of a single 100 ng dose group. Additional experiments are needed to further directly compare single vs. divided exposures to strengthen the tenet that establishment of CWD infection is more a threshold than cumulative dose phenomenon.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>We also sought to examine a relatively unexamined possibility that prions emanating from different tissues and/or cells may possess different capacities to establish infections by mucosal routes. Our results indicated that brain and saliva inocula containing similar levels of prion seeding activity, also had similar infectivity, which did not support our hypothesis that saliva prions may be more infectious by mucosal routes. There are of course, several caveats bearing on this conclusion. These could include: the inherent limits in using an in vitro seeding assay as a surrogate to equate in vivo infectivity, the likelihood that small differences in prion suscep- tibility among deer may be more significant at very low exposure doses, and the greater varia- tion of inoculum uptake and routing through mucosal surfaces associated with the oral route of exposure.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The chief correlate we observed between magnitude of infectious dose and disease course was in time from exposure to first detected amplification of prions in tonsil, an event which is closely followed by or concurrent with detection in pharyngeal lymph nodes [41]. Once a threshold dose was established, the subsequent pathogenesis of infection and disease appeared to vary little.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In addition to potential cofactors that could influence CWD infectivity, such as particle binding [47] and compromised mucosal integrity [48, 53], there is PRNP genotype, in which polymorphisms at codon 96 of the white-tailed deer are known to affect the temporal dynam- ics of CWD infections [23, 41, 45]. In the present studies, most cohorts of 96GG deer became CWD-positive before 96GS animals in the same exposure group [cohorts 1, 2, 4, 6]. Thus, the low dose studies are consistent with the current concept of delayed conversion rate in PRNP 96GS vs. 96GG white-tailed deer [44].</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespec- tive of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/pdf/pone.0237410.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/pdf/pone.0237410.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, BSE SURVEILLANCE, BSE TESTING, and CJD TSE Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>so far, we have been lucky. to date, with the science at hand, no cwd transmitted to cattle, that has been documented, TO DATE, WITH THE SCIENCE AT HAND, it's not to say it has not already happened, just like with zoonosis of cwd i.e. molecular transmission studies have shown that cwd transmission to humans would look like sporadic cjd, NOT nvCJD or what they call now vCJD. the other thing is virulence and or horizontal transmission. this is very concerning with the recent fact of what seems to be a large outbreak of a new tse prion disease in camels in Africa. there is much concern now with hay, straw, grains, and such, with the cwd tse prion endemic countries USA, Canada. what is of greatest concern is the different strains of cwd, and the virulence there from? this thing (cwd) keeps mutating to different strains, and to different species, the bigger the chance of one of these strains that WILL TRANSMIT TO CATTLE OR HUMANS, and that it is documented (i believe both has already occured imo with scienct to date). with that said, a few things to ponder, and i am still very concerned with, the animal feed. we now know from transmission studies that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral routes. the atypical bse strains will transmit by oral routes. i don't mean to keep kicking a mad cow, just look at the science; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Title: Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item HALEY, NICHOLAS - Kansas State University item SIEPKER, CHRISTOPHER - Kansas State University item Greenlee, Justin item RICHT, JÜRGEN - Kansas State University Submitted to: Journal of General Virology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 3/30/2016 Publication Date: 1/7/2016</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Haley, N.J., Siepker, C., Greenlee, J.J., Richt, J.A. 2016. Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle. Journal of General Virology. 97:1720-1724.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a fatal neurodegenerative disease that occurs in farmed and wild cervids (deer and elk) of North America, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). TSEs are caused by infectious proteins called prions that are resistant to various methods of decontamination and environmental degradation. Cattle could be exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) by contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids. The purpose of this study was to use an in vitro amplification method called real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) to assess tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for low levels of prions not detected by traditional diagnostic methods such as western blot and immunohistochemistry. This study reports that prions were identified by RT-QuIC only in cattle that were confirmed positive by traditional methods. However, prions were rarely identified in some peripheral tissues such as mesenteric lymph node, tonsil, or nasal turbinate that were not considered positive by traditional methods. These results suggest that cattle experimentally inoculated with CWD may have some limited amount of prion infectivity outside of the brain and spinal cord that may represent a previously unrecognized risk for transmission. This information could have an impact on regulatory officials developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs and farmers with concerns about ranging cattle on areas where CWD may be present.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, classified as a prion disease or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) similar to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Cervids affected by CWD accumulate an abnormal protease resistant prion protein throughout the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in both lymphatic and excretory tissues – an aspect of prion disease pathogenesis not observed in cattle with BSE. Using seeded amplification through real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC), we investigated whether the bovine host or prion agent was responsible for this aspect of TSE pathogenesis. We blindly examined numerous central and peripheral tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for prion seeding activity. Seeded amplification was readily detected in the CNS, though rarely observed in peripheral tissues, with a limited distribution similar to that of BSE prions in cattle. This seems to indicate that prion peripheralization in cattle is a host-driven characteristic of TSE infection. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325925" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325925</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Title: Experimental transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie, chronic wasting disease, transmissible mink encephalopathy) to cattle and their differentiation from bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Hamir, Amirali item CUTLIP, RANDALL item MILLER, JANICE item Kunkle, Robert item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin item Nicholson, Eric item Kehrli Jr, Marcus Submitted to: World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Publication Type: Proceedings</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 8/10/2007 Publication Date: 11/11/2007</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Hamir, A.N., Cutlip, R.C., Miller, J.M., Kunkle, R.A., Richt, J.A., Greenlee, J.J., Nicholson, E.M., Kehrli, Jr., M.E. 2007. Experimental transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie, chronic wasting disease, transmissible mink encephalopathy) to cattle and their differentiation from bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In: Proceedings of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians 13th International Symposium, November 11-14, 2007, Melbourne, Australia. p. 29. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Introduction: Experimental cross-species transmission of TSE agents provides valuable information for identification of potential host ranges of known TSEs. This report provides a synopsis of TSE (scrapie, CWD, TME) transmission studies that have been conducted in cattle and compares these findings to those seen in animals with BSE. Materials & Methods: Generally 6-month-old bull calves were obtained and assigned to inoculated and control groups. Inoculated calves were housed in a Biosafety Level 2 isolation barn at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC), Ames, Iowa. Calves were inoculated intracerebrally with 1 ml of a 10% TSE brain inoculum. Results: Results of various TSE cattle experiments with intracerebral inoculation of scrapie, CWD and TME are shown in tabular form (Table 1). Table 1. Comparison of experimental scrapie, chronic wasting disease (CWD) and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in cattle inoculated by the intracerebral route during first passage of the inocula. Abnormal CNS signs: Scrapie. Anorexia, weight loss, leg and back stiffness. Some showed incoordination and posterior weakness. Eventual severe lethargy. CWD. Anorexia, weight loss, occasional aimless circling, listlessness and excited by loud noises. TME. Variable hyperexcitability with occasional falling to the ground. Some showing circling and aggressive behavior. Incubation (survival) time: Scrapie. 14 – 18 months. CWD. 23 – 63 months. TME. 13 – 16 months. Attack rate: Scrapie. 100%. CWD. CWD from mule deer: 38%. CWD from elk: 86%. TME. 100% Histopatholgic lesions: Scrapie. Some vacuolation and central of chromatolysis of neurons. CWD. Isolated vacuolated neurons, a few degenerate axons, and a mild astrocytosis. TME. Extensive vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and neuropil. Presence of mild multifocal gliosis. Western blot (brainstem): Scrapie. All three isoforms of PrP**res present. CWD. All three isoforms of PrP**res seen. TME. All three isoforms of PrP**res seen. Immunohistochemistry: PrP**res in lymphoreticular tissues: Scrapie. Not present. CWD. Not present. TME. Not present. PrP**res in CNS: Scrapie. Present within perikaryon and processes of neurons. CWD. Multifocal distribution with labeling primarily in glial cells (astrocytes). TME. Diffusely present and usually evenly distributed in neuropil. Conclusions: 1. All three TSEs agents (scrapie, CWD and TME) are capable of propagating in cattle tissues when administered intracerebrally. 2. All three TSEs can be distinguished from each other and from BSE when inoculated intracerebrally by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=212439" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=212439</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Title: EXPERIMENTAL SECOND PASSAGE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD(MULE DEER)) AGENT TO CATTLE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Hamir, Amirali item Kunkle, Robert item MILLER, JANICE item Greenlee, Justin item Richt, Juergen</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Submitted to: Journal of Comparative Pathology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/25/2005 Publication Date: 1/1/2006</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Hamir, A.N., Kunkle, R.A., Miller, J.M., Greenlee, J.J., Richt, J.A. 2006. Experimental second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD(mule deer)) agent to cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 134(1):63-69.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: To compare the findings of experimental first and second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattle, 6 calves were inoculated into the brain with CWD-mule deer agent previously (first) passaged in cattle. Two other uninoculated calves served as controls. Beginning 10-12 months post inoculation (PI), all inoculates lost appetite and weight. Five animals subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months PI, all cattle had been euthanized because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but the CWD agent was detected in their CNS tissues by 2 laboratory techniques (IHC and WB). These findings demonstrate that inoculated cattle amplify CWD agent but also develop clinical CNS signs without manifestation of microscopic lesions of SE. This situation has also been shown to occur following inoculation of cattle with another TSE agent, namely, sheep scrapie. The current study confirms previous work that indicates that the diagnostic tests currently used for confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the U.S. would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raises the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle due to the absence of microscopic lesions and a unique multifocal distribution of PrPres, as demonstrated by IHC, which in this study, appears to be more sensitive than the WB.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: To compare clinicopathological findings of first and second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattle, a group of calves (n=6) were intracerebrally inoculated with CWD-mule deer agent previously (first) passaged in cattle. Two other uninoculated calves served as controls. Beginning 10-12 months post inoculation (PI), all inoculates lost appetite and lost weight. Five animals subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months PI, all cattle had been euthanized because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but PrPres was detected in their CNS tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) techniques. These findings demonstrate that intracerebrally inoculated cattle not only amplify CWD PrPres but also develop clinical CNS signs without manifestation of morphologic lesions of SE. This situation has also been shown to occur following inoculation of cattle with another TSE agent, scrapie. The current study confirms previous work that indicates the diagnostic techniques currently used for confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the U.S. would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raises the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle due to the absence of neuropathologic lesions and a unique multifocal distribution of PrPres, as demonstrated by IHC, which in this study, appears to be more sensitive than the WB.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=178318" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=178318</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, AUGUST 27, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">nip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> READ THIS VERY, VERY, CAREFULLY, AUGUST 1997 MAD COW FEED BAN WAS A SHAM, AS I HAVE STATED SINCE 1997! 3 FAILSAFES THE FDA ET AL PREACHED AS IF IT WERE THE GOSPEL, IN TERMS OF MAD COW BSE DISEASE IN USA, AND WHY IT IS/WAS/NOT A PROBLEM FOR THE USA, and those are; </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE TESTING (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE SURVEILLANCE (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">these are facts folks. trump et al just admitted it with the feed ban. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">see; </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">John Maday </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>John Maday</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday )</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Overall, the FDA reports a high level of compliance across the affected livestock-industry sectors.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In fiscal year 2016, FDA began a small, three-part pilot inspection program that began with inspectors visiting feed distributors to review randomly selected VFD documents. The inspectors then selected one VFD at the distributor and conducted further inspections of the veterinarian and producer (client) named on that VFD.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In fiscal years 2017 and 2018, FDA continued those three-part inspections and expanded the program to include state feed regulatory partners. In fiscal year 2017, state personnel inspected VFD distributors and reviewed selected VFDs for compliance with the requirements. In 2018, those state inspectors began conducting three-part inspections, similar to those conducted by the FDA investigators. With state inspectors contributing, the number of VFD inspections increased from 57 in 2016 to 130 in 2017 and 269 during 2018.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Of the 269 inspections during 2018, 230 required no action, 38 indicated voluntary action and just one indicated official enforcement action.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Key findings in the report include:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributors (2018)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributor had notified FDA of their intent to distribute VFD feeds -- 94.8%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributors who distributed a VFD feed that complied with the terms of the VFD -- 91.5%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributors who manufacture VFD feed: Drug inventory or production records showed the correct amount of drug was added to the feed for the VFD reviewed -- 96.7%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributors who manufacture VFD feed: Labels and formulas matched the VFD reviewed -- 91.0%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributor’s VFD feed labels contained the VFD caution statement -- 77.2%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Veterinarians</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Veterinarians had an active license in the state where the VFD feed authorized on the VFD order(s) is being fed -- 100%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>VFDs included veterinarians’ electronic or written signature -- 98.6%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>VFDs included the withdrawal time, special instructions, and/or cautionary statements -- 95.3%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Producers</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Client did not feed VFD feed beyond the expiration date on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Client fed VFD feed to the animals authorized on the VFD (number, species, and/or production class) -- 100%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Client fed VFD feed for the duration identified on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Client complied with the special instructions on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>FDA issued just one warning letter following inspections during fiscal year 2018, for a feed mill that “adulterated and misbranded VFD feed by distributing VFD feed to other distributors without first receiving an acknowledgment letter, in addition to adulterating and misbranding medicated and non-medicated feed for other reasons.”</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In its report, FDA reminds stakeholders that VFD medicated feeds must be used in according to the approved conditions of use and must be under the oversight of a licensed veterinarian and consistent with a lawful VFD order. The agency intends to continue monitoring compliance, and to provide education, but FDA will also use enforcement strategies when voluntary compliance with the VFD final rule requirements is not achieved.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>See the full summary report from FDA.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>For more on the VFD rules and compliance, see these articles from <a href="http://bovinevetonline.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">BovineVetOnline.com</a>.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>VFD Audits: What to Expect</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-what-expect-0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-what-expect-0</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>VFD Audits: Start with the Feed Distributor</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-start-feed-distributor" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-start-feed-distributor</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>FDA Draft Guidance Updates VFD Q&A</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-draft-guidance-updates-vfd-qa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-draft-guidance-updates-vfd-qa</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-reports-vfd-compliance?fbclid=IwAR3ejswwNoiWH7sVww_gEwiFcyoG7MzI2iZUMPU9wHK3OJKXpdy4di5A4dk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-reports-vfd-compliance?fbclid=IwAR3ejswwNoiWH7sVww_gEwiFcyoG7MzI2iZUMPU9wHK3OJKXpdy4di5A4dk</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201222181302/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201222181302/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190912060441/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190912060441/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191217045515/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191217045515/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP *** </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Veterinary Biologics Guideline 3.32E: Guideline for minimising the risk of introducing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prions and other infectious agents through veterinary biologics<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">U.S.A. 50 STATE BSE MAD COW CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Subject: BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">To: <a href="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de">BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[host Richard Barns] and now a question from Terry S. Singeltary of CJD Watch.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] yes, thank you, U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[no answer, you could hear in the back ground, mumbling and 'we can't. have him ask the question again.]</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[host Richard] could you repeat the question?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure whom ask this] what group are you with?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] CJD Watch, my Mom died from hvCJD and we are tracking CJD world-wide.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure who is speaking] could you please disconnect Mr. Singeltary</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] you are not going to answer my question?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure whom speaking] NO</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full archive and more of this;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://protect2.fireeye.com/v1/url?k=56309245-0a71f6f2-56325e8f-002590f4ce32-f388444e395b325d&q=1&e=eaae77dc-9ea7-4996-b8cd-e6a0b004c974&u=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.proofpoint.com%2Fv2%2Furl%3Fu%3Dhttp-3A__tseac.blogspot.com_2011_02_usa-2D50-2Dstate-2Dbse-2Dmad-2Dcow-2Dconference.html%26d%3DDwMFaQ%26c%3DGSntNbUav5AC0JJIyPOufmfQT3u3zI7UKdoVzPd-7og%26r%3DWUkrqFfyTINKdEKan1fw3ykVVZIC_CPt4oXXzPtT-cw%26m%3DPZ-nUcomhuQHG7d2Ik9AWSDfvzWvkaGQjLOa4gBnbo4%26s%3Dx2cnB1oAu0wlCoSkJw2E9RyLDr40LMuYR6jLH3CFP7M%26e%3D" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>TUESDAY, JUNE 8, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, JUNE 28, 2021 </span><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>BSE can propagate in sheep co‑infected or pre‑infected with scrapie<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Autoclave treatment of the classical scrapie agent US No. 13-7 and experimental inoculation to susceptible VRQ/ARQ sheep via the oral route results in decreased transmission efficiency<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 2019 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Incomplete inactivation of atypical scrapie following recommended autoclave decontamination procedures </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA HERE'S YOUR SIGN!</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html</a> </span></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>SATURDAY, AUGUST 16, 2008</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors in the United States February 13, 2000 at 3:37 pm PST (BSE red book)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div align="left" class="yiv9374226989aolmail_envelope" style="float: none;"><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div></div></div></div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><div style="background-color: #fff3db;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Owens, Julie </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a>] </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018- 0087] Singeltary Submission [Federal Register Volume 84, Number 116 (Monday, June 17, 2019)] [Notices] [Pages 28001-28002] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.gpo.gov</a>] [FR Doc No: 2019-12654] </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">----------------------------------------------------------------------- </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA. ACTION: Notice. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SUMMARY: We are advising the public of our preliminary concurrence with the World Organization for Animal Health's (OIE) bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) risk designation for Nicaragua. The OIE recognizes this region as being of negligible risk for BSE. We are taking this action based on our review of information supporting the OIE's risk designation for this region.<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv9374226989yuRUbf" style="color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.58; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #1a0dab; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;" target="_blank"><h3 class="yiv9374226989LC20lb yiv9374226989DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Untitled - Reginfo.gov</h3> <div class="yiv9374226989TbwUpd yiv9374226989NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px;"><cite class="yiv9374226989iUh30 yiv9374226989Zu0yb yiv9374226989qLRx3b yiv9374226989tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.reginfo.gov<span class="yiv9374226989dyjrff yiv9374226989qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"> › DownloadDocument</span></cite></div></a><div class="yiv9374226989B6fmyf" style="min-height: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><div class="yiv9374226989TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px;"><cite class="yiv9374226989iUh30 yiv9374226989Zu0yb yiv9374226989qLRx3b yiv9374226989tjvcx" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="yiv9374226989dyjrff yiv9374226989qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="yiv9374226989eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"><span class="yiv9374226989ZGwO7 yiv9374226989C0kchf yiv9374226989NaCKVc yiv9374226989VDgVie" style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); color: #4d5156; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 0.75px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 2px 3px; min-height: 14px; padding: 0px 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">PDF</span></div></div></div><div class="yiv9374226989IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><div class="yiv9374226989VwiC3b yiv9374226989yXK7lf yiv9374226989MUxGbd yiv9374226989yDYNvb yiv9374226989lyLwlc yiv9374226989lEBKkf" style="margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="yiv9374226989MUxGbd yiv9374226989wuQ4Ob yiv9374226989WZ8Tjf" style="color: #70757a; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Jan 13, 2015 — </span>Page <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">1</span> of 2 <a href="http://regulations.gov/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">regulations.gov</a>. Comment from <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Terry Singeltary</span> Sr. ... overtook the <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">BSE</span> GBR <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">risk</span> assessments for each country, and then.</div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">$$$***> Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? <***$$$ <br clear="none" /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">EFSA Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) ADOPTED: 21 October 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">i wonder if a 7 month delay on a suspect BSE case in Texas is too long, on a 48 hour turnaround, asking for a friend???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><h2 class="yiv9374226989date-header" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020</span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989date-posts"><div class="yiv9374226989post-outer"><div class="yiv9374226989post yiv9374226989hentry yiv9374226989uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a name="3781343997501907466" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;"></a></span></span><h3 class="yiv9374226989post-title yiv9374226989entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</span></span></h3></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. <br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</span></div></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div>FRIDAY, OCTOBER 1, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin, USA, what if?<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Wednesday, May 19, 2010</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogs/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogs</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">No competing interests declared.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></em></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit;">PLOS ONE Journal </em><br clear="none" /></div></div></div><div><div id="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_231efb16-bece-4be2-9555-8828489cb794"><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_076c3e68-3f1c-492a-b84c-fa586eb49e44"><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_314a32af-6aac-473d-8dc2-78ba9131e347"><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_162e08c0-024f-424d-bebb-66f89d627450"><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_55d0d5c6-e95d-4ef2-81fc-d72be9f7a63c"><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_268b3d40-d03f-4bd8-817c-0b0a21454b9b"><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 19, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>TME to cattle equal atypical L-type BSE USA, madcow origin, what if?<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 5, 2021 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Exploration of genetic factors resulting in abnormal disease in cattle experimentally challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 17, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">EU Feed ban Commission authorises use of certain animal proteins, risk another mad cow type outbreak</span><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/08/eu-feed-ban-commission-authorises-use.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/08/eu-feed-ban-commission-authorises-use.html</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Transmission of the atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent to Suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/02/transmission-of-atypicalnor98-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/02/transmission-of-atypicalnor98-scrapie.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 <div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Guidance for reporting 2021 surveillance data on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>APPROVED: 1 February 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/02/guidance-for-reporting-2021.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/02/guidance-for-reporting-2021.html</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 2021 <div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Recognition of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Risk Status of Members Adapted Procedure, May 2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/09/recognition-of-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/09/recognition-of-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION</div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Fri, Sep 3, 2021 5:02 pm</span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">comments comments@tahc.texas.govHide</span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">To Terry Singeltary <a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">flounder9@verizon.net</a></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Cc comments <a href="mailto:comments@tahc.texas.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">comments@tahc.texas.gov</a></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Mr. Singeltary,</span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">This email is to acknowledge receipt of your proposed rule comments. Thank you for your interest and participation in the Texas Animal Health Commission’s rulemaking process.</span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Sincerely,</span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Amanda </span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Amanda Bernhard</span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Assistant to the Executive Director</span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Texas Animal Health Commission</span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">512-719-0704</span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><a href="http://www.tahc.texas.gov/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.tahc.texas.gov</a> </span></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 1st and foremost your biggest problem is 'VOLUNTARY'! AS with the BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, especially since it is still voluntary with cervid, knowing full well that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral route. VOLUNTARY DOES NOT WORK! all animal products should be banned and be made mandatory, and the herd certification program should be mandatory, or you don't move cervid. IF THE CWD HERD CERTIFICATION IS NOT MANDATORY, it will be another colossal tse prion failure from the start.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 2nd USA should declare a Declaration of Extraordinary Emergency due to CWD, and all exports of cervid and cervid products must be stopped internationally, and there should be a ban of interstate movement of cervid, until a live cwd test is available.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 3rd Captive Farmed cervid ESCAPEES should be made mandatory to report immediately, and strict regulations for those suspect cwd deer that just happen to disappear. IF a cervid escapes and is not found, that farm should be indefinitely shut down, all movement, until aid MIA cervid is found, and if not ever found, that farm shut down permanently.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 4th Captive Farmed Cervid, INDEMNITY, NO MORE Federal indemnity program, or what i call, ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM for game farm industry. NO MORE BAIL OUTS FROM TAX PAYERS. if the captive industry can't buy insurance to protect not only themselves, but also their customers, and especially the STATE, from Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion or what some call mad deer disease and harm therefrom, IF they can't afford to buy that insurance that will cover all of it, then they DO NOT GET A PERMIT to have a game farm for anything. This CWD TSE Prion can/could/has caused property values to fall from some reports in some places. roll the dice, how much is a state willing to lose?</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 5th QUARANTINE OF ALL FARMED CAPTIVE, BREEDERS, URINE, ANTLER, VELVET, SPERM, OR ANY FACILITY, AND THEIR PRODUCTS, that has been confirmed to have Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, the QUARANTINE should be for 21 years due to science showing what scrapie can do. 5 years is NOT near long enough. see; Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 to 21 years.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 6th America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS CWD TSE Prion</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 7TH TRUCKING TRANSPORTING CERVID CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE TSE PRION VIOLATING THE LACEY ACT</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 8TH ALL CAPTIVE FARMING CERVID OPERATIONS MUST BE INSURED TO PAY FOR ANY CLEAN UP OF CWD AND QUARANTINE THERE FROM FOR THE STATE, NO MORE ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM FOR CERVID GAME FARMING PAY TO PLAY FOR CWD TSE PRION OFF THE TAX PAYERS BACK.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 9TH ANY STATE WITH DOCUMENTED CWD, INTERSTATE, NATIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF ALL CERVID, AND ALL CERVID PRODUCTS MUST BE HALTED!</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 10TH BAN THE SALE OF STRAW BRED BUCKS AND ALL CERVID SEMEN AND URINE PRODUCTS</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 11th ALL CAPTIVE FARMED CERVID AND THEIR PRODUCTS MUST BE CWD TSE PRION TESTED ANNUALLY AND BEFORE SALE FOR CWD TSE PRION</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">SEE FULL SCIENCE REFERENCES AND REASONINGS ;</span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> Confidential!!!!</span></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</span></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv9374226989aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">---end personal email---end...tss</span></span></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>MONDAY, OCTOBER 25, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>TAHC SUMMARY MINUTES OF THE 410th COMMISSION MEETING CWD Texas Animal Health Commission September 21, 2021<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/tahc-summary-minutes-of-410th.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/tahc-summary-minutes-of-410th.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>SUNDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Voluntary Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program Annual Update, FY2020<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/voluntary-chronic-wasting-disease-herd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/voluntary-chronic-wasting-disease-herd.