Research Article
Changes in Retinal Function and Morphology Are Early Clinical Signs of
Disease in Cattle with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
M. Heather West Greenlee ,
Jodi D. Smith,
Ekundayo M. Platt,
Jessica R. Juarez,
Leo L. Timms,
Justin J. Greenlee
PLOS
Published: March 10, 2015 •DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119431
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) belongs to a group of fatal,
transmissible protein misfolding diseases known as transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies (TSEs). All TSEs are caused by accumulation of misfolded prion
protein (PrPSc) throughout the central nervous system (CNS), which results in
neuronal loss and ultimately death. Like other protein misfolding diseases
including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, TSEs are generally not
diagnosed until the onset of disease after the appearance of unequivocal
clinical signs. As such, identification of the earliest clinical signs of
disease may facilitate diagnosis. The retina is the most accessible part of the
central nervous system, and retinal pathology in TSE affected animals has been
previously reported. Here we describe antemortem changes in retinal function and
morphology that are detectable in BSE inoculated animals several months (up to
11 months) prior to the appearance of any other signs of clinical disease. We
also demonstrate that differences in the severity of these clinical signs
reflect the amount of PrPSc accumulation in the retina and the resulting
inflammatory response of the tissue. These results are the earliest reported
clinical signs associated with TSE infection and provide a basis for
understanding the pathology and evaluating therapeutic interventions.
snip...
Discussion
snip...
Though there were only subtle histopathologic differences between retinas
from cattle inoculated with classical BSE and BSE-H, immunohistochemical
analysis did demonstrate differences in accumulation of PrPSc and activation of
Müller glia and microglia, with BSE-H having markedly more PrPSc accumulation,
Müller glia and microglia activation. Interestingly, these pathologic features
correlate with the more robust phenotype of the electroretinograms in clinically
ill BSE-H cattle. That is, when comparing clinical values from BSE-H to
classical BSE inoculated animals, b-wave implicit times are longer and their
amplitudes are markedly smaller. The b-wave amplitude can be used as an indirect
measure of photoreceptor function, as death of photoreceptors results in a
decrease in the b-wave amplitude. Though cattle inoculated with BSE-H did have a
decreased b-wave amplitude and animals inoculated with classical BSE did not, we
did not observe any major differences in the photoreceptor layer between these
two groups. This may be due to changes in photoreceptor number in BSE-H cattle
below our level of detection, or instead impairment of synaptic communication
between photoreceptors and their post-synaptic cells (the bipolar cells). The
b-wave implicit time (time for peak to reach maximum amplitude) is generated by
retinal bipolar cells and Müller glia [39]. Of these two cell types, we observed
changes in only the Müller glia. Both the decrease in b-wave amplitude and the
increase in b-wave implicit time can be explained by synaptic dysfunction in the
outer plexiform layer, the synaptic interface between photoreceptors and bipolar
cells. This would be consistent with accumulation of PrPSc causing synaptic
dysfunction (reviewed in [46]), and correlates with the differences in PrPSc
accumulation between classical BSE and BSE-H.
The more robust retinal histologic changes in BSE-H inoculated cattle also
correlates with a shorter incubation time in these animals. It has been shown
previously that PrPSc from BSE-H has a higher stability when compared to
classical BSE [47]. Our observation that the higher stability BSE-H has a
shorter incubation time, and accumulates in the soma of retinal ganglion cells
is consistent with similar observations by Ayers et al, who reported shorter
incubation times and intraneuronal accumulation of PrPSc in higher stability
prion strains [48]. In addition, we observed more a robust activation of retinal
Müller glia and microglia in retinas from animals inoculated with BSE-H.
Experiments to study the relationship between PrPSc stability, incubation time
and glial activation are ongoing.
As an extension of the central nervous system, the retina may have
diagnostic potential for several protein misfolding neurodegenerative disorders.
Recent studies demonstrate that both retinal function and morphology in patients
with Parkinson’s disease are significant predictors of disease severity and
quality of life [49–53]. Changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer measured by
OCT have been reported in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease [54], and
measurements of the choroid (the vascular rich layer of the eye deep to the
retina) have shown significant choroidal thinning in AD patients as well
[55].