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2021 </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">USDA APHIS Farmed Cervid Chronic Wasting Disease Management and Response Activities 2021 and other Cooperative Agreements 2021 Spending Plans</span><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/usda-aphis-farmed-cervid-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/usda-aphis-farmed-cervid-chronic.html</a></span></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>MONDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>APHIS Provides $5.7 Million in Funding to Control and Prevent Chronic Wasting Disease<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/aphis-provides-57-million-in-funding-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/aphis-provides-57-million-in-funding-to.html</a></div></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Continuing Enhanced National Surveillance for Prion Diseases in the U.S.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The estimated total program funding for this effort is $17,500,000.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/continuing-enhanced-national.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/continuing-enhanced-national.html</a></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>TUESDAY, AUGUST 03, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>USA Tables of Cases Examined National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined July 9th, 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/usa-tables-of-cases-examined-national.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/usa-tables-of-cases-examined-national.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color: #222222; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">ONE DECADE POST MAD COW FEED BAN OF AUGUST 1997...2007</span></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2007</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">10,000,000 POUNDS REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2007</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II PRODUCT</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 CODE Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush,</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">REASON Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs. DISTRIBUTION WI</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">___________________________________</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">PRODUCT Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">CODE The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs. DISTRIBUTION ID and NV</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">PAGE NOT FOUND</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________ </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">125 tons</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">AL and FL </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">27,694,240 lbs</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">MI </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">None</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">?????</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">KY</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://data.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://data.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">=====</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">No code or lot number.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Mars Petcare US, Clinton, OK, by telephone on May 21, 2009. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Product may have contained prohibited materials without cautionary statement on the label.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">208,820 pounds</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">TX</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 26, 2009</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm180348.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm180348.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL KY VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ????? </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:19 pm PST </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE None </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ????? </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION KY </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">### </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________ </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"> REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED BAN WARNING LETTER ISSUED MAY 17, 2006 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: June 27, 2006 at 7:42 am PST Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">New Orleans District 297 Plus Park Blvd. Nashville, TN 37217</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Telephone: 615-781-5380 Fax: 615-781-5391</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">May 17, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">WARNING LETTER NO.. 2006-NOL-06</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">FEDERAL EXPRESS OVERNIGHT DELIVERY</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Mr. William Shirley, Jr., Owner Louisiana.DBA Riegel By-Products 2621 State Street Dallas, Texas 75204</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Mr. Shirley:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">On February 12, 17, 21, and 22, 2006, a U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) investigator inspected your rendering plant, located at 509 Fortson Street, Shreveport, Louisiana. The inspection revealed significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 589.2000 [21 CFR 589.2000], Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). You failed to follow the requirements of this regulation; products being manufactured and distributed by your facility are misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Our investigation found you failed to provide measures, including sufficient written procedures, to prevent commingling or cross-contamination and to maintain sufficient written procedures [21 CFR 589.2000(e)] because:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">You failed to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into animal protein or feeds which may be used for ruminants. For example, your facility uses the same equipment to process mammalian and poultry tissues. However, you use only hot water to clean the cookers between processing tissues from each species. You do not clean the auger, hammer mill, grinder, and spouts after processing mammalian tissues.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">You failed to maintain written procedures specifying the clean-out procedures or other means to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into feeds which may be used for ruminants.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">As a result . the poultry meal you manufacture may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues prohibited in ruminant feed. Pursuant to 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(i), any products containing or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues must be labeled, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Since you failed to label a product which may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues with the required cautionary statement. the poultry meal is misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Act.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">This letter is not intended as an all-inclusive list of violations at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take prompt action to correct these violations, and you should establish a system whereby violations do not recur. Failure to promptly correct these violations may result in regulatory action, such as seizure and/or injunction, without further notice.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">You should notify this office in writing within 15 working days of receiving this letter, outlining the specific steps you have taken to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response should include an explanation of each step taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be completed within 15 working days, state the reason for the delay and the date by which the corrections will be completed. Include copies of any available documentation demonstrating corrections have been made.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Your reply should be directed to Mark W. Rivero, Compliance Officer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2424 Edenborn Avenue, Suite 410, Metairie, Louisiana 70001. If you have questions regarding any issue in this letter, please contact Mr. Rivero at (504) 219-8818, extension 103.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Sincerely,</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">/S</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Carol S. Sanchez Acting District Director New Orleans District </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PLEASE NOTE, THE FDA URLS FOR OLD WARNING LETTERS ARE OBSOLETE AND DO NOT WORK IN MOST CASES.. I LOOKED UP THE OLD ONE ABOVE AND FOUND IT, BUT HAVE NOT DONE THAT FOR THE OTHERS TO FOLLOW. THE DATA IS VALID THOUGH! </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW PROTEIN IN COMMERCE USA 2006 RECALL UPDATE </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <[log in to unmask]> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Reply-To: SAFETY <[log in to unmask]> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: Mon, 9 Oct 2006 14:10:37 -0500 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL USA SEPT 6, 2006 1961.72 TONS </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">IN COMMERCE AL, TN, AND WV </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6; b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6; c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6; d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6. CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"> Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALLS ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006 KY, LA, MS, AL, GA, AND TN 11,000+ TONS </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 16, 2006 at 9:19 am PST RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-120-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE None </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal..</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"> Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"> MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248..128.67</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Description:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">CalDensity Black Label, CalDensity White Label with HA, packaged in white plastic 5, 15, 25, 40, 60 lb pails with plastic liner and white plastic lid. Reason for Recall:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">During an FDA inspection it was found that the CalDensity Black label and CalDensity White Label with HA product containers did not include the precautionary statement DO NOT FEED TO CATTLE OR OTHER RUMINANTS</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Quantity: 50,935 lbs</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Number: V-209-2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Code Information: 042009, 051009, 061209, 071509, 091009, 011510, 030310, 031610, 052610, 092410, 120110, 011211, 020111, 030911, 050111, 071111 & 090111. Classification: Class II Event Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Event ID: 61880</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary / Mandated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary: Firm Initiated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Type:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Veterinary</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Initial Firm Notification of Consignee or Public:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">E-Mail</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Status:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Terminated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Distribution Pattern:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Nationwide distribution: AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, KY, LA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NE, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, TX, UT, VA, WA & WV. No shipments were made to foreign countries including Canada.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recalling Firm:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Process Managers LLC</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">485 Gawthrope Dr </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Winchester, KY 40391-8910</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">United States</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Initiation Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">1/6/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Center Classification Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">9/7/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Date Terminated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">1/24/2014</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch </a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Description:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Regular Chicken 50# Ingredients: Corn, Wheat, Oats, Oyster shells, Medium Grit, CCC, ADS, Plant Protein Products, Animal Protein Products, Processed Grain By-Products, Roughage Products, Animal Fat procession with DHA, etc</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Reason for Recall:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">During an FDA sample collection, the firms 50# Regular Chicken Feed was found to contain mammalian protein. The label does not contain the warning statement.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Quantity:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">5400lbs (50lb bags)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Number:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">V-137-2013</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Code Information:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">8/6/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Classification:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Class III</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Event Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Event ID:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">63743</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary / Mandated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary: Firm Initiated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Type:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Veterinary</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Initial Firm Notification of Consignee or Public:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Other</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Status:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Terminated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Distribution Pattern:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Midland MI area only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recalling Firm:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Cohoons Elevator Inc.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">802 Townsend St </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Midland, MI 48640-5362</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">United States</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Initiation Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">11/21/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Center Classification Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">2/8/2013</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Date Terminated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">2/12/2013</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">(1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">(2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/animalveterinary/guidancecomplianceenforcement/guidanceforindustry/ucm052506.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/downloads/animalveterinary/guidancecomplianceenforcement/guidanceforindustry/ucm052506.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv8208821634aolmail_aolmail_AOLWebSuite yiv8208821634aolmail_aolmail_AOLWebSuiteM3"><div id="yiv8208821634aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_7a7e328d-d8bb-4cda-8d02-161612af1947"><div class="yiv8208821634aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div class="yiv8208821634aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_center" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; height: auto; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><div class="yiv8208821634aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_center" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; height: auto; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="yiv8208821634aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_center" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; height: auto; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">2017 Section 21 C.F.R. 589.2000, Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed</div></span></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">Subject: MICHIGAN FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE BREACH APRIL 4, 2017</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">MICHIGAN FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE BREACH APRIL 4, 2017</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory </span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">11998 DET-DO MI 48846-847 OPR 4/4/2017 OAI </span></span></h1><div><span style="color: #484138;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></div><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/bseinspections.csv" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/bseinspections.csv </a></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">NAI = NO ACTION INDICATED</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">OAI = OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">VAI = VOLUNTARY ACTION INDICATED</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">RTS = REFERRED TO STATE</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv8208821634aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">OAI (Official Action Indicated) when inspectors find significant objectionable conditions or practices and believe that regulatory sanctions are warranted to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation. An example of an OAI classification would be findings of manufacturing procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with prohibited material. Inspectors will promptly re-inspect facilities classified OAI after regulatory sanctions have been applied to determine whether the corrective actions are adequate to address the objectionable conditions...end...TSS</span></span></h1></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP ***</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 17, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">FY 2016 Inspectional Observation Summaries</div><div style="font-size: small;"><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/ucm531890.htm#Veterinary%20Medicine" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/ucm531890.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2015 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm481432.htm#Veterinary%20Medicine" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm481432.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2014 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/iceci/inspections/ucm424098.htm#Veterinary%20Medicine" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/iceci/inspections/ucm424098.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2013 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 5 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 5 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2012 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 5 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 4 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm326984.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm326984.htm</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2011 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 5 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 4 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm327135.htm#vet" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm327135.htm#vet</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2010 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 3 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 3 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255532.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255532.htm</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2009 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 10 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 4 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 3 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255534.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255534.htm</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2008 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 7 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255535.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255535.htm</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2007 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 3 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 3 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 2 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255536.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255536.htm</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2006 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 6 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 5 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 4 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 2 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255537.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255537.htm </a></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;">Tuesday, April 27, 2021 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;">Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020<br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html</a></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-45013164625151654702021-10-14T12:26:00.003-05:002021-10-14T12:26:28.753-05:00OIE Germany Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE (atypical type L)<p><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Germany Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE (atypical type L)</span></p><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Immediate notification</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">14/10/2021</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The event is ongoing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sender Country/territory Report ID</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Delegate of Germany Germany IN_152035</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Report reference Event status Self-declaration</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ATYPICAL BSE 2021 IN On-going No</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">General information</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Country or zone - Country Disease - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Started on - 29/09/2021</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Animal type - Terrestrial Confirmed on - 08/10/2021 Causal agent - Prion (atypical BSE type L) Disease category - OIE-listed Reported on - 13/10/2021 Last occurrence - 13/02/2014</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Reason - Recurrence</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Epidemiology</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Source of the event or origin of the infection - Unknown or inconclusive Epidemiological commentsThe cow which was born on 23 March 2007 was slaughtered on 27 September 2021 without clinical signs of disease.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">As part of the German targeted bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance system the 14-year-old cow was tested at the regional BSE laboratory in Bavaria with positive result on 29 September 2021.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Animal health measures have been immediately taken by the local veterinary authority and a brainstem sample was sent to the NRL (Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results from immunoblot tests at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute confirmed the animal positive for atypical BSE of the L-type. The animal’s carcass was destroyed. The identified animal did not enter food supply channels, and so at no time did it present any risk to human health.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Epidemiological investigations are still ongoing.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Control measures at event level Domestic control measures Applied</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">- Ante and post-mortem inspections</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">- Official destruction of animal products</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">- Movement control inside the country</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">- Official disposal of carcasses, by-products and waste</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">- Screening</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">- Surveillance within containment and or the protection zone</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">- Surveillance outside containment and or the protection zone</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">- Traceability</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">- Selective killing and disposal</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wild control measures</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Diagnostic</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Clinical signs - No Method of diagnostic - Diagnostic test</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Test name Category Test type Laboratory Species</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">sampled</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Outbreaks Tested from Tested until Result</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Immunological methods for antigen or FriedrichLoeffler Institute Immunoblot tests</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Laboratory</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Test</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle 1 08/10/2021 Positive protein detection</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">National Laboratory</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Quantitative data summary</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Measuring unit - Animal</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Species Type Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered Vaccinated Outbreak morbidity Outbreak mortality</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle New 56 1 0 1 0 0 - -</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle Total 56 1 0 1 0 0 - -</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">All species New 56 1 0 1 0 0 - -</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">All species Total 56 1 0 1 0 0 - -</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Outbreaks</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ob_91520-Kraiburg a. Inn</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Outbreak reference - 21-031-00006 Started on - 29/09/2021 First administrative division - Bayern</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Second administrative division - Mühldorf am Inn</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Epidemiological unit - Farm Geographic coordinates - 48.195,12.434</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Third administrative division - Kraiburg a. Inn</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Approximate location - Yes Location - Kraiburg a. Inn</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Species Type Measuring unit Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered Vaccinated</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle New Animal 56 1 0 1 0 0</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle Total Animal 56 1 0 1 0 0</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">All species New Animal 56 1 0 1 0 0</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">All species Total Animal 56 1 0 1 0 0 </span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=41112" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=41112</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 class="date-header" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 11.7px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">SATURDAY, JANUARY 18, 2014</h2><div class="date-posts" style="background-color: #fff3db;"><div class="post-outer"><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a name="1724830506553434531" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer;"></a></span><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ,Germany Information received on 17/01/2014</h3><div class="post-header" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1724830506553434531" itemprop="description articleBody"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="outline: none; padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman";">English</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td><td style="outline: none; padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman";">PDF reports</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td style="outline: none; padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Français</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td><td style="outline: none; padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rapports PDF</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td style="outline: none; padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Español</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td><td style="outline: none; padding: 0.75pt;"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman";">informes PDF</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h1 style="background-color: #9d2b3c; color: #612e00; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 29.25px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 6px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #612e00; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ,Germany</span></span></h1><br /><div class="textital" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Information received on 17/01/2014 from Dr. Karin Schwabenbauer, Ministerial Dirigentin and Chief Veterinary Officer , Directorate of Animal Health, Animal Welfare, Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV) , Bonn, Germany</em></span></span></div><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Summary</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Report type</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Immediate notification (Final report)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date of start of the event</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">30/12/2013</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date of pre-confirmation of the event</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">09/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Report date</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">17/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date submitted to OIE</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">17/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date event resolved</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">16/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Reason for notification</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Reoccurrence of a listed disease</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date of previous occurrence</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">22/06/2009</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Manifestation of disease</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Sub-clinical infection</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Causal agent</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Prion (atypical BSE L-type)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Nature of diagnosis</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Laboratory (advanced)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">This event pertains to</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">the whole country</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>New outbreaks</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Summary of outbreaks</span></span></b></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Total outbreaks: 1</span></span></b></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Outbreak Location</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">BRANDENBURG ( 14-031-00001, Eisenhüttenstadt-Lawitz, Oder-Spree )</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Total animals affected</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Species</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Susceptible</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Cases</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Deaths</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Destroyed</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Slaughtered</span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Cattle</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">80</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">1</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">0</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">7</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">6</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Outbreak statistics</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Species</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Apparent morbidity rate</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Apparent mortality rate</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Apparent case fatality rate</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Proportion susceptible animals lost*</span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Cattle</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">1.25%</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">16.25%</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter;</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Epidemiology</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Unknown or inconclusive</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Epidemiological comments</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">As part of the German targeted bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance system, a case of BSE classified as atypical (L-type) was identified in a cow at slaughter. An epidemiological investigation of the event was conducted. The summary of the event is as follows:<br />• The cow was slaughtered at the age of ten years and five months without clinical signs of disease.<br />• Results from immunoblot tests at the National Reference Laboratory (Friedrich-Loeffler Institute) confirmed the animal positive for atypical BSE of the L-type, a very rare form of the disease not generally associated with an animal consuming infected feed.<br />• The animal’s carcass was destroyed. The identified animal did not enter food supply channels, and so at no time did it present any risk to human health.<br />• The epidemiological investigation identified seven offspring cattle, five of which were already slaughtered and two of which were still on the farm of origin and have been killed and destroyed. The tracing of the bovines born on the farm from one year before until one year after the birth of the identified cow revealed 5 bovines which have subsequently been killed and destroyed.<br />The OIE does not recognize an atypical form of BSE as a distinct entity for the purpose of its international standards; therefore, it is not mentioned in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code, which does not distinguish between different forms of BSE.</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Control measures</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Measures applied</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Movement control inside the country</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Screening</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Modified stamping out</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">No vaccination</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">No treatment of affected animals</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Measures to be applied</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">No other measures</span></span></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Diagnostic test results</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Laboratory name and type</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI) ( National laboratory )</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Tests and results</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Species</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="40%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Test</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Test date</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="10%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Result</span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Cattle</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">western blot</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">09/01/2014</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Positive</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Future Reporting</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><br /></div><br /><h1 style="background-color: #9d2b3c; color: #612e00; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 29.25px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 6px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #612e00; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 13.5pt;">Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine ,Allemagne</span></span></h1><br /><div class="textital" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Information reçue le 17/01/2014 de Dr. Karin Schwabenbauer, Ministerial Dirigentin and Chief Veterinary Officer , Directorate of Animal Health, Animal Welfare, Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV) , Bonn, Allemagne</em></span></span></div><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Résumé</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Type de rapport</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Notification immédiate (rapport final)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date de début de l’événement</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">30/12/2013</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date de pré-confirmation de l´événement</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">09/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date du rapport</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">17/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date d'envoi à l'OIE</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">17/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date de clôture de l'événement</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">16/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Raison de notification</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Réapparition d’une maladie appartenant à la liste de l'OIE</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date de la précédente apparition de la maladie</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">22/06/2009</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Manifestation de la maladie</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Infection sub-clinique</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Agent causal</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Prion (ESB atypique type L)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Nature du diagnostic</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Tests approfondis en laboratoire (i.e. virologie, microscopie électronique, biologie moléculaire, immunologie)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Cet événement se rapporte à</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">tout le pays</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Nouveaux foyers</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Récapitulatif des foyers</span></span></b></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Nombre total de foyers : 1</span></span></b></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Localisation du foyer</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">BRANDENBURG ( 14-031-00001, Eisenhüttenstadt-Lawitz, Oder-Spree )</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Nombre total d'animaux atteints</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Espèce(s)</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Sensibles</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Cas</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Morts</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Détruits</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Abattus</span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovins</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">80</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">1</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">0</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">7</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">6</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Statistiques sur le foyer</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Espèce(s)</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Taux de morbidité apparent</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Taux de mortalité apparent</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Taux de fatalité apparent</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Proportion d'animaux sensibles perdus*</span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovins</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">1.25%</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">16.25%</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">* Soustraits de la population sensible suite à la mort, à l´abattage et/ou à la destruction;</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Epidémiologie</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Source du/des foyer(s) ou origine de l´infection</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Inconnue ou incertaine</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Autres renseignements épidémiologiques / Commentaires</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Dans le cadre du système allemand de surveillance spécifique pour l’encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (ESB), un cas d’ESB classé atypique (type L) a été identifié chez une vache à l’abattoir. Une enquête épidémiologique de l’événement a été effectuée. Le résumé de l’événement est le suivant :<br />• La vache a été abattue à l’âge de dix ans et cinq mois sans signes cliniques de maladie.<br />• Les résultats du western blot au Laboratoire national de référence (Institut Friedrich-Loeffler) ont confirmé que l’animal était positif pour l’ESB atypique de type L, une forme très rare de la maladie n’étant généralement pas associée à la consommation par l’animal de nourriture infectée.<br />• La carcasse de l’animal a été détruite. L’animal identifié n’a pas été introduit dans la chaine alimentaire et, par conséquence, à aucun moment, il n’a présenté aucun risque pour la santé humaine.<br />• L’enquête épidémiologique a identifié sept petits, dont cinq étaient déjà abattus et deux étaient encore dans l’exploitation d’origine et ont été tués et détruits. L’enquête sur les bovins nés dans l’exploitation un an avant et jusqu’à un an après la naissance de la vache identifiée a révélé 5 bovins, lesquels ont été ensuite tués et détruits.<br />L’OIE ne reconnaît pas une forme atypique d’ESB comme entité distincte aux fins de ses normes internationales ; par conséquent, cette forme n’est pas mentionnée dans le Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres de l’OIE, qui ne fait pas de distinction entre les différentes formes de l’ESB.</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Mesures de lutte</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Mesure de lutte appliquées</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Restriction des déplacements à l'intérieur du pays</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Dépistage</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Désinfection des établissements infectés</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Abattage sanitaire partiel</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pas de vaccination</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Aucun traitement des animaux atteints</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Mesures à appliquer</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Aucune autre mesure</span></span></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Résultats des tests de diagnostics</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Nom du laboratoire et type</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Institut Friedrich-Loeffler ( Laboratoire national )</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Tests et résultats</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Espèce(s)</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="40%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Test</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date du test</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="10%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Résultat</span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovins</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">western blot</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">09/01/2014</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Positif</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Rapports futurs</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">L’événement est terminé. Aucun autre rapport ne sera envoyé.</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><br /></div><br /><h1 style="background-color: #9d2b3c; color: #612e00; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 29.25px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 6px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #612e00; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 13.5pt;">Encefalopatía espongiforme bovina ,Alemania</span></span></h1><br /><div class="textital" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Información recibida el 17/01/2014 desde Dr. Karin Schwabenbauer, Ministerial Dirigentin and Chief Veterinary Officer , Directorate of Animal Health, Animal Welfare, Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz (BMELV) , Bonn, Alemania</em></span></span></div><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Resumen</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Tipo de informe</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Notificación inmediata(Informe final)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha del inicio del evento</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">30/12/2013</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha de pre-confirmación del evento</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">09/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha del informe</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">17/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha de envio del informe a la OIE</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">17/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha del cierre del evento</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">16/01/2014</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Motivo de la notificación</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Reaparición de una enfermedad de la Lista de la OIE</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha de la anterior aparición de la enfermedad</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">22/06/2009</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Manifestación de la enfermedad</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Infección sub-clínica</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Agente causal</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Prion (EEB atípica tipo L)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Naturaleza del diagnóstico</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pruebas de diagnóstico de laboratorio avanzadas (ej. virología, microscopía electrónica, biología molecular e inmunología)</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Este evento concierne</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">todo el país</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Nuevos focos</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Resumen de los focos</span></span></b></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Número total de focos: 1</span></span></b></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Localización del foco</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">BRANDENBURG ( 14-031-00001, Eisenhüttenstadt-Lawitz, Oder-Spree )</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Número total de animales afectados</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Especies</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Susceptibles</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Casos</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Muertos</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Destruidos</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="17%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Sacrificados</span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovinos</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">80</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">1</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">0</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">7</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">6</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Estadística del foco</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Especies</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Tasa de morbilidad aparente</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Tasa de mortalidad aparente</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Tasa de fatalidad aparente</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="20%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Proporción de animales susceptibles perdidos*</span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovinos</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">1.25%</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">16.25%</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">* Descontados de la población susceptible a raíz de su muerte, destrucción o sacrificio;</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Epidemiología</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Fuente del o de los focos u origen de la infección</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Desconocida o no concluyente</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Otros detalles epidemiológicos / comentarios</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Dentro del sistema alemán de vigilancia específica para la encefalopatía espongiforme bovina (EEB), se identificó un caso de EEB clasificado como atípico (tipo L) en una vaca en el matadero. Se llevó a cabo una investigación epidemiológica del evento. El resumen del evento es el siguiente:<br />• La vaca fue sacrificada a la edad de diez años y cinco meses sin signos clínicos de enfermedad.<br />• Los resultados del western blot en el Laboratorio nacional de referencia (Instituto Friedrich-Loeffler) confirmaron que el animal era positivo para EEB atípica de tipo L, una forma muy rara de la enfermedad que no se asocia por lo general a un animal que ha consumido piensos infectados.<br />• La canal del animal fue destruida. El animal identificado no entró en la cadena alimentaria y, por consiguiente, en ningún momento, supuso un riesgo para la salud humana.<br />• La investigación epidemiológica identificó siete crías, de las cuales cinco ya estaban sacrificadas y dos todavía estaban en la explotación de origen y han sido matadas y destruidas. La investigación de los bovinos nacidos en la explotación un año antes y hasta un año después del nacimiento de la vaca identificada reveló 5 bovinos, que posteriormente han sido matados y destruidos.<br />La OIE no reconoce una forma atípica de EEB como entidad distinta a efectos de sus normas internacionales; por consiguiente, no se menciona en el Código sanitario para los animales terrestres de la OIE, que no distingue las diferentes formas de la EEB.</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Medidas de Control</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Medidas implementadas</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Restricción de los movimientos en el interior del país</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Tamizaje</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Desinfección de áreas infectadas</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Sacrificio sanitario parcial</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Vacunación: no</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Ningún tratamiento de los animales afectados</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Medidas para implementar</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul style="margin: 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="background: url("https://resources.blogblog.com/blogblog/data/scribe/list_icon.gif") left 0.3em no-repeat; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; padding: 0px 0px 0.6em 17px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Ninguna otra medida</span></span></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Resultados de las pruebas diagnósticas</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Nombre y tipo de laboratorio</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Instituto Friedrich-Loeffler ( Laboratorio nacional )</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="16%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Pruebas y resultados</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="35%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Especies</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="40%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Prueba</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="15%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha de la prueba</span></span></i></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top" width="10%"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Resultados</span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovinos</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">western blot</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">09/01/2014</span></span></div></td><td style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Positivo</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #992035; font-size: 13.5pt;"><em>Informes futuros</em></span></span></h2><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-color: currentcolor; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">El episodio ha sido resuelto. Ningún otro informe será enviado</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> <a href="http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/temp/reports/en_imm_0000014656_20140117_144929.pdf" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/temp/reports/en_imm_0000014656_20140117_144929.pdf</a></div><br /><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Saturday, January 18, 2014</div><br /><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">GERMANY DETECTS A CASE OF ATYPICAL BSE Jan 17, 2014</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/01/germany-detects-case-of-atypical-bse.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/01/germany-detects-case-of-atypical-bse.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Subject: CJD DOUBLES IN GERMANY FROM 1993 TO 2005 Date: May 1, 2007 at 8:47 am PST</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">© The Author (2007). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in Germany: a prospective 12-year surveillance U. Heinemann1, A. Krasnianski1, B. Meissner1, D. Varges1, K. Kallenberg2, W. J. Schulz-Schaeffer3, B. J. Steinhoff4, E. M. Grasbon-Frodl5, H. A. Kretzschmar5 and I. Zerr1 1National TSE Reference Center at Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany, 2Department of Neuroradiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany, 4Epilepsy Center Kork, Diakonie Kork, Germany and 5Department of Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Germany</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Correspondence to: Inga Zerr, MD, National Reference Center for TSE, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany E-mail: IngaZerr@med.uni-goettingen.de</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder with a worldwide incidence of 1–1.5 per million. As in other countries, a CJD surveillance unit with a clinical and neuropathological approach was established in Goettingen (Germany) in 1993. Here we report the epidemiological data from a prospective 12-year surveillance. Since 1993, there has been an increasing incidence of CJD, from 0.7 in 1993 to 1.6 in 2005 with a quite stable level since 1998. During this period, the proportion of patients with MV and VV codon 129 genotype rose, possibly because of better identification of atypical subtypes. Six percent of all patients had a PRNP mutation, mainly D178N-129M (FFI), E200K and V210I. Iatrogenic CJD was a rare phenomenon. No patient infected by cadaveric growth hormone extracts was reported. Furthermore, no variant CJD patient has yet been identified in Germany. Differential diagnoses revealed a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, with Alzheimer's disease in the lead. One-third of the non-CJD patients included in this study suffered from a potentially treatable disorder such as metabolic or inflammatory diseases. The incidence and mortality rates in Germany are similar to those in other European countries. In contrast, however, acquired forms, such as iatrogenic and variant CJD are still rare in Germany or have not yet been identified.</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Key Words: CJD; dementia; epidemiology; diagnosis; CSF; MRI; codon 129 genotype; genetic CJD; reversible/treatable dementia</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/5/1350?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=prion&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&volume=130&issue=5&resourcetype=HWCIT" style="color: #668844; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/5/1350?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=prion&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&volume=130&issue=5&resourcetype=HWCIT</a></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Copyright © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical BSE in Germany—Proof of transmissibility and biochemical characterization</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">A. Buschmanna, A. Gretzschela, A.-G. Biacabeb, K. Schiebelc, C. Coronad, C. Hoffmanna, M. Eidena, T. Baronb, C. Casaloned and Martin H. Groschupa, ,</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">aFriedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Boddenblick 5a, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany bAFSSA-Lyon, Unite ATNC, Lyon, France cInstitut für Biochemie, Universitity Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany dCEA, Instituto Zooprofilattico di Turino, Turin, Italy</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Received 11 January 2006; revised 23 May 2006; accepted 2 June 2006. Available online 17 August 2006.</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Abstract Intensive active surveillance has uncovered two atypical German BSE cases in older cattle which resemble the two different atypical BSE phenotypes that have recently been described in France (designated H-type) and Italy (designated L-type or BASE). The H-type is characterized by a significantly higher molecular size, but a conventional glycopattern of the proteinase K treated abnormal prion protein (PrPSc), while the L-type PrPSc has only a slightly lower molecular size and a distinctly different glycopattern. In this paper we describe the successful transmission of both German atypical BSE cases to transgenic mice overexpressing bovine PrPC. Upon challenge with the L-type, these mice developed BSE after a substantially shorter incubation period than any classical BSE transmission using these mice to date. In contrast, the incubation period was distinctly prolonged when these mice were challenged with the H-type. PrPSc accumulated in the brains of these mice were of the same atypical BSE type that had been used for the transmission. These atypical cases suggest the possible existence of sporadic BSE cases in bovines. It is thus feasible that the BSE epidemic in the UK could have also been initiated by an intraspecies transmission from a sporadic BSE case.</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Keywords: BSE; Cattle; PrPSc; Biochemical differentiation</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/" style="color: #668844; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.sciencedirect.com/</a></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Subject: BSE in Germany - Update Covering 2006 compared to USA Date: February 1, 2007 at 3:09 pm PST</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Released: Feb 1 2007 Germany | BSE in Germany - Update Covering 2006 GM7004 Highlight: In 2006, 16 cases of BSE were confirmed in Germany, compared to 32 in 2005. This brings the total number of BSE cases to 405, since it was first detected in Germany in November 2000. In June 2006, Germany abolished its stricter BSE testing requirements and replaced it with the standard EU testing regime. Beef consumption is still below the pre-BSE level, primarily because of healthier consumer eating habits rather than fears of BSE.</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">BSE tests</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">In 2006, a total of 1,888,053 animals were tested for BSE in Germany, of which 16 BSE</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">cases were confirmed. Of the total, eight cases were discovered through routine testing at</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">slaughter.</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200701/146280051.pdf" style="color: #668844; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200701/146280051.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">GM6020 06/19/2006 Germany Raises BSE Testing Age to EU Level</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200606/146198017.pdf" style="color: #668844; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200606/146198017.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">GM6004 02/16/2006 Germany plans to adjust BSE testing age to EU level</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200602/146176859.pdf" style="color: #668844; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200602/146176859.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">GM6003 01/27/2006 BSE in Germany - Update Covering 2005</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200601/146176673.pdf" style="color: #668844; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200601/146176673.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">GM3006 02/27/2003 German Cattle Identification and Beef Labeling</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200302/145884797.pdf" style="color: #668844; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200302/145884797.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">GM1033 11/27/2001 One year after the detection of BSE in Germany</div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(Includes a detailed outline of the German risk management</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">system)</span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200111/135682795.pdf" style="color: #cc6600; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;">http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200111/135682795.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">In your letter, you accurately state that I am being pressed to take political decisions in this area. This is due to the fact that, in the opinion of experts, BSE may also pose a risk to humans, although the extent of this risk and the conclusions to be drawn are a matter of contention. </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Great political pressure has built up here in Germany and I have to take account of it. This pressure comes from the field of scientific debate and the media, but above all from Bundestag and the Bundescrat, which has a strong position in the legislative process in Germany. ...94/06.16/11.1</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506051805/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/16011001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506051805/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/16011001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">British Beef Exports </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/20002001.pdf </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">see; </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030911232228/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/20002001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20030911232228/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/20002001.pdf</a> </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">BSE-</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">GERMANY PROPOSAL FOR COSMETICS PRODUCTS </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/23007001.pdf </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">SEE ; </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030514232923/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/23007001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20030514232923/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/23007001.pdf</a> </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">EXPORT of bone-in beef from UK, to other member state BSE </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/05005001.pdf </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">see; </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040624222032/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/05005001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20040624222032/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/05005001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">e) one way for the industry to take the damages action would be for it to send a consignment of beef to Germany after the regulation came into affect, and to have it turned back at the German border. </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/29018001.pdf </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">see ; </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511013923/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/29018001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511013923/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/29018001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">CONFIDENTIAL - POLICY AND COMMERCIAL BSE: LEGAL ACTIONS AGAINST GERMANY </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/20017001.pdf </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">see ; </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040527093308/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/20017001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20040527093308/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/20017001.pdf</a> </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">it's o.k. to poison 3rd world countries with BSE </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">CONFIDENTIAL POLICY ‘’WE WOULD NOT RECOMMEND AGREEING TO A BAN ON OUR EXPORTS TO THIRD COUNTRIES AND THIS HAS NOT FEATURED IN THE RECENT DISCUSSIONS.’’ </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/05/20002001.pdf </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">see ; </span></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040907014228/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/05/20002001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20040907014228/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/05/20002001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #dddd99; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Subject:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Re: no further BSE-tests in NRW (Germany)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">From:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">J Ralph Blanchfield <jralphb@easynet.co.uk></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Reply To:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Date:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Tue, 29 Jun 1999 03:41:06 GMT</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Content-Type:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">text/plain</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Parts/Attachments:<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">text/plain (43 lines)</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Hello Roland, Terry and Everyone,</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">On Tue, 29 Jun 1999 00:20:09 +0200, you wrote:</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>Dear Terry,</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>> Roland, that's rather scarey..............</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>> But, what I find most interesting, is that a country as small as Germany, can</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>> test 5,029 cattle for B.S.E., in about 4 months. But, it takes the U.S.A. 9</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>> years to test 7,749 cattle for B.S.E. With the cattle population in the</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>U.S.,</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>> compared to that of Germany, it would look as if though, they really were not</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>> looking very hard, for B.S.E. in the United States..............</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>Germany is not so small and about 140,000 dollars for this 5000 tests are</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>peanuts even for Nordrhein-Westfalen which is only a relatively small</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>part of Germany. This are less than 28 dollar for each animal or a few</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>cent per steak. This is essentially nothing and of course much less than</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>the decrease of the prize for cattle as a consequence of the erosion of</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>trust. I am sure we agree that the costs are not the reason for the test</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>stop in NRW or the refusal to test in other countries. The real reason</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>not to test for BSE is of cause the fear to find something.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>The 5029 Prionics tests in NRW are not comparable with the 7749 tests in</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">>the USA, because the Prionics test is much faster and cheaper.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Another important reason why they are not comparable is that, whereas the</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">NRW Prionics tests were carried out on apparently healthy cattle, the USA</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">tests were all on brains of cattle selected for testing because they had</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">shown neurological clinical symptoms.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Regards</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Ralph</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">******************************************************************</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">J Ralph Blanchfield MBE</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Food Science, Food Technology & Food Law Consultant</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Chair, IFST External Affairs</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Web Editor, Institute of Food Science & Technology</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">IFST Web address <http://www.easynet.co.uk/ifst/></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">e-mail: <jralphb@easynet.co.uk> ICQ# 6254687.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">ICQ Web page <wwp.mirabilis.com/6254687></span></div></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Subject: Re: no further BSE-tests in NRW (Germany) </div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">From: "Roland Heynkes @ T-Online" </div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Date: Tue, 29 Jun 1999 00:20:09 +0200 Content-Type: text/plain</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">> Roland, that's rather scarey..............</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">> But, what I find most interesting, is that a country as small as Germany, can</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">> test 5,029 cattle for B.S.E., in about 4 months. But, it takes the U.S.A. 9</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">> years to test 7,749 cattle for B.S.E. With the cattle population in the U.S.,</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">> compared to that of Germany, it would look as if though, they really were not > looking very hard, for B.S.E. in the United States..............</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">> Germany is not so small and about 140,000 dollars for this 5000 tests are peanuts even for Nordrhein-Westfalen which is only a relatively small part of Germany. This are less than 28 dollar for each animal or a few cent per steak. This is essentially nothing and of course much less than the decrease of the prize for cattle as a consequence of the erosion of trust. I am sure we agree that the costs are not the reason for the test stop in NRW or the refusal to test in other countries. The real reason not to test for BSE is of cause the fear to find something.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The 5029 Prionics tests in NRW are not comparable with the 7749 tests in the USA, because the Prionics test is much faster and cheaper.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">best regards</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Roland Heynkes</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Erkwiesenstr. 19 D-52072 Aachen (Germany) Tel.: +49 (0)241/932070 Fax: +49 (0)241/932071 email: roland.heynkes@t-online.de <a href="http://home.t-online.de/home/Roland.Heynkes" style="color: #668844; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://home.t-online.de/home/Roland.Heynkes</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Subject: no further BSE-tests in NRW (Germany) </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">From: "Roland Heynkes @ T-Online" <Roland.Heynkes@t-online.de> </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Reply To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE> </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Date: Mon, 28 Jun 1999 18:01:33 +0200 Content-Type: text/plain Parts/Attachments: text/plain (32 lines) </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Dear members of BSE-L,</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">today Baerbel Hoehn, the minister for agriculture in Nordrhein-Westfalen (one of the states of Germany) stated that 5029 cattle have been tested negative with the Prionics BSE-test since 3 March 1999. Unfortunately she is not prepared to continue with sporadic tests, even not for cows that will be imported from France or the Republic Ireland.</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">I had the opportunity to ask Dr. David, the BSE-expert of minister Hoehn, for actual measurements against the spreading of possible BSE-infectivity within German food chains. From him I learned that the in BSE cattle most infective tissues are not excluded from human or animals food in Germany, that British sheep, milk and tallow are still allowed to become imported to Germany, that German calves are still allowed to drink tallow, gelatin and even blood within their artificial food, and that in Germany meat-bone-meal from apparently healthy farm animals is still produced with less than 100 degree Celsius. Only pets, wild animals and sick farm animals have to be processed at 133 degree Celsius to become animal meal. But both, animal meal and meat-bone-meal are still allowed to be in the food for pigs, poultry and fish.</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">prosit</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Roland Heynkes</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Erkwiesenstr. 19 D-52072 Aachen (Germany) Tel.: +49 (0)241/932070 Fax: +49 (0)241/932071 email: roland.heynkes@t-online.de http://home.t-online.de/home/Roland.Heynkes</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: Re: no further BSE-tests in NRW (Germany)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder@WT.NET></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Reply To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: Mon, 28 Jun 1999 20:30:17 -0500</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Content-Type: text/plain</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Parts/Attachments: </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">text/plain (64 lines)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Roland, I agree 100%, about the Countries being afraid they might find something, that's what I have been saying about the U.S. The Industries involved realize, if they start looking, they might find. Then, as you say, the industries would be in serious trouble. Roland, why is it, do you suppose, the U.S. does not use the prionics test? Even if it's not 100%, something would be better than nothing, wouldn't you think? It just seems to me, that only testing 7,749 cattle out of 900 MILLION, since 1990, is not sufficient, with the threat of this disease, due to the same exact circumstances, that were in the U.K. (feeding and rendering). And if you look at CJD, from the Victims Families point of view, and if you look at CJD Voice, and or CJD watch Map, and the CJD Foundation Guest book, you would see, that sporadic CJD is on the rise. It is similar to the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.K. between 1990 and 1998 (during the B.S.E crisis). Now they will say, "but the statistics show, one in a million", but that's totally bogus, with the current system of tracking CJD Victims, and we all know it. And as wealthy as the U.S. and the big buisness's are said to be, it just seems they don't want to know, and will do anything to dis-credit any type of test that would show it, except the ones that cost so much, (this is always their excuse)...........</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thanks for the reply, kindest regards, Terry</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., DeadMom hvCJD, Bacliff, Texas USA</span></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FURTHER DISCUSSION on BSE-L about BSE risk in Germany (these are old discussions). ...TSS</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><table class="width-100 nopadding border tablesorter tablesorter-default hasFilters" id="BSE-L-a1-table" role="grid" style="background-color: #f7f9fe; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1303px;"><tbody aria-live="polite" aria-relevant="all"><tr class="odd" role="row"><td class="normalgroup row-l" scope="row" style="background-color: white; border-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 5px;"><br /></td><td class="normalgroup row-l" style="background-color: white; border-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 5px;"></td><td class="normalgroup nowrap row-l" style="background-color: white; border-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 5px; white-space: nowrap;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Atypical scrapie cases in Germany and France are identified by discrepant reaction patterns in BSE rapid tests.Buschmann A, Biacabe AG, Ziegler U, Bencsik A, Madec JY, Erhardt G, Lühken G, Baron T, Groschup MH. Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Boddenblick 5a, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The intensified surveillance of scrapie in small ruminants in the European Union (EU) has resulted in a substantial increase of the number of diagnosed cases. Four rapid tests which have passed the EU evaluation for BSE testing of cattle are also recommended currently and used for the testing of small ruminants by the EU authorities. These tests include an indirect ELISA (cELISA), a colorimetric sandwich ELISA (sELISA I), a chemiluminescent sandwich ELISA (sELISA II), and a Western blot (WB). To this point, the majority of samples have been screened by using either sELISA I (predominantly in Germany) or WB (predominantly in France). In this study, it is shown that a number of the German and French scrapie cases show inconsistent results using rapid and confirmatory test methods. Forty-eight German sheep, 209 French sheep and 19 French goat transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) cases were tested. All cases were recognised by the sELISA I and either one of the confirmatory methods (scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF)-immunoblot or immunohistochemistry). Surprisingly, three rapid tests failed to detect a significant number of scrapie cases (29 in France and 24 in Germany). The possible reasons for these inconsistent reaction patterns of scrapie cases are discussed. Similar discrepancies have not been observed during rapid testing of cattle for BSE, the disease for which all diagnostic methods applied have been evaluated.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PMID: 15019257 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=15019257&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google" style="color: #cc6600; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=15019257&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Volume 26, Number 8—August 2020</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">CME ACTIVITY - Research</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease among Physicians, Germany, 1993–2018</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Peter Hermann1Comments to Author , Johannes Treig1, Steffen Unkel, Stefan Goebel, Timothy Bunck, Martha Jünemann, Tim Friede, and Inga Zerr Author affiliations: University Medical Center Göttingen Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany (P. Hermann, J. Treig, S. Goebel, T. Bunck, M. Jünemann, I. Zerr); University Medical Center Göttingen Department of Medical Statistics, Göttingen (S. Unkel, T. Friede); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen (I. Zerr)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Abstract</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">We investigated sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) among physicians in Germany by analyzing occupational information of patients with sCJD recorded by the German CJD Surveillance Unit (1993–2005; 1,250 patients, of whom 4 [0.32%] were physicians) and the National Reference Center for Human Spongiform Encephalopathies (2006–2016; 1,491 patients, of whom 13 [0.87%] were physicians). Among the physicians, we did not identify any neurologists, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, or pathologists. A cumulative sum test showed an increase in reported physicians over time. Data for 2017–2018 indicated an increased rate of physicians among all notified sCJD cases (5/239 [2.1%]) when we used the total population of Germany as control group. Our data suggest the possibility of an increased risk for sCJD among physicians in Germany. However, we can only speculate about the reasons, and larger multinational studies are needed to replicate the finding and to clarify whether this finding is a general or a country-specific phenomenon.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a syndrome comprising dementia and various neurologic signs and symptoms (1) caused by the transmissible misfolded prion protein scrapie (2). Reported death rates and incidence rates differ from 1.67 (3) to >2 per million person-years (4,5). In contrast to animal prion diseases (6,7), transmitted human prion diseases are uncommon. Variant CJD (vCJD) caused by ingestion of beef is rare (231 cases worldwide) (8), and its incidence has decreased since 2000 (9). Most cases of human prion disease are sporadic CJD (sCJD; 84%–93%), followed by genetic CJD (5%–10%). Only <4% are considered to be iatrogenic (iCJD) (3,10–12). Clinical diagnostic criteria of iCJD imply the presence of an iatrogenic risk factor (13). Known cases were caused by cadaver-derived growth hormones, dura mater grafts, neurosurgical instrument contamination, and corneal grafts (12). On the other hand, iCJD might be overlooked when no classic risk factor is present. Neuropathologic characteristics can identify iCJD only in a subgroup of cases (14,15). Unrecorded cases related to surgery are likely because an increased risk for sCJD in persons with a history of surgery was reported (16); however, data on this issue remain ambiguous (17). vCJD transmitted by transfusion of blood products has been reported (8), but no confirmed case was recorded among recipients of blood from donors with sCJD (18–20).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">An increased risk for iCJD among caregivers and healthcare professionals has been suggested, but its evaluation is complex (21–24). Previous studies neither unequivocally displayed nor ruled out relevant increases in risk for CJD among healthcare professionals (25,26). Furthermore, these investigations were mostly designed as case–control studies, which are prone to bias because of case selection. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate sCJD among physicians using historical epidemiologic data from 25 years of CJD surveillance in Germany and the whole population of that country as controls.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Methods</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Study Design and Data Acquisition</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">In the framework of a retrospective cohort study, we evaluated 4,645 patient files representing all suspected CJD cases reported to the German surveillance group during June 1993–December 2016 about the patient’s occupational history to identify physicians of all specialties. In addition and as negative controls, we collected information about other professions.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The centralized assessment of suspected human prion diseases in Germany started in June 1993 and was conducted by the CJD Surveillance Unit of the University Medical Center Goettingen. Since January 2006, health authorities have officially charged this center with CJD surveillance and named it the National Reference Center for Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (NRZ-TSE). In Germany, notification of sCJD is required. Health authorities advise clinical institutions to contact the NRZ-TSE for clinical classifications of notified cases. The NRZ-TSE counsels physicians with respect to differential diagnosis and hygienic issues and records clinical data, including the patient’s professional background. Specifically, until 2006, physicians from the CJD Surveillance Unit visited and interviewed patients and caregivers using a standardized questionnaire.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Patient Cohorts</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">We considered all patients in the database for this study. Inclusion criteria for further analyses were diagnosis of probable or definite sCJD according to World Health Organization criteria (2) and age >35 years. We reviewed all available questionnaires (evaluated by the NRZ-TSE) and medical reports (sent to the NRZ-TSE by treating institution) since 1993 for patient’s professions to identify physicians. During 1993–2005, the research group of the University Medical Center Goettingen had to actively search for suspected CJD cases (e.g., through regular newsletters to all neurologic and psychiatric centers in Germany). Most reported patients had been visited by physicians from the research group, and epidemiologic questionnaires were available for analyses. In 2006, the group was assigned as National Reference Center, leading to a substantial increase in reported cases and resulted in a decrease in the proportion of visitations and interviews. Because of these structural differences, we divided the study cohort into cohort A (reported 1993–2005; 1,250 persons) and cohort B (reported 2006–2016; 1,491 persons) and analyzed them separately.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Population-Based Cohorts</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">We used publicly available data on the population of Germany to create control groups in each time frame (matching cohorts A and B). Numbers of working and retired physicians were sourced from the database of the German Federal Medical Association (Bundesärztekammer [BÄK], Berlin, Germany), which provides the number of physicians and information about age, sex, specialty, and location. Membership is required for, but is not restricted to, all working physicians and does not expire with retirement. To analyze the entire population, we obtained numbers from the German Federal Office of Statistics.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Data Analyses and Statistical Methods</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">BÄK data give numbers of physicians in Germany in different age categories. The youngest category was <35 years of age (without further differentiation). Only 10 patients in the sCJD cohort were <35 years of age, and none were physicians. We included only patients and controls >35 years of age to achieve approximate age matching between the German physicians and the sCJD cohort. We did not further stratify for age (and sex) because of the low case count among physicians with sCJD. We pooled all data from our sources using Excel 2016 (Microsoft, https://www.microsoft.comExternal Link). We used Statistica (https://www.statsoft.deExternal Link) for descriptive analyses and performed further statistical analyses using the statistical software R version 3.4.2 (https://www.r-project.orgExternal Link). We considered results with p<0.05 to be significant.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The aims of the study were to evaluate the rate of physicians in the cohort of CJD patients and to investigate a potential risk modification using population-based data. The aims had been framed before data collection. We used Fisher exact test to compare the number of physicians in the cohort of CJD patients and the number of physicians in the population of Germany.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Analyses were performed as follows. To define the number of nonphysicians in the CJD cohort, we considered only patients with known occupation. These analyses were based on the assumption of a corresponding number of physicians in the group of patients with unknown occupation. We further considered all CJD patients assuming that no additional physicians were in the group of patients with unknown occupation. We used the results to perform sensitivity analyses to evaluate the number of physicians in the group of patients with unknown occupation that would be necessary to reach statistical significance using Fisher exact test. We conducted a CUSUM (cumulative sum)–based test for a change point in a time series (27) to investigate alterations of the number of reported physicians with CJD over time (per year). Finally, in an additional step, we collected data from 2017 and 2018 and analyzed them to validate results of the previous analyses on the basis of the historical cohorts (1993–2016).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Results</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Descriptive Data Analyses: CJD Cohort</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Thumbnail of Study cohort and case selection in a study of sCJD among physicians, Germany, 1993–2018. All case numbers are based on the classifications of the German National Reference Center for Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (2) in February 2019. CJD, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; sCJD, sporadic CJD; TSE, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Figure 1. Study cohort and case selection in a study of sCJD among physicians, Germany, 1993–2018. All case numbers are based on the classifications of the German National Reference Center for Human Transmissible...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Thumbnail of Definite and probable sCJD cases and number of physicians with sCJD, Germany, 1993–2018. All case numbers are based on the classifications of the German National Reference Center for Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (2) in February 2019. Red bars, number of physicians reported in 1 year; blue line, number of probable and definite sCJD cases per year. sCJD, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Figure 2. Definite and probable sCJD cases and number of physicians with sCJD, Germany, 1993–2018. All case numbers are based on the classifications of the German National Reference Center for Human Transmissible Spongiform...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Of 4,645 suspected CJD cases during June 1993–December 2016, we classified 2,754 as probable sCJD (1,543) or definite sCJD (1,211). We classified other cases as possible sCJD (2) (156 cases), non-CJD (1,188), genetic prion disease (197), and iCJD (12). A total of 338 reported cases remained unclassified because of incomplete clinical information. We reduced the number of probable and definite sCJD cases to 2,741 after excluding patients <35 years of age. We determined occupation for 1,532 (55.9%) patients, of whom 17 (1.1%) were physicians (Figures 1, 2).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">In cohort A (June 1993–December 2005), we classified 539 (43%) of the 1,250 cases as probable sCJD and 711 (57%) as definite sCJD. In cohort B (January 2006–December 2016), we classified 1,000 (67%) of the 1,491 cases as probable sCJD and 491 (33%) as definite sCJD. The mean age of cohort A patients was 66 years (range 35–90 years) and of cohort B patients was 68 years (range 37–93 years). In cohort A, 58% of patients were women; in cohort B, 52%. Information about codon 129 polymorphism was available for 1,039 (83%) cohort A cases and 581 (39%) for cohort B cases (Table 1). For 1,532 (56% in cohorts A and B combined) patients, we were able to evaluate history of occupation before illness (cohort A, 1,093 patients; cohort B, 439). For some patients, >2 different professions were recorded (up to 7). We considered occupation as a physician at any point in time. Occupation as a physician was known for 4 cohort A patients (0.3% of all patients; 0.4% of cohort A patients) and 13 cohort B patients (0.9% of all patients; 3% of cohort B patients).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Physicians with sCJD (including patients from the validation cohort 2017–2018) had a broad spectrum of medical specialties. Surgical specialties were present for 14 patients (surgery without information about further specialty, 3 patients; trauma/orthopedic surgery, 5; gynecology and otolangyrology, 2 each; urology and visceral surgery, 1 each). The others had nonsurgical specialties (internal medicine, 5; anesthesiology, podiatry, and general practice, 1 each). Of all physicians with sCJD (1993–2018), 64% had a surgical specialty (Table 2); in 2018, only 31% of all physicians in German had a surgical specialty (28). Very long duration of disease occurred only among physicians with surgical specialties (mean 205 days vs. 109 days for nonsurgical specialties; overall 175 days [range 49–809 days]). We identified no hospital in Germany that had employed >1 physician with sCJD, but a complete occupational history was not available for all patients, especially in cohort B. We found no link between a physician and another known sCJD patient, but only limited information was available (Appendix Table). Most patients were not able to give detailed information about this issue because of progressed cognitive impairment. The rate of autopsy-confirmed cases was 55%. Prion typing was performed in only 4 cases.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Descriptive Data Analyses: Population-Based Cohort</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The number of physicians in Germany increased from 297,803 in 1993 to 496,240 in 2016 (29), a factor of 1.67. For each period corresponding to cohort A (1993–2005) and cohort B (2006–2016), mean values of yearly numbers were calculated that excluded physicians <35 years of age. Mean numbers were 295,556 (range 240,709–345,599) during 1993–2005 and 382,558 (range 349,878–416,311) during 2006–2016. We performed the same calculations considering the entire population of the same age in Germany (30): mean 47,907,927 (range 44,336,444–51,243,273) during 1993–2005 and 51,601,356 (range 51,553,192–51,961,175) during 2006–2016.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Rate of Physicians in sCJD Cohorts and in the Total Population of Germany</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">We based contingency tables on the numbers of all patients in the study cohort for whom occupation was known (cohort A, 1,093 patients; cohort B, 439 patients), all physicians in the sCJD cohort (cohort A, 4 patients; cohort B, 13 patients), the population of Germany, and all physicians in that population (Table 3). Fisher exact test yielded an odds ratio (OR) of 0.59 (95% CI 0.16–1.52; p = 0.44) for cohort A and OR 4.09 (95% CI 2.16–7.06; p<0.001) for cohort B (Table 3). These results indicate a significantly higher rate of physicians in cohort B than in the total population of Germany.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">We based this approach on the assumption of a corresponding proportion of physicians and nonphysicians in the group of sCJD patients without known occupational history. In a second step, we included the entire study cohort, assuming there were no additional physicians in the group of sCJD patients for whom occupational history was not known. Cohort A did not differ significantly from the total population of Germany (OR 0.52 [95% CI 0.14–1.33]; p = 0.27); likewise, cohort B did not differ significantly from the total population of Germany (OR 1.18 [95% CI 0.63–2.02]; p = 0.54). Subsequently, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to determine the number of physicians in the group without known occupation who would be required for a statistically significant difference between the study cohort and the total German population: 9 for cohort A (p = 0.03) and 5 for cohort B (p = 0.047). In a forth step, we investigated the change of the rate of reported physicians in the study cohort over time: 0.32% for cohort A (1993–2005) and 0.87% for cohort B. Results of our CUSUM test showed an increase of reported cases (p = 0.04) and identified a change point from 2008 to 2009.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Postanalytic Evaluation of 2017 and 2018</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">In 2017 and 2018, a total of 239 sCJD patients were reported (129 in 2017, 110 in 2018). We identified 5 physicians (1 in 2017, 4 in 2018) (Figure 2). Including the entire postanalytic cohort (sCJD patients 2017–2018), regardless of known occupational history and using population data from 2017 (29,30), excluding patients <35 years of age, we found a significantly elevated rate of physicians among sCJD patients (OR 2.61 [95% CI 1.08–6.34]; p = 0.05 by Fisher exact test) (Table 3).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Discussion</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Although prion diseases are transmissible, homozygosity for methionine at codon 129 (an intrinsic factor) is the only established risk factor for sCJD (11,31). Case–control studies have shown slightly elevated ORs for several features; for example, work at an animal laboratory, ophthalmologic surgery (32), ingestion of raw meat and brain (24), and history of brain surgery (33) (Table 4). Being employed as health professionals was a risk in a meta-analysis of case–control studies (34) but was not confirmed in a later prospective study (23). Because of the methodologic approaches used, most results were nonsignificant or prone to biases (17,43). Only 1 study used large population-based data from a US death registry (6 million cases screened, 636 CJD cases and 3,180 controls selected) and identified working as a butcher and work in physicians’ offices as occupational risk factors (35). Other investigations of occupational risk factors for sCJD are not available, but the presence of unpublished data that might show inconclusive or null results cannot be excluded. Data on the development of reported cases over time with respect to occupational history are not available.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">In addition to selection bias, the lack of studies that could validate occupational risk factors for sCJD might be caused by multiple comparisons of too many variables causing insignificant results. For this study, we focused on the evaluation of employment as physician as potential risk factor for sCJD. We used data from a prospective epidemiologic surveillance database in Germany and population-based data as controls.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Our first analysis showed a significantly elevated rate of physicians in the study cohort (OR 4.09; p<0.001) during 2006–2016 (cohort B), the years in which structured epidemiologic surveillance had been conducted. The exclusion of patients with unknown occupational history represents a case–control design limited by the possibility of selection bias. An occupation as physician may be more likely to be reported than others; on the other hand, only clinical data relevant for case classification were available for many patients from cohort B. The study design for cohort A was more precise because most suspected patients were examined in person in notifying hospitals, whereas for cohort B, only a proportion of sCJD patients (27%) were examined.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Nonetheless, our second analysis of the entire CJD population and found no significant results (OR 0.53 [p = 0.27] for cohort A; OR 1.18 [p = 0.543] for cohort B). Therefore, we performed a sensitivity analysis indicating 5 additional physicians in the group with unknown occupational history (1,052 [71%]) in cohort B who would be necessary for a significant result. This number was higher in cohort A (9 patients), although the number of patients in cohort A with unknown occupation was much smaller (157 [13%]). These findings suggest that the number of reported physicians with sCJD increased in later years, whereas the reported number of sCJD cases was stable. We validated this finding with a CUSUM test (p = 0.04, change point from 2008 to 2009). During 2017–2018, the increased rate of sCJD in physicians was significant, even when we included all 239 reported cases in the analysis (OR 2.61; p = 0.05).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Fourteen of the 22 physicians were surgeons, but none had worked in neurosurgery and only 1 had worked in a neuropathology department for 1 year. This finding is remarkable because the high proportion of surgeons (64%) versus nonsurgeons (36%) in the sCJD group differs from the population control (39% vs. 61%). The apparent differences of clinical characteristics (age of onset, disease duration) might be explained by slightly different distribution of codon 129 genotypes in the 2 groups. Because of the low number of cases, we could not investigate these observations further. In most cases, information about genotype, prion type, and neuropathologic characteristics was insufficient to identify or exclude iCJD. No neurologists or psychiatrists were reported. We could not find regional links within the group of physicians or with other sCJD patients who had received surgical interventions and might have been index patients for obscure iCJD. Thus, we were not able to establish a causal relation between the statistical risk factor (occupation as a physician) and the disease. Nonetheless, this finding must be interpreted with regard to potential incubation times of up to 30 years (10) and incomplete information about residence history in most patients from cohort B.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Although the use of a very large cohort of patients with sCJD and a population-based control group is a strength of our investigation, the study has several limitations. Because of the low number of physicians with sCJD, every bias in the case group would cause an immense effect on statistical analyses (e.g., unrecorded cases, misdiagnosed cases). Thus, we must interpret our results cautiously. Definite (neuropathologic) diagnosis was available only for some cases in our study, but the high accuracy of clinical diagnoses performed by our center has been reported previously (5). The altered status of the surveillance group after it was named a National Reference Center in 2006 might be a source of bias. We cannot exclude that the surveillance system in Germany has improved over the years, but the available data of patients’ occupations has decreased in recent years (Table 1), which makes an underestimation of the number of physicians before 2006 highly unlikely. An increased awareness for CJD among German physicians resulting in more reported cases in recent years is also unlikely regarding the decreasing worldwide incidence of vCJD since 2000.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Another limitation of our study is the lack of further and more detailed statistical analyses. We could not calculate individual ORs for certain medical specialties. Only an extremely large-scale study pooling data from multiple national reference centers would be capable of doing that. In addition, we were not able to stratify ORs by age and sex. The age cutoff of >35 years was an attempt only to achieve an approximate matching of age in the case and the control groups. On the other hand, recorded physicians with sCJD showed a strong tendency to be male and have an age at onset of 60–75 years. In this context, unstratified analyses might underestimate ORs. Another limitation of the study is that we analyzed only 1 occupational risk factor. Other professionals, such as laboratory scientists or nurses, should be carefully considered, but the lack of data (especially population-based figures) prevented from further analyses.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The high proportion of physicians among patients with sCJD and its increase over the last years were displayed in a statistical model based on data from the population of Germany. We showed that sCJD patients were significantly more likely than the general population to be physicians, suggesting that it might be an occupational risk factor. Previous epidemiologic studies have not clearly identified an elevated risk for sCJD among physicians (Table 4), but the most recent available data are from 2010. Our study yielded significant results only after 2005, and the CUSUM test identified an increased number of physicians with sCJD after 2008. No specialties involved specifically in treating patients with CJD have been reported. Nonetheless, we found that a high proportion of physicians with sCJD were surgeons, although we can only speculate about the reasons. A larger study comprising new data from other countries is needed to clarify whether this finding is a general or a country-specific phenomenon.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Dr. Hermann is is a study physician in the NRZ-TSE at the University Medical Center Göttingen. His research interests are diagnostic testing and epidemiology of prion diseases as well as biomarkers of atypical dementia.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Acknowledgments</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...see full text;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/8/19-1159_article" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/8/19-1159_article</a><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in Germany: a prospective 12-year surveillance </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">U. Heinemann, A. Krasnianski, B. Meissner, D. Varges, K. Kallenberg, W. J. Schulz-Schaeffer, B. J. Steinhoff, E. M. Grasbon-Frodl, H. A. Kretzschmar, I. Zerr Brain, Volume 130, Issue 5, May 2007, Pages 1350–1359, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm063</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Discussion</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">This study analyses a large number of patients with spongiform encephalopathy with different aetiological origin within the population of 83 million inhabitants of Germany since 1993. In keeping with a number of other epidemiological studies in many European countries, we used a prospective approach. We found an increase in incidence (1.1–1.6) and mortality (0.9–1.3) of sCJD during the years 1994–2005 as also described for other countries, but more or less stable levels since 1998. This might be associated with improvement in the diagnostic techniques and better recognition of atypical clinical presentations, which is underlined by a trend towards higher proportion of MV and VV (Brandel et al., 2000; Zerr et al., 2000b; Saiz et al., 2001; Krasnianski et al., 2006b). Furthermore, after the recognition of vCJD and its connection to BSE became widespread, an increased awareness on the part of physicians and relatives might have influence differential diagnostic considerations. In 2001, Switzerland described a rise of incidence from 1.4 in 2000 to 2.5 in 2001 and a stable level of about 2.5 within the last few years (Glatzel et al., 2003). Initial surmises for the presence of a cluster and possible connection to BSE could not be confirmed. Instead, these figures seem to be the effect of better surveillance with a potentially higher percentage of the atypical MV2 subtype. An equivalent sudden rise is not observed in Germany (Table 1).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/130/5/1350/284285" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/130/5/1350/284285</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-pdf/130/5/1350/798803/awm063.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-pdf/130/5/1350/798803/awm063.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="background-color: white;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white;">Continuing Enhanced National Surveillance for Prion Diseases in the U.S.<br /></div><div style="background-color: white;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/continuing-enhanced-national.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/continuing-enhanced-national.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">From: Terry Singeltary <</span><a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: white; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">flounder9@verizon.net</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">></span></div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">To: Terry Singeltary <</span><a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: white; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">flounder9@verizon.net</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">></span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">Sent: Fri, Sep 17, 2021 3:12 pm</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">Subject: DEFRA FSA Single case of classical BSE confirmed on a farm in Somerset England</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;" /><div id="yiv7868677106" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><div>DEFRA FSA Single case of classical BSE confirmed on a farm in Somerset <br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Single case of classical BSE confirmed on a farm in Somerset </div><div><br /></div><div>The Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) is investigating the source of the incident.</div><div><br /></div><div>From: Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, Animal and Plant Health Agency, and Food Standards Agency Published 17 September 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>A single case of classical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) has been confirmed on a farm in Somerset, the Animal and Plant Health Agency confirmed today (Friday 17 September).</div><div><br /></div><div>The animal is deceased and has been removed from the farm. There is no risk to food safety.</div><div><br /></div><div>In line with the government’s disease prevention response plan, precautionary movement restrictions have been put in place to stop the movement of livestock in the area while further investigations continue to identify the origin of the disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>Chief Veterinary Officer Christine Middlemiss said: </div><div><br /></div><div>A single case of classical BSE has been confirmed on a farm in Somerset. The animal died on farm and was tested as part of our TSE surveillance controls.</div><div><br /></div><div>Movement restrictions have been put in place on the farm. This is standard procedure until we have a clear understanding of the origin of the disease. This is further proof that our surveillance system for detecting and containing this type of disease is working.</div><div><br /></div><div>We recognise this will be a traumatic time for the farmer and we are on hand to offer advice through this difficult period.</div><div><br /></div><div>The UK’s overall risk status for BSE remains at ‘controlled’ and there is no risk to food safety or public health.</div><div><br /></div><div>A Food Standards Agency spokesperson said: </div><div><br /></div><div>There are strict controls in place to protect consumers from the risk of BSE, including controls on animal feed, and removal of the parts of cattle most likely to carry BSE infectivity. </div><div><br /></div><div>Consumers can be reassured that these important protection measures remain in place and that Food Standards Agency Official Veterinarians and Meat Hygiene Inspectors working in all abattoirs in England will continue to ensure that the safety of consumers remains the top priority.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Animal and Plant Health Agency will now begin a thorough investigation of the herd, the premises, potential sources of infection and will produce a full report on the incident in due course.</div><div><br /></div><div>There have been five cases of confirmed BSE in the UK since 2014, all of these have been in animals which, as fallen stock, were not destined for the human food chain and posed no risk to the general public. </div><div><br /></div><div>In line with international commitments, the World Organisation for Animal Health and trading partners have been informed of the case. This does not affect the UK’s ability to export beef to other countries.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-classical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-somerset" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-classical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-somerset</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">EU Feed ban Commission authorises use of certain animal proteins, risk another mad cow type outbreak<br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Feed ban: Commission authorises use of certain animal proteins </span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Today, 17 August 2021, the Commission adopted the decision to amend the feed ban regulation, allowing the use of certain animal proteins to feed non-ruminant farmed animals such as pigs and poultry.</span><br /></div><div><div><br /></div><div>The decision, based on the scientific opinion by the European Food and Safety Authority, follows approval from both the European Parliament and Council as well as the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed in April 2021.</div><div><br /></div><div>Stella Kyriakides, Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, said: “I welcome today’s announcement, another small step in our journey towards more sustainable feed chain. This decision, which achieves another milestone in the Farm to Fork strategy’s ambition towards the use of quality and sustainable feed, continues the long legacy of the European Union’s work to uphold the highest standards in animal nutrition”.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Commission’s proposal come in the wake of advances in scientific knowledge, which showed that certain specific feed ban measures implemented since 2001 were no longer justified. Today’s announcement will contribute to the further improvement and enhancement of the animal feed chain, promoting more sustainable agriculture under the Farm-to-Fork strategy.</div><div><br /></div><div>The new measures allow broader use of high quality protein derived from pigs, poultry and insects in feed that is locally sourced and produced in the European Union and that will meet nutritional needs of some specific categories of pigs and poultry. In addition, the relaxation of the use of processed animal protein derived from pigs and poultry will contribute to sustainable and competitive European farming.</div><div><br /></div><div>More information on the Feed Ban Regulation can be found here.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/animal-feed_en" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/animal-feed_en</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/sante/items/718842/en" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/sante/items/718842/en</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>''The new measures allow broader use of high quality protein derived from pigs, poultry and insects in feed that is locally sourced and produced in the European Union...''</div><div><br /></div><div>Absolutely insane imo. seems man just cannot learn from past mistakes, even with evidence showing you this is totally wrong and will risk further spread of the TSE Prion, greed just takes over all sound science. </div><div><br /></div><div>we now know that cwd and scrapie, both tse prion disease, transmit to pigs by oral routes, so then we feed pigs back to other livestock animals. wonder where the new camel Prion disease outbreak came from?...terry</div><div><br /></div></div><div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item MOORE, SARAH - Orise Fellow item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item KONDRU, NAVEEN - Iowa State University item MANNE, SIREESHA - Iowa State University item Smith, Jodi item Kunkle, Robert item KANTHASAMY, ANUMANTHA - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Journal of Virology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/6/2017 Publication Date: 9/12/2017</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H., Kondru, N., Manne, S., Smith, J.D., Kunkle, R.A., Kanthasamy, A., Greenlee, J.J. 2017. Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation. Journal of Virology. 91(19):e00926-17. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of wild and captive deer and elk that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether CWD can transmit to swine is unknown. This study evaluated the potential of pigs to develop CWD after either intracranial or oral inoculation. Our data indicates that swine do accumulate the abnormal prion protein associated with CWD after intracranial or oral inoculation. Further, there was evidence of abnormal prion protein accumulation in lymph nodes. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. This information is useful to wildlife managers and individuals in the swine and captive cervid industries. These findings could impact future regulations for the disposal of offal from deer and elk slaughtered in commercial operations. U.S. regulators should carefully consider the new information from this study before relaxing feed ban standards designed to control potentially feed borne prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following oral or intracranial experimental inoculation. Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non-inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT-QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from pigs in all inoculated groups. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. This study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD, though with scant PrPSc accumulation requiring sensitive detection methods. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=339093" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=339093</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>12 September 2017</div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental Transmission of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent to Swine after Oral or Intracranial Inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Authors: S. Jo Moore, M. Heather West Greenlee, Naveen Kondru, Sireesha Manne, Jodi D. Smith, Robert A. Kunkle, Anumantha Kanthasamy, and Justin J. Greenlee </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2202-3054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2202-3054</a></div><div><br /></div><div>AUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONS</div><div><br /></div><div>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Volume 91, Number 19</div><div><br /></div><div>1 October 2017</div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as hosts for the agent of CWD is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Crossbred piglets were assigned to three groups, intracranially inoculated (n = 20), orally inoculated (n = 19), and noninoculated (n = 9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (“market weight” groups). The remaining pigs (“aged” groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months postinoculation (mpi). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by Western blotting (WB), antigen capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in vitro real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC, and/or WB. By RT-QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from one or more pigs in each inoculated group. The bioassay was positive in four out of five pigs assayed. This study demonstrates that pigs can support low-level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high. However, detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. IMPORTANCE We challenged domestic swine with the chronic wasting disease agent by inoculation directly into the brain (intracranially) or by oral gavage (orally). Disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) was detected in brain and lymphoid tissues from intracranially and orally inoculated pigs as early as 8 months of age (6 months postinoculation). Only one pig developed clinical neurologic signs suggestive of prion disease. The amount of PrPSc in the brains and lymphoid tissues of positive pigs was small, especially in orally inoculated pigs. Regardless, positive results obtained with orally inoculated pigs suggest that it may be possible for swine to serve as a reservoir for prion disease under natural conditions.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00926-17" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00926-17</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, BSE SURVEILLANCE, BSE TESTING, and CJD TSE Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>so far, we have been lucky. to date, with the science at hand, no cwd transmitted to cattle, that has been documented, TO DATE, WITH THE SCIENCE AT HAND, it's not to say it has not already happened, just like with zoonosis of cwd i.e. molecular transmission studies have shown that cwd transmission to humans would look like sporadic cjd, NOT nvCJD or what they call now vCJD. the other thing is virulence and or horizontal transmission. this is very concerning with the recent fact of what seems to be a large outbreak of a new tse prion disease in camels in Africa. there is much concern now with hay, straw, grains, and such, with the cwd tse prion endemic countries USA, Canada. what is of greatest concern is the different strains of cwd, and the virulence there from? this thing (cwd) keeps mutating to different strains, and to different species, the bigger the chance of one of these strains that WILL TRANSMIT TO CATTLE OR HUMANS, and that it is documented (i believe both has already occured imo with scienct to date). with that said, a few things to ponder, and i am still very concerned with, the animal feed. we now know from transmission studies that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral routes. the atypical bse strains will transmit by oral routes. i don't mean to keep kicking a mad cow, just look at the science; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">The myth that all atypical </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">BSE TSE Prion disease are </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">sporadic/spontaneous and are not caused by the ingestion of TSE Prion contaminated feed, is just that, a myth, one never proven, and in fact, is not scientific...terry</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><div>REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY RISK ASSESSMENT AND SURVEILLANCE</div><div><br /></div><div>Paris, 18-21 March 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below.</div><div><br /></div><div>With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains. </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>In contrast, there have not been any substantiated reports of the successful oral transmission of H-BSE in cattle. Initial reports from Dudas et al., 2014 based on RT-QuIC pointed to the possibility of oral transmission following a very high dose (100 grams of brain material), although the individual did not display clinical signs and the findings from standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays were all negative. Investigations are ongoing in an attempt to clarify these findings.</div><div><br /></div><div>Although significant uncertainty remains regarding the origin of C-BSE, several studies involving the serial passage of H-BSE and L-BSE in transgenic and wild-type mice have revealed their potential to lead to the emergence of a C-BSE-like phenotype (Baron et al., 2011; Torres et al., 2011; Bencsik et al., 2013) or other novel strains (Masujin et al., 2016). Whether or not one or both of these atypical strains led to the emergence of C-BSE remains speculative; however, the similarities between transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), first reported in the USA in 1947 (Hartsough and Burger, 1965), and L-BSE indicate that TME may have been a surrogate indicator for the presence of L-BSE in cattle populations in those countries such as the USA, Canada, Germany, Finland and Russia where outbreaks of TME had been reported decades before C-BSE was first recognised in the United Kingdom in 1986 (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968; Marsh et al., 1991; McKenzie et al., 1996; Baron et al., 2007; Comoy et al., 2013). Although TME was originally thought to have occurred as a result of feeding mink with scrapie infected sheep carcases, oral challenge studies did not confirm this (Marsh et al., 1991). Importantly, in an outbreak reported in the USA in 1985, mink had never been fed sheep products; instead they had been fed on products derived from dead and sick dairy cattle (March et al., 1991). Similarly, from an outbreak in Canada in 1963, mink had reportedly been fed with products derived from cattle but not sheep (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968).</div><div><br /></div><div>Although, as discussed above, the passage of H-BSE or L-BSE has been proposed as a possible explanation for the origin of C-BSE, transformation of L-BSE or H-BSE to C-BSE has not been observed so far in transmission studies in cattle. That being said, it is likely that, compared to various rodent models, an insufficient number of passages have been undertaken.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is worth noting that sheep and goats are susceptible to L-BSE following intracerebral inoculation without lymphoid involvement in most individuals (Simmons et al., 2016; Gielbert et al., 2018; Vallino-Costassa et al., 2018). As discussed by Houston and Andreoletti (2018), C-BSE appears to increase in virulence for humans if it is first passaged in sheep. Whether or not this is the same for atypical strains remains to be determined.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div><br /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br /></div><div>Hiroyuki Okada,corresponding author Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Morikazu Imamura, Kohtaro Miyazawa, Yuichi Matsuura, Kentaro Masujin, Yuichi Murayama, and Takashi Yokoyama Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract To determine oral transmissibility of the L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, we orally inoculated 16 calves with brain homogenates of the agent. Only 1 animal, given a high dose, showed signs and died at 88 months. These results suggest low risk for oral transmission of the L-BSE agent among cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>Keywords: atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle, L-type, prion, oral transmission, L-BSE, prions and related diseases, zoonoses The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle is thought to be caused by oral infection through consumption of feed containing the BSE agent (prion). Since 2003, different neuropathologic and molecular phenotypes of BSE have been identified as causing ≈110 cases of atypical BSE worldwide, mainly in aged cattle. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of atypical BSE are not yet fully understood, atypical BSE prions possibly cause sporadic cases of BSE (1).</div><div><br /></div><div>The L-type BSE (L-BSE) prion has been experimentally transmitted to cattle by intracerebral challenge, and the incubation period was is shorter than that for classical BSE (C-BSE) prions (2–6). The origin of transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-raised mink is thought to be caused by ingestion of L-BSE–infected material (7). Although L-BSE has been orally transmitted to mouse lemurs (8), it remains to be established whether L-BSE can be transmitted to cattle by oral infection. We therefore investigated the transmissibility of L-BSE by the oral route and tissue distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) in cattle. All experiments involving animals were performed with the approval of the Animal Ethical Committee and the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute of Animal Health (approval nos. 07–88 and 08–010).</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>The neuroanatomical PrPSc distribution pattern of orally challenged cattle differed somewhat from that described in cattle naturally and intracerebrally challenged with L-BSE (2–6,11,13,14), The conspicuous differences between the case we report and cases of natural and experimental infection are 1) higher amounts of PrPSc in the caudal medulla oblongata and the spinal cord coupled with that in the thalamus and the more rostral brainstem and 2) relatively low amounts of PrPSc in the cerebral cortices and the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, fewer PrPSc deposits in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve may indicate that the parasympathetic retrogressive neuroinvasion pathway does not contribute to transport of the L-BSE prion from the gut to the brain, which is in contrast to the vagus-associated transport of the agent in C-BSE (15). PrPSc accumulation in the extracerebral tissues may be a result of centrifugal trafficking of the L-BSE prion from the central nervous system along somatic or autonomic nerve fibers rather than centripetal propagation of the agent (4,6,9). Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Atypical H-type BSE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. </div><div><br /></div><div>The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge.</div><div><br /></div><div> Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div><div><br /></div><div>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div><div><br /></div><div>Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div><div><br /></div><div>At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div><div><br /></div><div>Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div><div><br /></div><div>Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div><div><br /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US Htype BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Published: 23 June 2011</div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div><br /></div><div>Hiroyuki Okada, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Morikazu Imamura, Kentaro Masujin, Yuichi Matsuura, Yoshihisa Shimizu, Kazuo Kasai, Shirou Mohri, Takashi Yokoyama & Stefanie Czub </div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has recently been identified in Europe, North America, and Japan. It is classified as H-type and L-type BSE according to the molecular mass of the disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc). To investigate the topographical distribution and deposition patterns of immunolabeled PrPSc, H-type BSE isolate was inoculated intracerebrally into cattle. H-type BSE was successfully transmitted to 3 calves, with incubation periods between 500 and 600 days. Moderate to severe spongiform changes were detected in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem. H-type BSE was characterized by the presence of PrP-immunopositive amyloid plaques in the white matter of the cerebrum, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Moreover, intraglial-type immunolabeled PrPSc was prominent throughout the brain. Stellate-type immunolabeled PrPSc was conspicuous in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus, but not in the brainstem. In addition, PrPSc accumulation was detected in the peripheral nervous tissues, such as trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, optic nerve, retina, and neurohypophysis. Cattle are susceptible to H-type BSE with a shorter incubation period, showing distinct and distinguishable phenotypes of PrPSc accumulation.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion This study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE characterized by a shorter incubation period as compared with C-type BSE [19]. To the best of our knowledge, thus far, neuropathological and immunohistochemical data for H-type BSE have only been reported from the medulla oblongata at the obex in German, United States, and Swedish field cases [10, 13, 24]. This is related to the fact that only the obex region is sampled for BSE rapid tests and other brain regions are often unavailable due to marked autolysis, limitations in collection infrastructure, or freezing artifacts [10, 13, 24, 25]. This is the first presentation of H-type lesion profiles involving the whole CNS and additional nervous tissues, although of experimentally infected animals.</div><div><br /></div><div>Incubation periods in the cattle challenged with the Canadian H-type BSE (mean period, 18 months) were two months longer than those reported in cattle challenged with German H-type BSE [20]. This difference in incubation periods has several potential explanations, which include differences in agents tested, inoculum titers, and breeding conditions. Infectivity titer issues might be resolved by comparing second-passage infection experiment results.</div><div><br /></div><div>Spongy changes were generally present in the gray matter throughout the brain and spinal cord, but were more conspicuous in the cerebral cortices, thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain. In most brain areas, vacuoles were generally detected in the neuropil and only occasionally in the neurons. The spatial distribution pattern of spongiform changes and immunolabeled PrPSc in the brain of an H-type BSE-infected Zebu, analyzed with N-terminal-specific mAb P4 and C-terminal-specific mAb F99/97.6.1, was similar to that in C-type BSE cases [38]. In natural and experimental C-type BSE cases, spongiform lesions are consistently distributed throughout the brain, but overall, the lesions in the thalamus and brainstem including the midbrain and medulla oblongata at the obex are more severe than those in the cerebral cortices [29, 39]. The results of the present study indicate that the vacuolar lesion score of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle was higher than that of C-type BSE-affected cattle [19, 29, 40, 41]. Moreover, the topographical distribution of PrPSc in the brain of BSE-infected sheep is similar irrespective of the different challenge routes such as intracerebral, intravascular, or intraperitoneal route [42], suggesting common patterns of neuroinvasion and CNS spread [43]. On the contrary, the minor differences detected in the distribution of PrPSc in the brain between deer that are orally and intracerebrally infected with BSE may be due to differences in the routes of infection [44].</div><div><br /></div><div>The immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the cattle affected with H-type BSE were characterized by the presence of both PrPSc-positive plaques and intraglial- and stellate-type PrPSc accumulations in the brain. Severe intraneuronal- and intraglial-type PrPSc accumulations as well as plaque-like PrPSc aggregates with the absence of stellate-type PrPSc deposition have been reported in the obex region of H-type BSE-affected animals [10, 13]. These immunohistochemical features were detected in the obex region and coincided with those observed in the present study. However, neither amyloid plaques nor stellate-type PrPSc depositions have been reported in H-type BSE-affected cattle, most likely due to their limitation to the medulla oblongata at the obex [8, 10, 13, 24].</div><div><br /></div><div>Two different types of plaques were found in this study: unicentric and multicentric PrP plaques. Most of these plaques were uniformly immunopositive for PrP, with a dense non-Congophilic core. The plaques that had a pale central core with a Congophilic reaction were less frequent. It has been suggested that Congophilic plaques may correspond with the late stage of plaque formation, whereas non-Congophilic plaques coincide with the early stage of CJD and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome [45]. The 2 types of PrPSc-positive plaques--unicentric and multicentric--have been described in L-type BSE [5, 19, 46]. Our results indicate that the presence of PrPSc plaques in the forebrain but not in the brainstem is one of the neuropathological features in cattle affected with atypical BSE. In addition, glial-type PrPSc deposition in the white matter throughout the brain seems to be a characteristic feature of H-type BSE in cattle, as supported by identical findings in German and Swedish H-type BSE field cases [10, 13].</div><div><br /></div><div>Extracellular PrPSc was immunolabeled with N-terminal-, core-, and C-terminal-specific antibodies, but intracellular PrPSc did not show immunoreactivity to the N-terminal-specific anti-PrP antibodies [47, 48]. Intracellular PrPSc has markedly diminished immunoreactivity to N-terminal-specific anti-PrP antibodies [47]. However, N-terminal-specific mAb P4, which recognizes an epitope at bovine PrP residues 101-107, showed intraneuronal PrPSc immunolabeling in sheep affected with C-type BSE [47] and in Zebu affected with H-type BSE [38]. These results indicate that the epitope region for either mAb P4 or core-specific anti-PrP antibodies is located upstream of an intracellular truncation site [38, 48]. The differences in intracellular PrPSc truncation sites between sheep scrapie and ovine BSE [47] as well as between C-type BSE and H-type BSE [38] most probably depend on the strain and the tissues and cells [47]. The intensity and patterns of PrPSc immunolabeling varied with the different anti-PrP antibodies used, and the difference in the PrPSc immunohistochemical labeling results might be related to the application of different technical protocols, especially antigen retrieval methods [49–51].</div><div><br /></div><div>The western blot profiles of PrPres for the H-type BSE-challenged cattle and the Canadian H-type BSE-infected brain homogenate used as inoculum were indistinguishable. Results of previous studies prove that H-type BSE isolates have distinct biological and biochemical properties compared with C-type and L-type BSE isolates [3, 52, 53]. The PrPres in H-type BSE, as detected by mAb SAF84 recognizing the C-terminus of PrP, was thought to be composed of 2 fragments with molecular masses of 19 kDa and 10-12 kDa, possessing a different cleavage site in the N-terminal region with PK digestion [53]. The higher molecular mass of the unglycosylated PrPres molecules, which included an additional 10-12 kDa fragment, in the Canadian H-type BSE case was maintained in the challenged animals. These unique molecular features of PrP in H-type BSE are also well preserved in transgenic and wild type mice [16, 53]. In addition, a distinct 10-12 kDa fragment detected with C-terminal-specific antibodies in H-type BSE might be associated with the presence of PrP plaques [53].</div><div><br /></div><div>Although PrPC glycosylation seems to play a critical role in the maintenance of strain-dependent prion neurotropism [54, 55], a recent study has demonstrated that PrPSc glycosylation is not required for the maintenance of strain-specific neurotropisms [56]. Strain-dependent prion neurotropism is currently unknown, but several possibilities have been indicated [56]. Moreover, a local difference in the PrPSc replication rate may be attributed to a high degree of neurotropism in H-type BSE similar to that observed in C-type BSE [57].</div><div><br /></div><div>Since 2003, sporadic and discontinuous occurrence of atypical BSE has been detected in Europe, North America, and Japan. Although, till date, the origin and frequency of atypical BSE is unknown, a high prevalence is found in older cattle over the age of eight years. This is the result of the active surveillance programs using rapid screening tests, with the exception of a Zebu case [38]. It has been reported that H-type BSE can be the result of a naturally occurring, heritable variant caused by glutamic acid/lysine polymorphism at codon 211 of the bovine PRNP gene (E211K) [11, 58]. However, our cases, although experimentally challenged via the intracranial route, and the original Canadian H-type BSE field case [11, 58] developed the disease without the novel mutation E211K within PRNP. Therefore, atypical BSE seemed to be sporadic rather than inherited with a higher risk in fallen stock than in healthy slaughtered cattle [8, 13, 25], suggesting that young adult cattle affected with atypical BSE might be dormant carriers. Further studies are required to determine the epidemiological significance and origin of atypical BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>References...END</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">This information gives insight into the genesis of new prion strains. It also supports the hypothesis that TME can originate from feeding mink protein from cattle afflicted with L-BSE providing evidence to support regulatory decisions for non-food animal species.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin-top: 0px;">Research Project: </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"></span><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0071bc; cursor: pointer; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" target="_blank">Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"></span><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Location: <a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/ames/nadc/virus-and-prion-research/" id="yiv7868677106anch_62" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #0071bc; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">Virus and Prion Research</a></strong></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">2020 Annual Report</span><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Objectives</strong><br />Objective 1: Investigate the mechanisms of protein misfolding in prion disease, including the genetic determinants of misfolding of the prion protein, environmental influences on abnormal prion conversion, and environmental influences on protein misfolding as it relates to prion diseases. Objective 2: Investigate the pathobiology of prion strains in natural hosts, including the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission and the pathobiology of atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and the presence of CWD prion strains in natural hosts by processing field samples through a strain identification program. Subobjective 2.A: Investigate the pathobiology of atypical TSEs. Subobjective 2.B: Investigate the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission. Objective 3: Investigate sampling methodologies for antemortem detection of prion disease, including the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals and the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Subobjective 3.A: Investigate the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals. Subobjective 3.B: Investigate the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Objective 4: Determine the association of disease susceptibility or resistance with naturally occurring prion protein genotypes not yet associated with positive cases on infected premises, including genotype associated differences in prion accumulation and excretion, and develop a logic-based decision tree for CWD strain determination. Objective 5: Develop improved live animal test for the detection of CWD-affected cervids, including a sensitive live animal test to detect CWD prions in individual animals, a sensitive live animal screening test for the purpose of determining a herd’s CWD status, and a sensitive deployable CWD test for use by State diagnostic labs.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Approach</strong><br />The studies will focus on three animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites of protein folding and misfolding as it relates to prion disease, accumulation of misfolded protein in the host, routes of infection, and ante mortem diagnostics with an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of infection. Techniques used will include spectroscopic monitoring of protein folding/misfolding, clinical exams, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced knowledge gained from this work will help understand the underlying mechanisms of prion disease and mitigate the potential for unrecognized epidemic expansions of these diseases in populations of animals that could either directly or indirectly affect food animals.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Progress Report</strong><br />Five of the seven project plan milestones for FY20 were fully met with the remaining two substantially met. Research efforts directed toward meeting Objective 1 of our project plan originally centered around the production of recombinant prion protein from either bacteria or mammalian tissue culture systems and collection of data on the folding and misfolding of the recombinant prion protein produced. The amount of expressed protein from mammalian expression systems was inherently too low to fully accomplish all aspects of the proposed work. Due to this we have altered our research plan but are still able to accomplish the end goal of understanding the influence of metal ions on prion disease using a mutagenesis based approach altering the metal ion binding sites. Due to the long-term nature of Objective 2, the progress status of the objective has not changed. All studies have been initiated and animals are under observation for the development of clinical signs. The animal studies for this objective are long term and will continue until onset of clinical signs. In vitro studies planned in parallel to the animal's studies have similarly been initiated and are ongoing. Objective 3 of the project plan focuses on the detection of disease associated prion protein in body fluids and feces collected from a time course study of chronic wasting disease inoculated animals. At this time sample collection is complete and preliminary methods have been established. Optimization of those methods is nearing completion and the feasibility of using pooled samples to assess overall herd status is being investigated. Objectives 4 and 5 were recently added to the project and work on both is in the preliminary stages.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Accomplishments</strong><br />1. Differing genetic backgrounds of prion disease sources do not affect likelihood of disease progression. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect a wide range of livestock and wildlife. The disease process occurs through the misfolding of a normally occurring protein. A recently developed approach for the detection of this misfolded protein uses a technique referred to as Real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QulC). RT-QulC amplifies the amount of misfolded protein for detection and has been used to differentiate prion diseases through differences in the rate of misfolding. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, completed a study comparing the relative rates of misfolding in RT-QulC from different sources of chronic wasting disease using both human and bank vole prion protein as the substrate for amplification. Regardless of the chronic wasting disease source and genotype, the bank vole substrate was equivalently sensitive indicating the utility of this substrate for the detection of CWD regardless of host or genotype. Similarly, with human prion protein substrate no differences were found indicating that at the level of conversion of the human prion protein to the fibril form conformation all tested CWD isolates are equivalent. From a diagnostic perspective this further justifies the use of bank vole prion protein as a universal substrate and indicates that regardless of genotype of the CWD source the risk to humans is likely the same. Both results provide important information for knowledge based regulatory decisions by state and federal agencies.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;">2. Developed an improved enrichment method for amplification-based prion detection. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect a wide range of livestock and wildlife. The disease process occurs through the misfolding of a normally occurring protein. Detection of this misfolded protein is the only known means by which a prion disease can be diagnosed. A recently developed approach for the detection of this misfolded protein uses a technique referred to as Real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QulC). RT-QulC amplifies the amount of misfolded protein available for detection but can be inhibited by naturally occurring contaminants in the tissue samples used for the technique. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, developed a method to clean the samples prior to analysis and demonstrated the sample cleanup technique enhanced the detection and reduced the time required to assess the results providing additional tools for diagnostic laboratories.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;">3. Improved understanding of cross-species transmission of the prion disease transmissible mink encephalopathy. This work specifically evaluated susceptibility of sheep to bovine adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and evaluated pathobiology of disease. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal brain diseases that affect livestock species. Prion diseases have been shown to jump species as exhibited when classical bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) infected cattle products were consumed by humans resulting in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Another example of cross-species transmission results in a disease of farmed mink known as TME. The present study was designed to determine the effect of cross-species transmission of TSEs in livestock on the ability to infect mice expressing the cattle prion protein. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, found that passing cattle adapted TME prions from cattle to sheep changed the ability of the prions to infect mice. These results were compared to atypical BSE (L-BSE type) and Classical BSE (C-BSE type). Depending on the genotype of sheep used, the disease in mice appeared similar to either L-BSE or C-BSE. These results indicate a shift in the disease outcome based on transmission through sheep with different genotypes. This information gives insight into the genesis of new prion strains. It also supports the hypothesis that TME can originate from feeding mink protein from cattle afflicted with L-BSE providing evidence to support regulatory decisions for non-food animal species.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;">4. Discovery of a novel strain of chronic wasting disease is present in experimentally inoculated LL132 elk. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of deer and elk that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether or not an elk will get CWD is affected by their genetics. This study evaluated transmission of abnormal prion protein from elk of 3 different genotypes that were infected with CWD to transgenic mice expressing the elk prion protein. Previous work by ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, demonstrated that there are differences in incubation periods, patterns of abnormal prion accumulation in the brain, and fibril stability features in these different genotypes of elk. This study demonstrates that elk donor genotype-associated differences in relative incubation periods, fibril stability, and lesions in the brain were maintained across first and second passages to mice suggesting that they are different CWD strains that may require different approaches for prevention and eradication. This information is useful to wildlife managers and captive wildlife owners that are selectively breeding animals and could impact future regulations for the control of CWD in the U.S.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;">5. Development of in vitro modelling system for chronic wasting disease. Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Because of long incubation times and knowledge gaps in how the disease progresses, there is not a well-defined model for testing potential cures or preventative measures. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, developed an ultrasensitive in vitro modeling system for chronic wasting disease (CWD) infectivity of samples from deer or elk. In the first step, prion agents are cultured on a brain slice derived from a prion-susceptible mouse. In the second step, an in vitro prion amplification technique (Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion or RT-QuIC) is used to test for infectivity of the slices. This work demonstrated that the slice cultures are able to accumulate CWD prions that could be detected by RT-QuIC and more traditional laboratory methods, such as mouse bioassay and immunohistochemistry. In addition, three compounds with potential anti-prion properties were screened using slice culture and RT-QuIC indicating that this model may be useful in developing potential treatment schemes for prion disease. Because mechanisms of neurodegeneration in prion disease are similar to other protein misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, use of this model could have a major impact on improving treatments for other neurodegenerative diseases.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Review Publications</strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2020" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2020</a></strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>we now know that cwd and scrapie, both tse prion disease, transmit to pigs by oral routes, so then we feed pigs back to other livestock animals. wonder where the new camel Prion disease outbreak came from?...terry</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Open Access</div><div><br /></div><div>Published: 31 August 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Classical BSE prions emerge from asymptomatic pigs challenged with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div><br /></div><div>Belén Marín, Alicia Otero, Séverine Lugan, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Alba Marín-Moreno, Enric Vidal, Carlos Hedman, Antonio Romero, Martí Pumarola, Juan J. Badiola, Juan María Torres, Olivier Andréoletti & Rosa Bolea </div><div><br /></div><div>Scientific Reports volume 11, Article number: 17428 (2021) Cite this article</div><div><br /></div><div>108 Accesses</div><div><br /></div><div>10 Altmetric</div><div><br /></div><div>Metricsdetails</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Pigs are susceptible to infection with the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) agent following experimental inoculation, and PrPSc accumulation was detected in porcine tissues after the inoculation of certain scrapie and chronic wasting disease isolates. However, a robust transmission barrier has been described in this species and, although they were exposed to C-BSE agent in many European countries, no cases of natural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) infections have been reported in pigs. Transmission of atypical scrapie to bovinized mice resulted in the emergence of C-BSE prions. Here, we conducted a study to determine if pigs are susceptible to atypical scrapie. To this end, 12, 8–9-month-old minipigs were intracerebrally inoculated with two atypical scrapie sources. Animals were euthanized between 22- and 72-months post inoculation without clinical signs of TSE. All pigs tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by enzyme immunoassay, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and bioassay in porcine PrP mice. Surprisingly, in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification demonstrated the presence of C-BSE prions in different brain areas from seven pigs inoculated with both atypical scrapie isolates. Our results suggest that pigs exposed to atypical scrapie prions could become a reservoir for C-BSE and corroborate that C-BSE prions emerge during interspecies passage of atypical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, our findings suggest that, although pigs present a strong transmission barrier against the propagation of atypical scrapie, they can propagate low levels of C-BSE prions. The prevalence of atypical scrapie and the presence of infectivity in tissues from atypical scrapie infected sheep are underestimated24,25. Given that pigs have demonstrated being susceptible to other prion diseases, and to propagate prions without showing signs of disease, the measures implemented to ban the inclusion of ruminant proteins in livestock feed must not be interrupted.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96818-2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96818-2</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item MOORE, SARAH - Orise Fellow item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item KONDRU, NAVEEN - Iowa State University item MANNE, SIREESHA - Iowa State University item Smith, Jodi item Kunkle, Robert item KANTHASAMY, ANUMANTHA - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Journal of Virology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/6/2017 Publication Date: 9/12/2017</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H., Kondru, N., Manne, S., Smith, J.D., Kunkle, R.A., Kanthasamy, A., Greenlee, J.J. 2017. Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation. Journal of Virology. 91(19):e00926-17. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of wild and captive deer and elk that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether CWD can transmit to swine is unknown. This study evaluated the potential of pigs to develop CWD after either intracranial or oral inoculation. Our data indicates that swine do accumulate the abnormal prion protein associated with CWD after intracranial or oral inoculation. Further, there was evidence of abnormal prion protein accumulation in lymph nodes. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. This information is useful to wildlife managers and individuals in the swine and captive cervid industries. These findings could impact future regulations for the disposal of offal from deer and elk slaughtered in commercial operations. U.S. regulators should carefully consider the new information from this study before relaxing feed ban standards designed to control potentially feed borne prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following oral or intracranial experimental inoculation. Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non-inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT-QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from pigs in all inoculated groups. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. This study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD, though with scant PrPSc accumulation requiring sensitive detection methods. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=339093" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=339093</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">nip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> READ THIS VERY, VERY, CAREFULLY, AUGUST 1997 MAD COW FEED BAN WAS A SHAM, AS I HAVE STATED SINCE 1997! 3 FAILSAFES THE FDA ET AL PREACHED AS IF IT WERE THE GOSPEL, IN TERMS OF MAD COW BSE DISEASE IN USA, AND WHY IT IS/WAS/NOT A PROBLEM FOR THE USA, and those are; </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE TESTING (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE SURVEILLANCE (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">these are facts folks. trump et al just admitted it with the feed ban. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">see; </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">John Maday </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</div><div><br /></div><div>John Maday</div><div><br /></div><div>August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427)</div><div><br /></div><div>Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday )</div><div><br /></div><div>Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary.</div><div><br /></div><div>On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Overall, the FDA reports a high level of compliance across the affected livestock-industry sectors.</div><div><br /></div><div>In fiscal year 2016, FDA began a small, three-part pilot inspection program that began with inspectors visiting feed distributors to review randomly selected VFD documents. The inspectors then selected one VFD at the distributor and conducted further inspections of the veterinarian and producer (client) named on that VFD.</div><div><br /></div><div>In fiscal years 2017 and 2018, FDA continued those three-part inspections and expanded the program to include state feed regulatory partners. In fiscal year 2017, state personnel inspected VFD distributors and reviewed selected VFDs for compliance with the requirements. In 2018, those state inspectors began conducting three-part inspections, similar to those conducted by the FDA investigators. With state inspectors contributing, the number of VFD inspections increased from 57 in 2016 to 130 in 2017 and 269 during 2018.</div><div><br /></div><div>Of the 269 inspections during 2018, 230 required no action, 38 indicated voluntary action and just one indicated official enforcement action.</div><div><br /></div><div>Key findings in the report include:</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributors (2018)</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributor had notified FDA of their intent to distribute VFD feeds -- 94.8%</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributors who distributed a VFD feed that complied with the terms of the VFD -- 91.5%</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributors who manufacture VFD feed: Drug inventory or production records showed the correct amount of drug was added to the feed for the VFD reviewed -- 96.7%</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributors who manufacture VFD feed: Labels and formulas matched the VFD reviewed -- 91.0%</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributor’s VFD feed labels contained the VFD caution statement -- 77.2%</div><div><br /></div><div>Veterinarians</div><div><br /></div><div>Veterinarians had an active license in the state where the VFD feed authorized on the VFD order(s) is being fed -- 100%</div><div><br /></div><div>VFDs included veterinarians’ electronic or written signature -- 98.6%</div><div><br /></div><div>VFDs included the withdrawal time, special instructions, and/or cautionary statements -- 95.3%</div><div><br /></div><div>Producers</div><div><br /></div><div>Client did not feed VFD feed beyond the expiration date on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br /></div><div>Client fed VFD feed to the animals authorized on the VFD (number, species, and/or production class) -- 100%</div><div><br /></div><div>Client fed VFD feed for the duration identified on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br /></div><div>Client complied with the special instructions on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA issued just one warning letter following inspections during fiscal year 2018, for a feed mill that “adulterated and misbranded VFD feed by distributing VFD feed to other distributors without first receiving an acknowledgment letter, in addition to adulterating and misbranding medicated and non-medicated feed for other reasons.”</div><div><br /></div><div>In its report, FDA reminds stakeholders that VFD medicated feeds must be used in according to the approved conditions of use and must be under the oversight of a licensed veterinarian and consistent with a lawful VFD order. The agency intends to continue monitoring compliance, and to provide education, but FDA will also use enforcement strategies when voluntary compliance with the VFD final rule requirements is not achieved.</div><div><br /></div><div>See the full summary report from FDA.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>For more on the VFD rules and compliance, see these articles from <a href="http://bovinevetonline.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">BovineVetOnline.com</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>VFD Audits: What to Expect</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-what-expect-0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-what-expect-0</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>VFD Audits: Start with the Feed Distributor</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-start-feed-distributor" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-start-feed-distributor</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>FDA Draft Guidance Updates VFD Q&A</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-draft-guidance-updates-vfd-qa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-draft-guidance-updates-vfd-qa</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-reports-vfd-compliance?fbclid=IwAR3ejswwNoiWH7sVww_gEwiFcyoG7MzI2iZUMPU9wHK3OJKXpdy4di5A4dk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-reports-vfd-compliance?fbclid=IwAR3ejswwNoiWH7sVww_gEwiFcyoG7MzI2iZUMPU9wHK3OJKXpdy4di5A4dk</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201222181302/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201222181302/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190912060441/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190912060441/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191217045515/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191217045515/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP *** </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Veterinary Biologics Guideline 3.32E: Guideline for minimising the risk of introducing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prions and other infectious agents through veterinary biologics<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">U.S.A. 50 STATE BSE MAD COW CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Subject: BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">To: <a href="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de">BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[host Richard Barns] and now a question from Terry S. Singeltary of CJD Watch.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] yes, thank you, U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[no answer, you could hear in the back ground, mumbling and 'we can't. have him ask the question again.]</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[host Richard] could you repeat the question?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure whom ask this] what group are you with?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] CJD Watch, my Mom died from hvCJD and we are tracking CJD world-wide.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure who is speaking] could you please disconnect Mr. Singeltary</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] you are not going to answer my question?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure whom speaking] NO</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full archive and more of this;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://protect2.fireeye.com/v1/url?k=56309245-0a71f6f2-56325e8f-002590f4ce32-f388444e395b325d&q=1&e=eaae77dc-9ea7-4996-b8cd-e6a0b004c974&u=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.proofpoint.com%2Fv2%2Furl%3Fu%3Dhttp-3A__tseac.blogspot.com_2011_02_usa-2D50-2Dstate-2Dbse-2Dmad-2Dcow-2Dconference.html%26d%3DDwMFaQ%26c%3DGSntNbUav5AC0JJIyPOufmfQT3u3zI7UKdoVzPd-7og%26r%3DWUkrqFfyTINKdEKan1fw3ykVVZIC_CPt4oXXzPtT-cw%26m%3DPZ-nUcomhuQHG7d2Ik9AWSDfvzWvkaGQjLOa4gBnbo4%26s%3Dx2cnB1oAu0wlCoSkJw2E9RyLDr40LMuYR6jLH3CFP7M%26e%3D" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020</div><div><br /></div><div>Content: I. Introduction II. Camel prion disease III. Case definition IV. Epidemiological surveillance V. Biosafety VI. Capacity building VII. Early warning and response VIII. Risk factors IX. Knowledge Gaps X. References</div><div><br /></div><div>I. Introduction</div><div><br /></div><div>Camel prion disease (CPrD) is the last disease described in the family of prion diseases [1]. To date, it has been recognized only in Middle East of Algeria and in the neighboring region of Tunisia [2]. However, there are no known other initiatives of prion diseases surveillance in camels worldwide. CPrD might actually be limited to the already known geographic area in North Africa or spread undetected in other Countries, as a consequence of the movements of dromedaries along trans-Saharan commercial routes, the import/export trade flows of living animals and the traditional extensive and nomadic rearing systems.</div><div><br /></div><div>According to the discussions in recent meetings of REMESA and OIE which indicated the need to extend the knowledge on CPrD spread in Countries where camels are extensively reared and considered as a part of the domestic livestock [3], and according to the initiative from CAMENET member countries to assess the risk in the CAMENET region, this working document aims to provide countries with the main technical and scientific knowledge necessary to implement surveillance programs on camel prion disease in its own territory. Basic information contained in this document may also be helpful for the possible design of contingency plans.</div><div><br /></div><div>The present working document is an 'alive' document. It should be regularly reviewed and updated as further information becomes available.</div><div><br /></div><div>II. Camel prion disease1</div><div><br /></div><div>Camel prion disease (CPrD) was diagnosed in 2018 in three adult camels showing clinical signs at the ante-mortem inspection at an abattoir in the region of Ouargla (Algeria) [1]. According to the published report symptoms suggesting prion disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for slaughter to the Ouargla abattoir in 2015–2016. More recently, in 2019, the same disease was reported in the region of Tataouine (Tunisia) [2]. CPrD adds to the group of animal prion diseases, </div><div><br /></div><div>1 Modified from the OIE Bulletin: <a href="https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-NewsDecember-2019-Camel-priondisease.pdf?utm_source=World+Organisation+for+Animal+Health+%E2%80%93+OIE+Bulletin&utm_c%20ampaign=388d499799-%20EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_05_09_06&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_7694a173d1-%20388d499799-54758659" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-NewsDecember-2019-Camel-priondisease.pdf?utm_source=World+Organisation+for+Animal+Health+%E2%80%93+OIE+Bulletin&utm_c ampaign=388d499799- EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_05_09_06&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_7694a173d1- 388d499799-54758659</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. As of today, very limited epidemiological information is available about the prevalence, geographical distribution and mode of transmission of the disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>The involvement of lymphoid tissue in prion replication, observed both in the Algerian and Tunisian cases [1,2], is suggestive of a peripheral pathogenesis, which is thought to be a prerequisite for prion shedding into the environment. As with other animal prion diseases, such as scrapie and CWD, in which lymphoid tissues are extensively involved and horizontal transmission occurs efficiently under natural conditions, the detection of prion proteins in lymph nodes is suggestive of the infectious nature of CPrD and concurs to hypothesize the potential impact of CPrD on animal health. No evidence is currently available with which to argue for the relevance of CPrD for human health. However, no absolute species barrier exists in prion diseases and minimizing the exposure of humans to prion-infected animal products is an essential aspect of public health protection.</div><div><br /></div><div>The worldwide camel population is ~35 million head, 88% of which is found in Africa [4]. The camel farming system is evolving rapidly, and these animals represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. This makes it necessary to assess the risk for animal and human health and to develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals, and to minimize human exposure. As a first step, the awareness of Veterinary Services about CPrD and its diagnostic capacity needs to be improved in all countries where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div><div><br /></div><div>Since the first description of CPrD, the OIE promoted discussions on the impact of this new disease through the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission). It evaluated if CPrD should be considered an ‘emerging disease’ based on the criteria listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code. The OIE Scientific Commission noted that limited surveillance data were available on the prevalence of CPrD and that the evidence was not enough to measure, at that time, the impact of the disease on animal or public health. Therefore, it was concluded that, with the current knowledge, CPrD did not currently meet the criteria to be considered an emerging disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nonetheless, it was emphasized that CPrD should be considered as a new disease not to be overlooked and called for the collection of further scientific evidence through research and surveillance in the affected countries and in countries with dromedary camel populations to measure the impact of the disease. As new scientific evidence becomes available, the OIE Scientific Commission will reassess whether this disease should be considered as an emerging disease. At the regional level, CPrD was first discussed in the 18th Joint Permanent Committee of the Mediterranean Animal Health Network (REMESA) held in Cairo, Egypt, in June 2019 and at the 15th Conference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East in November. During this conference, the CAMENET launched a wide-ranging proposal for training, coordinated surveillance and research on CPrD. In addition, the ERFAN (Enhancing Research for Africa Network), a platform aimed at enhancing scientific cooperation between Africa and Italy, during its 2nd ERFAN meeting for North Africa, presented a project on CPrD with the objective of increasing CPrD coordinated surveillance in North Africa.</div><div><br /></div><div>The OIE, through its Reference Laboratories for prion diseases, and by involving the above scientific initiatives, is keeping a close watch on the evolution of the disease to gather scientific evidence and to allow a proper and more thorough assessment of the risk associated with this novel disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>III. Case definition</div></div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see;</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Tuesday, April 27, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</a></div><div><br /></div><div>1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div><br /></div><div>2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div><br /></div><div>3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div><br /></div><div>Received 27 July 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>DISCUSSION</div><div><br /></div><div>The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...end</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a> </div><div><br /></div></div><div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">P04.27</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasm�zas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; L�wer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat � l�Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit�, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Background:</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Aims:</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Methods:</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Results:</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Conclusions:</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study �BSE in primates� supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Corinne Ida Lasm�zas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Fr�d�ric Auvr�, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sal�s, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0�1 mg 0�01 mg</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">PrPres biochemical detection</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Published online January 27, 2005</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>RESEARCH ARTICLE</div><div><br /></div><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers1☯, Clare E. Hoover2☯, Kristen A. DavenportID3, Davin M. Henderson1, Erin E. McNultyID1, Amy V. Nalls1, Candace K. Mathiason1, Edward A. HooverID1*</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, 2 AstraZeneca Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America, 3 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * <a href="mailto:Edward.hoover@colostate.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Edward.hoover@colostate.edu">Edward.hoover@colostate.edu</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogene- sis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of pri- ons of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD- positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD min- imum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div>Snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion</div><div><br /></div><div>As CWD expands across North America and Scandinavia, how this disease is transmitted so efficiently remains unclear, given the low concentrations of prions shed in secretions and excretions [13, 14]. The present studies demonstrated that a single oral exposure to as little as 300nmg of CWD-positive brain or equivalent saliva can initiate infection in 100% of exposed white-tailed deer. However, distributing this dose as 10, 30 ng exposures failed to induce infec- tion. Overall, these results suggest that the minimum oral infectious exposure approaches 100 to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain equivalent. These dynamics also invite speculation as to whether potential infection co-factors, such as particle binding [46, 47] or compromises in mucosal integrity may influence infection susceptibility, as suggested from two studies in rodent models [48, 49].</div><div><br /></div><div>Few studies in rodent models have explored oral infection with murine or hamster adapted scrapie by assessing the same total dose administered as a single bolus vs. the same bolus divided into fractional, sequential exposures [50–52]. The results reported by Diringer et al. [50] and Jacquemot et al. [52] have indicated that divided-dose exposures were as effective as a single bolus only if the interval between doses was short (1–2 days). In deer, we likewise found that when a total dose of 300 ng of brain was administered as 10 doses divided doses over 12 weeks this exposure failed to induce CWD infection, whereas three weekly 100 ng doses (300 ng total) induced infection. While this latter outcome may have involved an additive dynamic, we cannot exclude that a dose 100 ng alone also may have been sufficient to establish infection. Our conclusions here are unfortunately limited by the absence of a single 100 ng dose group. Additional experiments are needed to further directly compare single vs. divided exposures to strengthen the tenet that establishment of CWD infection is more a threshold than cumulative dose phenomenon.</div><div><br /></div><div>We also sought to examine a relatively unexamined possibility that prions emanating from different tissues and/or cells may possess different capacities to establish infections by mucosal routes. Our results indicated that brain and saliva inocula containing similar levels of prion seeding activity, also had similar infectivity, which did not support our hypothesis that saliva prions may be more infectious by mucosal routes. There are of course, several caveats bearing on this conclusion. These could include: the inherent limits in using an in vitro seeding assay as a surrogate to equate in vivo infectivity, the likelihood that small differences in prion suscep- tibility among deer may be more significant at very low exposure doses, and the greater varia- tion of inoculum uptake and routing through mucosal surfaces associated with the oral route of exposure.</div><div><br /></div><div>The chief correlate we observed between magnitude of infectious dose and disease course was in time from exposure to first detected amplification of prions in tonsil, an event which is closely followed by or concurrent with detection in pharyngeal lymph nodes [41]. Once a threshold dose was established, the subsequent pathogenesis of infection and disease appeared to vary little.</div><div><br /></div><div>In addition to potential cofactors that could influence CWD infectivity, such as particle binding [47] and compromised mucosal integrity [48, 53], there is PRNP genotype, in which polymorphisms at codon 96 of the white-tailed deer are known to affect the temporal dynam- ics of CWD infections [23, 41, 45]. In the present studies, most cohorts of 96GG deer became CWD-positive before 96GS animals in the same exposure group [cohorts 1, 2, 4, 6]. Thus, the low dose studies are consistent with the current concept of delayed conversion rate in PRNP 96GS vs. 96GG white-tailed deer [44].</div><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespec- tive of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/pdf/pone.0237410.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/pdf/pone.0237410.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, BSE SURVEILLANCE, BSE TESTING, and CJD TSE Prion</span><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>so far, we have been lucky. to date, with the science at hand, no cwd transmitted to cattle, that has been documented, TO DATE, WITH THE SCIENCE AT HAND, it's not to say it has not already happened, just like with zoonosis of cwd i.e. molecular transmission studies have shown that cwd transmission to humans would look like sporadic cjd, NOT nvCJD or what they call now vCJD. the other thing is virulence and or horizontal transmission. this is very concerning with the recent fact of what seems to be a large outbreak of a new tse prion disease in camels in Africa. there is much concern now with hay, straw, grains, and such, with the cwd tse prion endemic countries USA, Canada. what is of greatest concern is the different strains of cwd, and the virulence there from? this thing (cwd) keeps mutating to different strains, and to different species, the bigger the chance of one of these strains that WILL TRANSMIT TO CATTLE OR HUMANS, and that it is documented (i believe both has already occured imo with scienct to date). with that said, a few things to ponder, and i am still very concerned with, the animal feed. we now know from transmission studies that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral routes. the atypical bse strains will transmit by oral routes. i don't mean to keep kicking a mad cow, just look at the science; </div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><h3 class="yiv7868677106post-title yiv7868677106entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism: </h3><h3 class="yiv7868677106post-title yiv7868677106entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></h3><h3 class="yiv7868677106post-title yiv7868677106entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">clinical and pathologic features in wild-type and E211K cattle following intracranial inoculation</h3><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div class="yiv7868677106post-header" style="background-color: #fff3db; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7868677106post-header-line-1" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></div></div><div class="yiv7868677106post-body yiv7868677106entry-content" id="yiv7868677106post-body-8091054476622959524" style="background-color: #fff3db; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism: clinical and pathologic features in wild-type and E211K cattle following intracranial inoculation</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Title: H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism: clinical and pathologic features in wild-type and E211K cattle following intracranial inoculation</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Authors</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">item Moore, Sarah - item West Greenlee, Mary - item Smith, Jodi item Nicholson, Eric item Vrentas, Catherine item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Submitted to: Prion</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Publication Acceptance Date: August 12, 2015</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Publication Date: May 25, 2015</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Citation: Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H., Smith, J., Nicholson, E., Vrentas, C., Greenlee, J. 2015. H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism: clinical and pathologic features in wild-type and E211K cattle following intracranial inoculation. Prion 2015. p. S5.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Technical Abstract: In 2006 an H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) case was reported in an animal with an unusual polymorphism (E211K) in the prion protein gene. Although the prevalence of this polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele are predisposed to rapid onset of H-type BSE when exposed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenotype of this BSE strain in wild-type (E211E) and E211K heterozygous cattle. One calf carrying the wild-type allele and one E211K calf were inoculated intracranially with H-type BSE brain homogenate from the US 2006 case that also carried one K211 allelle. In addition, one wild-type calf and one E211K calf were inoculated intracranially with brain homogenate from a US 2003 classical BSE case. All animals succumbed to clinical disease. Survival times for E211K H-type BSE inoculated catttle (10 and 18 months) were shorter than the classical BSE inoculated cattle (both 26 months). Significant changes in retinal function were observed in H-type BSE challenged cattle only. Animals challenged with the same inoculum showed similar severity and neuroanatomical distribution of vacuolation and disease-associated prion protein deposition in the brain, though differences in neuropathology were observed between E211K H-type BSE and classical BSE inoculated animals. Western blot results for brain tissue from challenged animals were consistent with the inoculum strains. This study demonstrates that the phenotype of E211K H-type BSE remains stable when transmitted to cattle without the E211K polymorphism, and exhibits a number of features that differ from classical BSE in both wild-type and E211K cattle.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313915" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #956839; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313915</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** All animals succumbed to clinical disease. Survival times for E211K H-type BSE inoculated catttle (10 and 18 months) were shorter than the classical BSE inoculated cattle (both 26 months). ***</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: re-BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2002 10:23:43 -0000</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">From: "Asante, Emmanuel A" <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">To: "'<a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a>'" <a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">I have been asked by Professor Collinge to respond to your request. I am a Senior Scientist in the MRC Prion Unit and the lead author on the paper. I have attached a pdf copy of the paper for your attention.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Thank you for your interest in the paper.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">In respect of your first question, the simple answer is, ***yes. As you will find in the paper, we have managed to associate the alternate phenotype to type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. It is too early to be able to claim any further sub-classification in respect of Heidenhain variant CJD or Vicky Rimmer's version. It will take further studies, which are on-going, to establish if there are sub-types to our initial finding which we are now reporting. The main point of the paper is that, as well as leading to the expected new variant CJD phenotype, BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">I hope reading the paper will enlighten you more on the subject. If I can be of any further assistance please to not hesitate to ask. Best wishes..</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Asante</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">< ></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">____________________________________</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dr. Emmanuel A Asante MRC Prion Unit & Neurogenetics Dept. Imperial College School of Medicine (St. Mary's) Norfolk Place, LONDON W2 1PG Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 3794 Fax: +44 (0)20 7706 3272 email: <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac">e.asante@ic.ac</a>..uk (until 9/12/02) New e-mail: <a href="mailto:e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk">e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk</a> (active from now)</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">_________end...TSS___________________</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. ***</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. ***</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, ***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">================</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #956839; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #956839; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica;">RE-Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada </span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica;">Posted by flounder on 19 May 2010 at 21:21 GMT</span><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Full text Singeltary et al PLOS</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a> </span></div></div></div></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">> Epidemiological investigations conducted by USDA personnel failed to reveal any evidence of a feed source contaminated with TSE material fed to this animal</span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_i%E2%80%8Bssues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06..pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS ???</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb.. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">a) Bulk</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">b) None</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">c) Bulk</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">d) Bulk</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a> </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">___________________________________</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">42,090 lbs.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">WI</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">___________________________________</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">9,997,976 lbs.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">ID and NV</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a> </div></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010</span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY</span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)</span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006</span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 5, 2021 </div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">Exploration of genetic factors resulting in abnormal disease in cattle experimentally challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy<br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">PLOS ONE Journal </em></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_231efb16-bece-4be2-9555-8828489cb794" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_076c3e68-3f1c-492a-b84c-fa586eb49e44" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_314a32af-6aac-473d-8dc2-78ba9131e347" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_162e08c0-024f-424d-bebb-66f89d627450" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_55d0d5c6-e95d-4ef2-81fc-d72be9f7a63c" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_268b3d40-d03f-4bd8-817c-0b0a21454b9b" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***<br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis IBNC BSE TSE Prion a Review 2020</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>***Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </div><div><br /></div><div>In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </div><div><br /></div><div>P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</div><div><br /></div><div>1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</div><div><br /></div><div>Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>CH1641</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/11/review-update-on-classical-and-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/11/review-update-on-classical-and-atypical.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Bovine adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy is similar to L-BSE after passage through sheep with the VRQ/VRQ genotype but not VRQ/ARQ </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/bovine-adapted-transmissible-mink.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/bovine-adapted-transmissible-mink.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 2019 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/ Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2019 First published 17 November 2020</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">EFSA Annual report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2020 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/10/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/10/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 2020</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">EFSA Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) ADOPTED: 21 October 2020</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">i wonder if a 7 month delay on a suspect BSE case in Texas is too long, on a 48 hour turnaround, asking for a friend???</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 4, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Cattle Meat and Offal Imported from the United States of America, Canada and Ireland to Japan (Prions) Food Safety Commission of Japan<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/10/cattle-meat-and-offal-imported-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/10/cattle-meat-and-offal-imported-from.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">ISO's Updated 22442 Animal Tissue Standards — What Changed? TSE Prion!<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/09/isos-updated-22442-animal-tissue.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/09/isos-updated-22442-animal-tissue.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><div>Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a> </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a> </div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">EFSA Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) ADOPTED: 21 October 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">i wonder if a 7 month delay on a suspect BSE case in Texas is too long, on a 48 hour turnaround, asking for a friend???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wednesday, February 16, 2011</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA<br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>MONDAY, JUNE 28, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>BSE can propagate in sheep co‑infected or pre‑infected with scrapie<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Autoclave treatment of the classical scrapie agent US No. 13-7 and experimental inoculation to susceptible VRQ/ARQ sheep via the oral route results in decreased transmission efficiency<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 2019 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Incomplete inactivation of atypical scrapie following recommended autoclave decontamination procedures </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA HERE'S YOUR SIGN!</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html</a> </span></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, JUNE 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div id="yiv7868677106"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div class="yiv7868677106yqt0368571074" id="yiv7868677106yqt20793"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; margin-bottom: 9pt;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><div class="yiv7868677106MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm;"><div style="line-height: inherit;"><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: inherit;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: inherit;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">NOW, in 1979, it was proven that indeed U.S. scrapie strain that was transmitted to U.S. cattle, did NOT produce a Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) like the U.K. B.S.E., but a TSE unlike the U.K. B.S.E. SO what does all this tell us? it tells me that there is a possibility that a strain of mad cow disease was circulating in the U.S.A. long, long, before originally thought, only left to be ignored, while incubating and spreading. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">3.57 The experiment which might have determined whether BSE and scrapie were caused by the same agent (ie, the feeding of natural scrapie to cattle) was never undertaken in the UK. It was, however, performed in the USA in 1979, when it was shown that cattle inoculated with the scrapie agent endemic in the flock of Suffolk sheep at the United States Department of Agriculture in Mission, Texas, developed a TSE quite unlike BSE.339 The findings of the initial transmission, though not of the clinical or neurohistological examination, were communicated in October 1988 to Dr Watson, Director of the CVL, following a visit by Dr Wrathall, one of the project leaders in the Pathology Department of the CVL, to the United States Department of Agriculture.340 The results were not published at this point, since the attempted transmission to mice from the experimental cow brain had been inconclusive. The results of the clinical and histological differences between scrapie-affected sheep and cattle were published in 1995. Similar studies in which cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with scrapie inocula derived from a number of scrapie-affected sheep of different breeds and from different States, were carried out at the US National Animal Disease Centre.341 The results, published in 1994, showed that this source of scrapie agent, though pathogenic for cattle, did not produce the same clinical signs of brain lesions characteristic of BSE.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">3.58 There are several possible reasons why the experiment was not performed in the UK. It had been recommended by Sir Richard Southwood (Chairman of the Working Party on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) in his letter to the Permanent Secretary of MAFF, Mr (now Sir) Derek Andrews, on 21 June 1988,342 though it was not specifically recommended in the Working Party Report or indeed in the Tyrrell Committee Report (details of the Southwood Working Party and the Tyrell Committee can be found in vol. 4: The Southwood Working Party, 1988–89 and vol. 11: Scientists after Southwood respectively). The direct inoculation of scrapie into calves was given low priority, because of its high cost and because it was known that it had already taken place in the USA.343 It was also felt that the results of such an experiment would be hard to interpret. While a negative result would be informative, a positive result would need to demonstrate that when scrapie was transmitted to cattle, the disease which developed in cattle was the same as BSE.344 Given the large number of strains of scrapie and the possibility that BSE was one of them, it would be necessary to transmit every scrapie strain to cattle separately, to test the hypothesis properly. Such an experiment would be expensive. Secondly, as measures to control the epidemic took hold, the need for the experiment from the policy viewpoint was not considered so urgent. It was felt that the results would be mainly of academic interest.345</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">3.59 Nevertheless, from the first demonstration of transmissibility of BSE in 1988, the possibility of differences in the transmission properties of BSE and scrapie was clear. Scrapie was transmissible to hamsters, but by 1988 attempts to transmit BSE to hamsters had failed. Subsequent findings increased that possibility. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">337 Fraser, H., Bruce, M., Chree, A., McConnell, I. and Wells, G. (1992) Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Scrapie to Mice, Journal of General Virology, 73, 1891–7; Bruce, M., Chree, A., McConnell, I., Foster, J., Pearson, G. and Fraser, H. (1994) Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Scrapie to Mice: Strain Variation and the Species Barrier, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 343, 405–11 338 Bruce, M., Will, R., Ironside, J., McConell, I., Drummond, D., Suttie, A., McCordie, L., Chree, A., Hope, J., Birkett, C., Cousens, S., Fraser, H. and Bostock, C. (1997) Transmissions to Mice Indicate that ‘New Variant’ CJD is Caused by the BSE Agent, Nature, 389, 498–501 339 Clark, W., Hourrigan, J. and Hadlow, W. (1995) Encephalopathy in Cattle Experimentally Infected with the Scrapie Agent, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 56, 606–12 340 YB88/10.00/1.1 341 Cutlip, R., Miller, J., Race, R., Jenny, A., Katz, J., Lehmkuhl, H., Debey, B. and Robinson, M. (1994) Intracerebral Transmission of Scrapie to Cattle, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 169, 814–20 342 YB88/6.21/1.2 343 YB88/11.17/2.4</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505200149/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter3.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505200149/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter3.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/08/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-mad.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/08/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-mad.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>31</div><div><br /></div><div>Appendix I VISIT TO USA - OR A E WRATHALL — INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr Clark lately of the scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has</div><div><br /></div><div>successfully transmitted ovine and caprine scrapie to cattle. The</div><div><br /></div><div>experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do</div><div><br /></div><div>this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is:-</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt A 6 Her x Jer calves born in 1978 were inoculated as follows with</div><div><br /></div><div>a 2nd Suffolk scrapie passage:-</div><div><br /></div><div>i/c 1ml; i/m, 5ml; s/c 5ml; oral 30ml.</div><div><br /></div><div>1/6 went down after 48 months with a scrapie/BSE-like disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt B 6 Her or Jer or HxJ calves were inoculated with angora Goat</div><div><br /></div><div>virus 2/6 went down similarly after 36 months.</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt C Mice inoculated from brains of calves/cattle in expts A & B were resistant, only 1/20 going down with scrapie and this was the reason given for not publishing.</div><div><br /></div><div>Diagnosis in A, B, C was by histopath. No reports on SAF were given.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr Warren Foote indicated success so far in eliminating scrapie in offspring from experimentally— (and naturally) infected sheep by ET. He had found difficulty in obtaining embryos from naturally infected sheep (cf SPA).</div><div><br /></div><div>Prof. A Robertson gave a brief accout of BSE. The us approach was to</div><div><br /></div><div>32</div><div><br /></div><div>accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr A Thiermann showed the picture in the "Independent" with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE was not reported in USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Scrapie incidents (ie affected flocks) have shown a dramatic increase since 1978. In 1953 when the National Control scheme was started there were 10-14 incidents, in 1978 - 1 and in 1988 so far 60.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Scrapie agent was reported to have been isolated from a solitary fetus.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. A western blotting diagnostic technique (? on PrP) shows some promise.</div><div><br /></div><div>7. Results of a questionnaire sent to 33 states on the subject of the national sheep scrapie programme survey indicated</div><div><br /></div><div>17/33 wished to drop it</div><div><br /></div><div>6/33 wished to develop it</div><div><br /></div><div>8/33 had few sheep and were neutral</div><div><br /></div><div>Information obtained from Dr Wrathall‘s notes of a meeting of the u.s.</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal Health Association at Little Rock, Arkansas Nov. 1988.</div><div><br /></div><div>33</div><div><br /></div><div>In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">VISIT TO USA - DR AE WRATHALL - INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">1. Dr. Clark lately of the Scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has successfully transmitted ovine & caprine Scrapie to cattle. The experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see handwritten notes from this here;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505234344/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505234344/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">Perceptions of an unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the U.S.A. G A H Wells</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">Report of a Visit to the USA April-May 1989</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2018/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Thursday, June 09, 2016 </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base Scrapie Experiment 1964 </div><div><br /></div><div>How Did CWD Get Way Down In Medina County, Texas? </div><div><br /></div><div>Confucius ponders... </div><div><br /></div><div>Could the Scrapie experiments back around 1964 at Moore Air Force near Mission, Texas, could this area have been ground zero for CWD TSE Prion (besides the CWD cases that have waltzed across the Texas, New Mexico border near WSMR Trans Pecos region since around 2001)? </div><div><br /></div><div>Epidemiology of Scrapie in the United States 1977 </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas A Scrapie Field Trial was developed at Mission, Texas, to provide additional information for the eradication program on the epidemiology of natural scrapie. The Mission Field Trial Station is located on 450 acres of pastureland, part of the former Moore Air Force Base, near Mission, Texas. </div><div><br /></div><div>It was designed to bring previously exposed, and later also unexposed, sheep or goats to the Station and maintain and breed them under close observation for extended periods to determine which animals would develop scrapie and define more closely the natural spread and other epidemiological aspects of the disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>The 547 previously exposed sheep brought to the Mission Station beginning in 1964 were of the Cheviot, Hampshire, Montadale, or Suffolk breeds. </div><div><br /></div><div>They were purchased as field outbreaks occurred, and represented 21 bloodlines in which scrapie had been diagnosed. </div><div><br /></div><div>Upon arrival at the Station, the sheep were maintained on pasture, with supplemental feeding as necessary. </div><div><br /></div><div>The station was divided into 2 areas: </div><div><br /></div><div>(1) a series of pastures and-pens occupied by male animals only, and </div><div><br /></div><div>(2) a series of pastures and pens occupied by females and young progeny of both sexes. </div><div><br /></div><div>... snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>see full text ; </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Thursday, June 09, 2016 </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base Scrapie TSE Prion Experiment 1964 How Did CWD Get Way Down In Medina County, Texas? </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/06/how-did-cwd-get-way-down-in-medina.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/06/how-did-cwd-get-way-down-in-medina.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/scrapie-field-trial-experiments-mission.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/scrapie-field-trial-experiments-mission.html</a> </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">doi:10.1016/S0021-9975(97)80022-9 Copyright © 1997 Published by Elsevier Ltd.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Second passage of a US scrapie agent in cattle</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">R.C. Cutlip, J.M. Miller and H.D. Lehmkuhl</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Received 10 September 1996; accepted 31 July 1997. Available online 25 May 2006.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Summary</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy are similar chronic neurodegenerative diseases of sheep and cattle. An earlier study showed that, on first passage in cattle, a US scrapie agent caused an encephalopathy that was distinct from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The present report describes a second passage in cattle, carried out because diseases caused by the spongiform encephalopathy agents often change in character with additional passages in abnormal hosts. For this work, young calves were inoculated intracerebrally with a pooled suspension of brain from cattle that had died of encephalopathy after experimental inoculation with brain from scrapie-affected sheep. The second passage disease was essentially identical with the first passage disease, as judged by clinical signs, histopathological findings and distribution of "prion protein scrapie" (PrPsc). This represents additional evidence to suggest that the US sheep scrapie agent tested is incapable of causing BSE in cattle.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WHW-4K1V3NT-9&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=01b6b1aef2a83ea797b17fc4305a4752" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WHW-4K1V3NT-9&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=01b6b1aef2a83ea797b17fc4305a4752</a> </div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 4, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Cattle Meat and Offal Imported from the United States of America, Canada and Ireland to Japan (Prions) Food Safety Commission of Japan</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/10/cattle-meat-and-offal-imported-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/10/cattle-meat-and-offal-imported-from.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SEE HADLOW AND SCRAPIE !</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/08/doctor-william-j-hadlow.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/08/doctor-william-j-hadlow.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div>P03.141 </div><div><br /></div><div> Aspects of the Cerebellar Neuropathology in Nor98 </div><div><br /></div><div> Gavier-Widén, D1; Benestad, SL2; Ottander, L1; Westergren, E1 1National Veterinary Insitute, Sweden; 2National Veterinary Institute, </div><div><br /></div><div> Norway Nor98 is a prion disease of old sheep and goats. This atypical form of scrapie was first described in Norway in 1998. Several features of Nor98 were shown to be different from classical scrapie including the distribution of disease associated prion protein (PrPd) accumulation in the brain. The cerebellum is generally the most affected brain area in Nor98. The study here presented aimed at adding information on the neuropathology in the cerebellum of Nor98 naturally affected sheep of various genotypes in Sweden and Norway. A panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings such as IHC for PrPd, synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, amyloid, and cell markers for phagocytic cells were conducted. The type of histological lesions and tissue reactions were evaluated. The types of PrPd deposition were characterized. The cerebellar cortex was regularly affected, even though there was a variation in the severity of the lesions from case to case. Neuropil vacuolation was more marked in the molecular layer, but affected also the granular cell layer. There was a loss of granule cells. Punctate deposition of PrPd was characteristic. It was morphologically and in distribution identical with that of synaptophysin, suggesting that PrPd accumulates in the synaptic structures. PrPd was also observed in the granule cell layer and in the white matter. The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. </div><div><br /></div><div> ***The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. </div><div><br /></div><div> <a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf%C2%A0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf </a>;</div><div><br /></div><div> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">PR-26 </span></div><div><br /></div><div> NOR98 SHOWS MOLECULAR FEATURES REMINISCENT OF GSS </div><div><br /></div><div> R. Nonno1, E. Esposito1, G. Vaccari1, E. Bandino2, M. Conte1, B. Chiappini1, S. Marcon1, M. Di Bari1, S.L. Benestad3, U. Agrimi1 1 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy (<a href="mailto:romolo.nonno@iss.it" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:romolo.nonno@iss.it">romolo.nonno@iss.it</a>); 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy; 3 National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology, Oslo, Norway </div><div><br /></div><div> Molecular variants of PrPSc are being increasingly investigated in sheep scrapie and are generally referred to as "atypical" scrapie, as opposed to "classical scrapie". Among the atypical group, Nor98 seems to be the best identified. We studied the molecular properties of Italian and Norwegian Nor98 samples by WB analysis of brain homogenates, either untreated, digested with different concentrations of proteinase K, or subjected to enzymatic deglycosylation. The identity of PrP fragments was inferred by means of antibodies spanning the full PrP sequence. We found that undigested brain homogenates contain a Nor98-specific PrP fragment migrating at 11 kDa (PrP11), truncated at both the C-terminus and the N-terminus, and not N-glycosylated. After mild PK digestion, Nor98 displayed full-length PrP (FL-PrP) and N-glycosylated C-terminal fragments (CTF), along with increased levels of PrP11. Proteinase K digestion curves (0,006-6,4 mg/ml) showed that FL-PrP and CTF are mainly digested above 0,01 mg/ml, while PrP11 is not entirely digested even at the highest concentrations, similarly to PrP27-30 associated with classical scrapie. Above 0,2 mg/ml PK, most Nor98 samples showed only PrP11 and a fragment of 17 kDa with the same properties of PrP11, that was tentatively identified as a dimer of PrP11. Detergent solubility studies showed that PrP11 is insoluble in 2% sodium laurylsorcosine and is mainly produced from detergentsoluble, full-length PrPSc. Furthermore, among Italian scrapie isolates, we found that a sample with molecular and pathological properties consistent with Nor98 showed plaque-like deposits of PrPSc in the thalamus when the brain was analysed by PrPSc immunohistochemistry. Taken together, our results show that the distinctive pathological feature of Nor98 is a PrP fragment spanning amino acids ~ 90-155. This fragment is produced by successive N-terminal and C-terminal cleavages from a full-length and largely detergent-soluble PrPSc, is produced in vivo and is extremely resistant to PK digestion. </div><div><br /></div><div> *** Intriguingly, these conclusions suggest that some pathological features of Nor98 are reminiscent of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. </div><div><br /></div><div> 119 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf%C2%A0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf </a>;</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes </span></div><div><br /></div><div> Annick Le Dur*,?, Vincent Béringue*,?, Olivier Andréoletti?, Fabienne Reine*, Thanh Lan Laï*, Thierry Baron§, Bjørn Bratberg¶, Jean-Luc Vilotte?, Pierre Sarradin**, Sylvie L. Benestad¶, and Hubert Laude*,? +Author Affiliations </div><div><br /></div><div>*Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires and ?Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ?Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, 31066 Toulouse, France; §Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Unité Agents Transmissibles Non Conventionnels, 69364 Lyon, France; **Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France; and ¶Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, 0033 Oslo, Norway </div><div><br /></div><div>***Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco, CA (received for review March 21, 2005) </div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract Scrapie in small ruminants belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, a family of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and can transmit within and between species by ingestion or inoculation. Conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), normal cellular PrP (PrPc), into a misfolded form, abnormal PrP (PrPSc), plays a key role in TSE transmission and pathogenesis. The intensified surveillance of scrapie in the European Union, together with the improvement of PrPSc detection techniques, has led to the discovery of a growing number of so-called atypical scrapie cases. These include clinical Nor98 cases first identified in Norwegian sheep on the basis of unusual pathological and PrPSc molecular features and "cases" that produced discordant responses in the rapid tests currently applied to the large-scale random screening of slaughtered or fallen animals. Worryingly, a substantial proportion of such cases involved sheep with PrP genotypes known until now to confer natural resistance to conventional scrapie. Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice. *** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, December 1, 2008 </div><div><br /></div><div> When Atypical Scrapie cross species barriers </div><div><br /></div><div> Authors </div><div><br /></div><div> Andreoletti O., Herva M. H., Cassard H., Espinosa J. C., Lacroux C., Simon S., Padilla D., Benestad S. L., Lantier F., Schelcher F., Grassi J., Torres, J. M., UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse.France; ICISA-INlA, Madrid, Spain; CEA, IBiTec-5, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France; National Veterinary Institute, Postboks 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway, INRA IASP, Centre INRA de Tours, 3738O Nouzilly, France. </div><div><br /></div><div> Content </div><div><br /></div><div> Atypical scrapie is a TSE occurring in small ruminants and harbouring peculiar clinical, epidemiological and biochemical properties. Currently this form of disease is identified in a large number of countries. In this study we report the transmission of an atypical scrapie isolate through different species barriers as modeled by transgenic mice (Tg) expressing different species PRP sequence.</div><div><br /></div><div>The donor isolate was collected in 1995 in a French commercial sheep flock. inoculation into AHQ/AHQ sheep induced a disease which had all neuro-pathological and biochemical characteristics of atypical scrapie. Transmitted into Transgenic mice expressing either ovine or PrPc, the isolate retained all the described characteristics of atypical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>Surprisingly the TSE agent characteristics were dramatically different v/hen passaged into Tg bovine mice. The recovered TSE agent had biological and biochemical characteristics similar to those of atypical BSE L in the same mouse model. Moreover, whereas no other TSE agent than BSE were shown to transmit into Tg porcine mice, atypical scrapie was able to develop into this model, albeit with low attack rate on first passage.</div><div><br /></div><div>Furthermore, after adaptation in the porcine mouse model this prion showed similar biological and biochemical characteristics than BSE adapted to this porcine mouse model. Altogether these data indicate.</div><div><br /></div><div>(i) the unsuspected potential abilities of atypical scrapie to cross species barriers</div><div><br /></div><div>(ii) the possible capacity of this agent to acquire new characteristics when crossing species barrier</div><div><br /></div><div>These findings raise some interrogation on the concept of TSE strain and on the origin of the diversity of the TSE agents and could have consequences on field TSE control measures.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf%C2%A0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf </a>;</div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, JUNE 10, 2020 </span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Atypical BSE prions showed a modification in their zoonotic ability after adaptation to sheep-PrP producing agents able to infect TgMet129 and TgVal129, bearing features that make them indistinguishable of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">our results clearly indicate that atypical BSE adaptation to an ovine-PrP sequence could modify the prion agent to potentially infect humans, showing strain features indistinguishable from those of classic sCJD prions, even though they might or might not be different agents.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">However, the expanding range of TSE agents displaying the capacity to transmit in human-PrP–expressing hosts warrants the continuation of the ban on meat and bone meal recycling and underscores the ongoing need for active surveillance</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258450/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258450/</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie TSE Prion Zoonosis Zoonotic, what if?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/scrapie-tse-prion-zoonosis-zoonotic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/scrapie-tse-prion-zoonosis-zoonotic.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">TAHC 409TH COMMISSION MEETING JUNE 29, 2021 CWD CALL FOR SPECIAL MEETING DENIED, DELAYED TO NEXT MEETING<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" /></span><div id="yiv7868677106" style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">TAHC 409TH COMMISSION MEETING CWD TSE PRION JUNE 29, 2021<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span><div id="yiv7868677106"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div id="yiv7868677106"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div><div>TAHC 409TH COMMISSION MEETING JUNE 29, 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>MEETING starts out by a Commissioner questioning why the first presenter did not address CWD, and speaker said that Dr. Susan Rollo would speak on CWD, and that a nice lady TAHC Commissioner (no named mentioned) that was very concerned about CWD, and she called for a special meeting on CWD, but she was shot down by another lady that said that would not be possible, that cwd would have to be address at next meeting. passing the buck again...so sad. here's what i wrote down.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>CWD DR. SUSAN ROLLO MINUTE MARK 59:20</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>MARCH 23, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>5 CWD POSTIVE AT 2 DIFFERENT FACLITIES OWNED BY SAME OWNER UVALDE COUNTY</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>TO DATE, 7 POSITIVE CWD AT UVALDE FACILITY 1</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>AND </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>15 POSITIVE CWD AT FACILITY 2, WHICH IS A 4TH YEAR CERTIFIED HERD. WE ARE IN THE PROCESS OF DEPOPULATION OF THIS HERD.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1 DOE WAS POSITIVE HUNT COUNTY </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>SEE FULL MEETING OVER 4 HOURS, and it's very discouraging;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w41tLvOkT8A" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w41tLvOkT8A</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Texas Kimble County Farm Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Approximate Herd Prevalence 12% <br clear="none" /></div><div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Texas Kimble County Farm Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Approximate Herd Prevalence 12%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>SUMMARY MINUTES OF THE 407th COMMISSION MEETING Texas Animal Health Commission</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>September 22, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD):</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>A new CWD positive breeding herd was disclosed in February 2020 in Kimble County. This herd depopulation was completed in July 2020. Including the two index positive deer, an additional eight more positive deer were disclosed (approximate herd prevalence 12%). Since July 2015 and prior to this discovery, five positive captive breeder herds have been disclosed and four of those are in Medina County. One herd in Lavaca and three herds in Medina County were depopulated leaving one large herd in Medina County that is managed on a herd plan. A new zone was established in Val Verde County in December 2019 as a result of a positive free-ranging White-tailed Deer (WTD). A second positive WTD was also disclosed in February 2020 in the same area. </div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/agency/meetings/minutes/Minutes_CommMtg_2020-09-22.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/agency/meetings/minutes/Minutes_CommMtg_2020-09-22.pdf</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>“Regrettably, the gravity of this situation continues to mount with these new CWD positive discoveries, as well as with the full understanding of just how many other facilities and release sites across Texas were connected to the CWD positive sites in Uvalde and Hunt Counties,” said Carter Smith, Executive Director of TPWD.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20210514a" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20210514a</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20210331b" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20210331b</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div>TAHC Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease Terry Singeltary Comment Submission<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 1st and foremost your biggest problem is 'VOLUNTARY'! AS with the BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, especially since it is still voluntary with cervid, knowing full well that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral route. VOLUNTARY DOES NOT WORK! all animal products should be banned and be made mandatory, and the herd certification program should be mandatory, or you don't move cervid. IF THE CWD HERD CERTIFICATION IS NOT MANDATORY, it will be another colossal tse prion failure from the start.</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 2nd USA should declare a Declaration of Extraordinary Emergency due to CWD, and all exports of cervid and cervid products must be stopped internationally, and there should be a ban of interstate movement of cervid, until a live cwd test is available.</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 3rd Captive Farmed cervid ESCAPEES should be made mandatory to report immediately, and strict regulations for those suspect cwd deer that just happen to disappear. IF a cervid escapes and is not found, that farm should be indefinitely shut down, all movement, until aid MIA cervid is found, and if not ever found, that farm shut down permanently.</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 4th Captive Farmed Cervid, INDEMNITY, NO MORE Federal indemnity program, or what i call, ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM for game farm industry. NO MORE BAIL OUTS FROM TAX PAYERS. if the captive industry can't buy insurance to protect not only themselves, but also their customers, and especially the STATE, from Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion or what some call mad deer disease and harm therefrom, IF they can't afford to buy that insurance that will cover all of it, then they DO NOT GET A PERMIT to have a game farm for anything. This CWD TSE Prion can/could/has caused property values to fall from some reports in some places. roll the dice, how much is a state willing to lose?</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 5th QUARANTINE OF ALL FARMED CAPTIVE, BREEDERS, URINE, ANTLER, VELVET, SPERM, OR ANY FACILITY, AND THEIR PRODUCTS, that has been confirmed to have Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, the QUARANTINE should be for 21 years due to science showing what scrapie can do. 5 years is NOT near long enough. see; Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 to 21 years.</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 6th America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS CWD TSE Prion</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 7TH TRUCKING TRANSPORTING CERVID CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE TSE PRION VIOLATING THE LACEY ACT</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 8TH ALL CAPTIVE FARMING CERVID OPERATIONS MUST BE INSURED TO PAY FOR ANY CLEAN UP OF CWD AND QUARANTINE THERE FROM FOR THE STATE, NO MORE ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM FOR CERVID GAME FARMING PAY TO PLAY FOR CWD TSE PRION OFF THE TAX PAYERS BACK.</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 9TH ANY STATE WITH DOCUMENTED CWD, INTERSTATE, NATIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF ALL CERVID, AND ALL CERVID PRODUCTS MUST BE HALTED!</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 10TH BAN THE SALE OF STRAW BRED BUCKS AND ALL CERVID SEMEN AND URINE PRODUCTS</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">***> 11th ALL CAPTIVE FARMED CERVID AND THEIR PRODUCTS MUST BE CWD TSE PRION TESTED ANNUALLY AND BEFORE SALE FOR CWD TSE PRION</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">SEE FULL SCIENCE REFERENCES AND REASONINGS ;</span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div><br /></div><div>QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> Confidential!!!!</span></span></div><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</span></span></div><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7868677106aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">---end personal email---end...tss</span></span></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 15, 2021 <div>Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion 2021 Update Wild Cervid 8,174 Positive To Date </div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/wisconsin-cwd-tse-prion-2021-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/wisconsin-cwd-tse-prion-2021-update.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 05, 2021 </div><div>Evaluation of Winter Ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) Collected from North American Elk (Cervus canadensis) in an Area of Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/evaluation-of-winter-ticks-dermacentor.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/evaluation-of-winter-ticks-dermacentor.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, JUNE 23, 2021 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">EU to lift its ban on feeding animal remains to domestic livestock Allowing processed animal protein feed for pigs and poultry </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/06/eu-to-lift-its-ban-on-feeding-animal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/06/eu-to-lift-its-ban-on-feeding-animal.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>SUNDAY, JULY 11, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Animal protein back on the menu in EU<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/animal-protein-back-on-menu-in-eu.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/animal-protein-back-on-menu-in-eu.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">MONDAY, JULY 27, 2020 </span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">BSE Inquiry DFA's a review</span></span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2020/07/bse-inquiry-dfas-review.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2020/07/bse-inquiry-dfas-review.html</a></span></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">DEFRA FSA Single case of classical BSE confirmed on a farm in Somerset England</span><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/09/defra-fsa-single-case-of-classical-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/09/defra-fsa-single-case-of-classical-bse.html</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">OIE, DEFRA, FSA, BSE Report Somerset England </span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/09/oie-defra-fsa-bse-report-somerset.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/09/oie-defra-fsa-bse-report-somerset.html</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div style="font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 <a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a> Galveston Bay...on the bottom///</div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-78998223559825642122021-10-01T15:30:00.000-05:002021-10-01T15:30:03.579-05:00Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin, USA, what if?<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin, USA, what if?</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Published: 15 April 2021</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Classical scrapie in small ruminants is caused by at least four different prion strains</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Alba Marín-Moreno, Patricia Aguilar-Calvo, Juan Carlos Espinosa, María Zamora-Ceballos, José Luis Pitarch, Lorenzo González, Natalia Fernández-Borges, Leonor Orge, Olivier Andréoletti, Romolo Nonno & Juan María Torres </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 57 (2021) Cite this article</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The diversity of goat scrapie strains in Europe has recently been studied using bioassays in a wide collection of rodent models, resulting in the classification of classical scrapie into four different categories. However, the sole use of the first passage does not lead to isolate adaptation and identification of the strains involved and might therefore lead to misclassification of some scrapie isolates. Therefore, this work reports the complete transmission study of a wide collection of goat transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) isolates by intracranial inoculation in two transgenic mouse lines overexpressing either small ruminant (TgGoat-ARQ) or bovine (TgBov) PrPC. To compare scrapie strains in sheep and goats, sheep scrapie isolates from different European countries were also included in the study. Once the species barrier phenomenon was overcome, an accurate classification of the isolates was attained. Thus, the use of just two rodent models allowed us to fully differentiate at least four different classical scrapie strains in small ruminants and to identify isolates containing mixtures of strains. This work reinforces the idea that classical scrapie in small ruminants is a prion disease caused by multiple different prion strains and not by a single strain, as is the case for epidemic classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE-C). In addition, the clear dissimilarity between the different scrapie strains and BSE-C does not support the idea that classical scrapie is the origin of epidemic BSE-C.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In summary, this work rejects the idea of considering classical scrapie as a uniform prion disease caused by a single strain, as is the case for epidemic BSE-C. Moreover, the clear differences in the biological and biochemical properties among the four classical scrapie strains identified in this work and the BSE isolate included for comparative purposes (Table 2; Figure 3) indicate that none of the classical scrapie strains that are currently circulating in Europe are the origin strain of epidemic BSE-C (Figure 3). This view has already been suggested for scrapie in sheep [24,25,26,27,28,29], but the variability of scrapie in goats has not been investigated. With at least four different classical scrapie strains plus atypical/Nor98 scrapie circulating in Europe and the existence of strain mixtures in individual animals, strain typing in scrapie outbreaks is useful. To this end, a double animal bioassay in TgGoat-ARQ and TgBov mice seems to be the best method.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00929-7" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00929-7</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13567-021-00929-7.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13567-021-00929-7.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin, USA, what if?<br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base Scrapie TSE Prion Experiment 1964</div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base Scrapie Experiment 1964</div><div><br /></div><div>How Did CWD Get Way Down In Medina County, Texas?</div><div><br /></div><div>Confucius ponders...</div><div><br /></div><div>Could the Scrapie experiments back around 1964 at Moore Air Force near Mission, Texas, could this area have been ground zero for CWD TSE Prion (besides the CWD cases that have waltzed across the Texas, New Mexico border near WSMR Trans Pecos region since around 2001)?</div><div><br /></div><div>Epidemiology of Scrapie in the United States 1977</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas</div><div><br /></div><div>A Scrapie Field Trial was developed at Mission, Texas, to provide additional information for the eradication program on the epidemiology of natural scrapie. The Mission Field Trial Station is located on 450 acres of pastureland, part of the former Moore Air Force Base, near Mission, Texas. It was designed to bring previously exposed, and later also unexposed, sheep or goats to the Station and maintain and breed them under close observation for extended periods to determine which animals would develop scrapie and define more closely the natural spread and other epidemiological aspects of the disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>The 547 previously exposed sheep brought to the Mission Station beginning in 1964 were of the Cheviot, Hampshire, Montadale, or Suffolk breeds. They were purchased as field outbreaks occurred, and represented 21 bloodlines in which scrapie had been diagnosed. Upon arrival at the Station, the sheep were maintained on pasture, with supplemental feeding as necessary. The station was divided into 2 areas: (1) a series of pastures and-pens occupied by male animals only, and (2) a series of pastures and pens occupied by females and young progeny of both sexes. ...</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/scrapie-field-trial-experiments-mission.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/scrapie-field-trial-experiments-mission.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">57 The experiment which might have determined whether BSE and scrapie were caused by the same agent (ie, the feeding of natural scrapie to cattle) was never undertaken in the UK. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">It was, however, performed in the USA in 1979, when it was shown that cattle inoculated with the scrapie agent endemic in the flock of Suffolk sheep at the United States Department of Agriculture in Mission, Texas, developed a TSE quite unlike BSE. 32 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The findings of the initial transmission, though not of the clinical or neurohistological examination, were communicated in October 1988 to Dr Watson, Director of the CVL, following a visit by Dr Wrathall, one of the project leaders in the Pathology Department of the CVL, to the United States Department of Agriculture. 33 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The results were not published at this point, since the attempted transmission to mice from the experimental cow brain had been inconclusive. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The results of the clinical and histological differences between scrapie-affected sheep and cattle were published in 1995. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Similar studies in which cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with scrapie inocula derived from a number of scrapie-affected sheep of different breeds and from different States, were carried out at the US National Animal Disease Centre. 34 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The results, published in 1994, showed that this source of scrapie agent, though pathogenic for cattle, did not produce the same clinical signs of brain lesions characteristic of BSE..</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">32 Clark, W., Hourrigan, J. and Hadlow, W. (1995) Encephalopathy in Cattle Experimentally Infected with the Scrapie Agent, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 56, 606-12</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">33 YB88/10.00/1.1 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Although significant uncertainty remains regarding the origin of C-BSE, several studies involving the serial passage of H-BSE and L-BSE in transgenic and wild-type mice have revealed their potential to lead to the emergence of a C-BSE-like phenotype (Baron et al., 2011; Torres et al., 2011; Bencsik et al., 2013) or other novel strains (Masujin et al., 2016). Whether or not one or both of these atypical strains led to the emergence of C-BSE remains speculative; however, the similarities between transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), first reported in the USA in 1947 (Hartsough and Burger, 1965), and L-BSE indicate that TME may have been a surrogate indicator for the presence of L-BSE in cattle populations in those countries such as the USA, Canada, Germany, Finland and Russia where outbreaks of TME had been reported decades before C-BSE was first recognised in the United Kingdom in 1986 (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968; Marsh et al., 1991; McKenzie et al., 1996; Baron et al., 2007; Comoy et al., 2013). Although TME was originally thought to have occurred as a result of feeding mink with scrapie infected sheep carcases, oral challenge studies did not confirm this (Marsh et al., 1991). Importantly, in an outbreak reported in the USA in 1985, mink had never been fed sheep products; instead they had been fed on products derived from dead and sick dairy cattle (March et al., 1991). Similarly, from an outbreak in Canada in 1963, mink had reportedly been fed with products derived from cattle but not sheep (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968).</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Technical Abstract:</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion strains may vary in their ability to transmit to humans and animals. Few experimental studies have been done to provide evidence of differences between U.S. strains of scrapie, which can be distinguished by incubation times in inbred mice, microscopic lesions, immunoreactivity to various antibodies, or molecular profile (electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio). Recent work on two U.S. isolates of sheep scrapie supports that at least two distinct strains exist based on differences in incubation time and genotype of sheep affected. One isolate (No. 13-7) inoculated intracerebrally caused scrapie in sheep AA at codon 136 (AA136) and QQ at codon 171 (QQ171) of the prion protein in an average of 19 months post-inoculation (PI) whereas a second isolate (No. x124) caused disease in less than 12 months after oral inoculation in AV136/QQ171 sheep. Striking differences were evident when further strain analysis was done in R111, VM, C57Bl6, and C57Bl6xVM (F1) mice. No. 13-7 did not induce disease in any mouse strain at any time post-inoculation (PI) nor were brain tissues positive by western blot (WB). Positive WB results were obtained from mice inoculated with isolate No. x124 starting at day 380 PI. Incubation times averaged 508, 559, 601, and 633 days PI for RIII, C57Bl6, VM, and F1 mice, respectively. Further passage will be required to characterize these scrapie strains in mice. </div><div><br /></div><div>***>This work provides evidence that multiple scrapie strains exist in U.S. sheep. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=227516" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=227516</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>One of these isolates (TR316211) behaved like the CH1641 isolate, with PrPres features in mice similar to those in the sheep brain. From two other isolates (O100 and O104), two distinct PrPres phenotypes were identified in mouse brains, with either high (h-type) or low (l-type) apparent molecular masses of unglycosylated PrPres, the latter being similar to that observed with CH1641, TR316211, or BSE. Both phenotypes could be found in variable proportions in the brains of the individual mice. In contrast with BSE, l-type PrPres from "CH1641-like" isolates showed lower levels of diglycosylated PrPres. From one of these cases (O104), a second passage in mice was performed for two mice with distinct PrPres profiles. This showed a partial selection of the l-type phenotype in mice infected with a mouse brain with predominant l-type PrPres, and it was accompanied by a significant increase in the proportions of the diglycosylated band. These results are discussed in relation to the diversity of scrapie and BSE strains. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/13/7230?view=long&pmid=17442721" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/13/7230?view=long&pmid=17442721</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>- 59-</div><div><br /></div><div>P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</div><div><br /></div><div>1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</div><div><br /></div><div>Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>prion 2016 conference abstract</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2016.1162644" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2016.1162644</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Comparison of two US sheep scrapie isolates supports identification as separate strains</div><div><br /></div><div>Authors</div><div><br /></div><div>item Moore, Sarah - item Smith, Jodi item West Greenlee, Mary - item Nicholson, Eric item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Veterinary Pathology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: December 22, 2015 Publication Date: N/A</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Scrapie is a fatal disease of sheep and goats that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether or not a sheep will get scrapie is determined primarily by their genetics. Furthermore, different scrapie strains exist that may result in a different expression of disease such as shorter incubation periods, unusual clinical signs, or unique patterns of lesions within the brain. This study evaluated two U.S. scrapie isolates in groups of sheep with varying susceptibilities to scrapie. Our data indicates that there are differences in incubation periods, sheep genotype susceptibilities, and lesion profiles that support designating these scrapie isolates as unique strains. The identification of a new scrapie strain in the United States means that control measures, methods of decontamination, and the potential for transmission to other species may need to be reevaluated. This information is useful to sheep farmers and breeders that are selectively breeding animals with genotypes resistant to the most prevalent strain of scrapie and could impact future regulations for the control of scrapie in the United States. Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of sheep and goats. There are different strains of sheep scrapie that are associated with unique molecular, transmission, and phenotype characteristics, but very little is known about the potential presence of scrapie strains within sheep in the US. Scrapie strain and PRNP genotype could both affect susceptibility, potential for transmission, incubation period, and control measures required for eliminating scrapie from a flock. Here we evaluate two US scrapie isolates, No. 13-7 and x124, after intranasal inoculation to compare clinical signs, incubation periods (IP), spongiform lesions, and patterns of PrPSc deposition in sheep with scrapie-susceptible PRNP genotypes (QQ171). After inoculation with x124, susceptibility and IP were associated with valine at codon 136 (V136) of the prion protein: VV136 had short IPs (6.9 months), AV136 sheep were 11.9 months, and AA136 sheep did not develop scrapie. All No.13-7 inoculated sheep developed scrapie with IP’s of 20.1 months for AA136 sheep, 22.8 months for AV136 sheep, and 26.7 months for VV136 sheep. Patterns of immunoreactivity in the brain were influenced by challenge isolate and host genotype. Differences in PrPSc profiles versus isolate were most striking when examining brains from sheep with the VV136 genotype. In summary, intranasal inoculation with isolates x124 and No. 13-7 resulted in differences in IP, sheep genotype susceptibility, and PrPSc profile that support designation as separate strains.</div><div><br /></div><div>Last Modified: 6/6/2016</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=315505" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=315505</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">Mission, Texas Scrapie transmission to cattle study</span><br /></div><div><div><br /></div><div>Wilbur Clarke (reference the Mission, Texas scrapie transmission transmission to cattle study) is now the State Veterinarian for Montana based at Helena.</div><div><br /></div><div>I was given confidential access to sections from the Clarke scrapie-cattle transmission experiment. Details of the experimental design were as supplied previously by Dr. Wrathall (copy of relevant information appended). Only 3 animals (2 inoculated with 2nd pass Suffolk scrapie and 1 inoculated with Angora goat passaged scrapie) showed clinical signs. Clinical signs were characterised by weakness, ''a stilted hindlimb gait'', disorientation, ataxia and, terminally, lateral recumbency. The two cattle from which I examined material were inocluated at 8 months of age and developed signs 36 months pi (goat scrapie inoculum) and 49 months pi (one of the Suffolk scrapie inoculated) respectively. This latter animal was killed at 58 months of age and so the clinical duration was only 1 month. The neuropathology was somewhat different from BSE or the Stetsonville TME in cattle. Vacuolar changes were minimal, to the extent that detection REQUIRED CAREFUL SEARCHING. Conversely astrocyte hypertrophy was a widespread and prominent feature. The material requires DETAILED NEUROPATHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT BUT WHETHER OR NOT THIS WILL BE DONE REMAINS A QUESTION.</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission Studies</div><div><br /></div><div>Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}...TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">31</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Appendix I VISIT TO USA - OR A E WRATHALL — INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dr Clark lately of the scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">successfully transmitted ovine and caprine scrapie to cattle. The</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is:-</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Expt A 6 Her x Jer calves born in 1978 were inoculated as follows with</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">a 2nd Suffolk scrapie passage:-</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">i/c 1ml; i/m, 5ml; s/c 5ml; oral 30ml.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">1/6 went down after 48 months with a scrapie/BSE-like disease.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Expt B 6 Her or Jer or HxJ calves were inoculated with angora Goat</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">virus 2/6 went down similarly after 36 months.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Expt C Mice inoculated from brains of calves/cattle in expts A & B were resistant, only 1/20 going down with scrapie and this was the reason given for not publishing.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Diagnosis in A, B, C was by histopath. No reports on SAF were given.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dr Warren Foote indicated success so far in eliminating scrapie in offspring from experimentally— (and naturally) infected sheep by ET. He had found difficulty in obtaining embryos from naturally infected sheep (cf SPA).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prof. A Robertson gave a brief accout of BSE. The us approach was to</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">32</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr A Thiermann showed the picture in the "Independent" with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">BSE was not reported in USA.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">4. Scrapie incidents (ie affected flocks) have shown a dramatic increase since 1978. In 1953 when the National Control scheme was started there were 10-14 incidents, in 1978 - 1 and in 1988 so far 60.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">5. Scrapie agent was reported to have been isolated from a solitary fetus.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">6. A western blotting diagnostic technique (? on PrP) shows some promise.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">7. Results of a questionnaire sent to 33 states on the subject of the national sheep scrapie programme survey indicated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">17/33 wished to drop it</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">6/33 wished to develop it</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">8/33 had few sheep and were neutral</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Information obtained from Dr Wrathall‘s notes of a meeting of the u.s.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Animal Health Association at Little Rock, Arkansas Nov. 1988.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">33</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">also see hand written notes ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019203707/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071019203707/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">EVIDENCE OF SCRAPIE IN SHEEP AS A RESULT OF FOOD BORNE EXPOSURE</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">This is provided by the statistically significant increase in the incidence of sheep scrape from 1985, as determined from analyses of the submissions made to VI Centres, and from individual case and flock incident studies. ........</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305222246/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/02/07002001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305222246/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/02/07002001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">REPORT OF THE WORKING PARTY ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY 1989</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">4.2.9 ...Also, if it resulted from a localised chance transmission of the scrapie strain from sheep to cattle giving rise to a mutant, a different pattern of disease would have been expected: its range would have increased with time. Thus the evidence from Britain is against the disease being due to a new strain of the agent, but we note that in the United States from 1984 to 1988 outbreaks of scrapie in sheep flocks are reported to have Increased markedly, now being nearly 3 times as high as during any previous period (18). </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530225750/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk:80/files/ib/ibd1/tab02.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090530225750/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk:80/files/ib/ibd1/tab02.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a> </span></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Appendix 3</div><div><br /></div><div>VISIT TO USA - DR A E WRATHALL - INFO OH BSE AND SCRAPIE</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Dr Clark lately of the Scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has successfully transmitted ovine and caprine scrapie to cattle. The experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do this. This work was initiated in 1978.</div><div><br /></div><div>A summary of it is:-</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt A</div><div><br /></div><div>6 Her x Jer calves born in 1978 were inoculated as follows with</div><div><br /></div><div>a 2nd Suffolk scrapie passage:-</div><div><br /></div><div>i/c 1ml; i/m, 5ml; s/c 5ml; oral 30ml.</div><div><br /></div><div>1/6 went down after 48 months with a scrapie/BSE-like disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt B</div><div><br /></div><div>6 Her or Jer or HxJ calves were inoculated with angora Goat</div><div><br /></div><div>virus 2/6 went down similarly after 36 months.</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt C</div><div><br /></div><div>Mice inoculated from brains of calves/cattle in expts A • B were resistant, only 1/20 going down with scrapie and this was the reason given for not publishing.</div><div><br /></div><div>Diagnosis in A, B, C was by histopath. No reports on SAT were given.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Dr Warren Foote indicated success so far in eliminating scrapie in offspring from experimentally- (and naturally) infected sheep by ET. He had found difficulty in obtaining embryos from naturally infected sheep (cf SPA).</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Prof. A Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr A Thiermann showed the picture in the "Independent" with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. BSE was not reported in USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Scrapie incidents (ie affected flocks) have shown a dramatic increase since 1978. In 1953 when the National Control Scheme was started there were 10-14 incidents, in 1978 - 1 and in 1988 so far 60.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Scrapie agent was reported to have been isolated from a solitary fetus.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. A western blotting diagnostic technique (? on PrP) shows some promise.</div><div><br /></div><div>7. Results of a questionnaire sent to 33 states on the subject of the national sheep scrapie programme survey indicated</div><div><br /></div><div>17/33 wished to drop it</div><div><br /></div><div>6/33 wished to develop it</div><div><br /></div><div>9/13/2005</div><div><br /></div><div>33</div><div><br /></div><div>Page 15 of 17</div><div><br /></div><div>8/33 had few sheep and were neutral</div><div><br /></div><div>Information obtained from Dr Wrathall's notes of a meeting of the U.S. Animal Health Association at Little Rock, Arkansas Nov. 1988.</div><div><br /></div><div>end...TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf </div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/scrapie-field-trial-experiments-mission.html</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2018/<br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/08/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-mad.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/08/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-mad.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Among ovine TSEs, classical scrapie and Nor98 were discriminated from both Norwegian moose isolates, while CH1641 samples had molecular features partially overlapping with the moose, i.e. a low MW PrPres and the presence of CTF13. In contrast, moose PrPSc did not overlap with any bovine PrPSc. Indeed, the MW of moose PrPres was lower than H-BSE and similar to C-BSE and L-BSE PrPres, but the two bovine prions lacked additional PrPres fragments. </span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Conclusions: Unexpectedly, PrPSc from Norwegian moose revealed features substantially different from all other CWD isolates. The PrPSc pattern of Norwegian moose was also different from Canadian moose, suggesting that the variant PrPSc type observed does not simply reflect a host factor and could represent a new CWD strain. Furthermore, PrPSc of Norwegian moose can be easily discriminated from all BSE types, classical scrapie and Nor98, while showing significant overlapping only with CH1641. Bioassay in voles will help to clarify whether the different PrPSc types observed reflect the presence of a new CWD strain in Norwegian moose, and its relationships with known animal TSEs. </span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">References: 1Benestad et al, Vet Res (2016}47:88 </span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">please see;</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">***Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">***Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip... </span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/ Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div>SUNDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy is similar to L-BSE after passage through sheep with the VRQ/VRQ genotype but not VRQ/ARQ </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/bovine-adapted-transmissible-mink.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/bovine-adapted-transmissible-mink.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/01/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-tse-prion-usa.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/01/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-tse-prion-usa.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;">Saturday, June 25, 2011</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;">Transmissibility of BSE-L and Cattle-Adapted TME Prion Strain to Cynomolgus Macaque</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;">"BSE-L in North America may have existed for decades"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;" /><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;">Saturday, August 16, 2008</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;">Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors in the United States February 13, 2000 at 3:37 pm PST (BSE red book)</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;" /><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In brief</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__doi.org_10.1136_bmj.320.7226.8_b&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=CG6Uqj4XnTqguGARMNrue37vAQNLowSj8pu-TYdqmzM&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b</a> (Published 01 January 2000)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Rapid Response:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">02 January 2000</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">retired</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">To be continued...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.bmj.com_rapid-2Dresponse_2011_10_28_us-2Dscientist-2Dshould-2Dbe-2Dconcerned-2Dcjd-2Depidemic-2Dus-2Dwell&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=k3wyeAUSTVpHnEdPHz2rnY9iHIYSwEXRH9Tf_fTXuaM&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div>FRIDAY, OCTOBER 01, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>TEXAS CWD TSE PRION recent discoveries of new cases bring the total number of positive deer to 261 in 14 counties </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/texas-cwd-tse-prion-recent-discoveries.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/texas-cwd-tse-prion-recent-discoveries.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div><br /></div><div>QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div class="yiv5980261439aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> Confidential!!!!</span></span></div><div class="yiv5980261439aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5980261439aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</span></span></div><div class="yiv5980261439aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5980261439aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">---end personal email---end...tss</span></span></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3907029974664467121.post-18265230063954620522021-09-21T15:14:00.002-05:002021-09-21T15:14:16.246-05:00OIE, DEFRA, FSA, BSE Report Somerset England<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">OIE, DEFRA, FSA, BSE Report Somerset England</span></p><div id="yiv9925787285" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div id="yiv9925787285"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><div>Subject: DEFRA FSA Single case of classical BSE confirmed on a farm in Somerset</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>OIE Report Somerset England BSE case</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=39961" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=39961</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>September 17, 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DEFRA FSA Single case of classical BSE confirmed on a farm in Somerset </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-classical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-somerset" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-classical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-somerset</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>EU Feed ban Commission authorises use of certain animal proteins, risk another mad cow type outbreak</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/sante/items/718842/en" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/sante/items/718842/en</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></div></div><div class="yiv9925787285yqt2153808545" id="yiv9925787285yqtfd27948"><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>MONDAY, JULY 27, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>BSE Inquiry DFA's a review</div><div><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><div class="yiv9925787285yqt2153808545" id="yiv9925787285yqtfd75551"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2020/07/bse-inquiry-dfas-review.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2020/07/bse-inquiry-dfas-review.html</a></div> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>terry</div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0