Here we demonstrate that the retina is an important tool to study the
pathogenesis of prion disease. The retina is an isolated structure, and thus
accumulation of PrPSc can be precisely quantified, as compared to the rest of
the brain where quantification of regional accumulation is affected by
dissection. Further, different functional assessment approaches can test
different cell populations. The assessments used in this work test
photoreceptors, bipolar cells and Müller glia, and our results demonstrate that
our functional assessment was sensitive enough to differentiate between
classical BSE and BSE-H, which at terminal stages have differences in PrPSc
accumulation, Müller glia and microglia activation However, the results
presented here are from animals inoculated with BSE intracranially. Ongoing
studies will determine if similar changes can be detected in animals inoculated
by the oronasal route.
The suitability of retinal assessment for diagnosis of prion disease in
animals or humans remains an open question. Unequivocal diagnosis of prion
disease depends upon the detection of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Several
promising diagnostics for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD; the most common human
prion disease) include amplification of PrPSc from nasal brushings [16], blood
[15] and urine [14]. Detection of PrPSc associated with nasal brushings appears
to be highly sensitive and specific and can detect both sporadic CJD as well has
genetic CJD [16]. Experimentally, PrPSc can be detected prior to clinical
illness in blood from macaques infected with BSE (the agent of variant CJD), and
in blood samples from a small number of human CJD patients. PrPSc was detectable
in patients with variant CJD and not sporadic CJD [15], raising the possibility
that PrPSc in blood may be specific to vCJD. In a separate study of human vCJD
patients, PrPSc was detected in the urine from 13/14 individuals [14,15]. The
latter two studies demonstrate the utility of bodily fluids for detection of
vCJD in clinical and potentially pre-clinical individuals. Though the retinal
changes that we describe precede the clinical phase of illness in cattle, it is
not yet known how this may relate clinical disease in humans. However, our
results, taken with retinal imaging studies of individuals with Parkinson’s and
Alzheimer’s disease, suggest that retinal imaging of CJD patients may prove
useful.
The preponderance of evidence demonstrates that the retina is affected by
protein misfolding disorders long thought to be confined to the brain. Thus, the
retina holds tremendous potential for the study of disease pathogenesis, and
evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions for multiple protein
misfolding disorders. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are an
infectious and highly predictable model of protein misfolding neurodegenerative
disease. Predictable incubation times and PrPSc accumulation paired with
detectable preclinical morphologic and functional deficits make the retina an
excellent model for future studies to understand the detailed relationship
between accumulation of misfolded protein and specific changes in neural
function.
Supporting Information
snip...please see full text ;
again, many thanks to PLoS et al, and all Scientist for the OPEN ACCESS for
scientific research. ...terry
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics
of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;
LET'S take a closer look at this new prionpathy or prionopathy, and then
let's look at the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow. This new prionopathy in humans? the
genetic makeup is IDENTICAL to the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow, the only _documented_
mad cow in the world to date like this, ......wait, it get's better. this new
prionpathy is killing young and old humans, with LONG DURATION from onset of
symptoms to death, and the symptoms are very similar to nvCJD victims, OH, and
the plaques are very similar in some cases too, bbbut, it's not related to the
g-h-BSEalabama cow, WAIT NOW, it gets even better, the new human prionpathy that
they claim is a genetic TSE, has no relation to any gene mutation in that
family. daaa, ya think it could be related to that mad cow with the same genetic
make-up ??? there were literally tons and tons of banned mad cow protein in
Alabama in commerce, and none of it transmitted to cows, and the cows to humans
there from ??? r i g h t $$$ ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama In this study, we
identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called
E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America.
This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with
a genetic form of CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed
case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. We
hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in
"the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation.
Saturday, August 14, 2010
BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and
VPSPr PRIONPATHY (see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)
her healthy calf also carried the mutation
(J. A. Richt and S. M. Hall PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000156; 2008).
This raises the possibility that the disease could occasionally be genetic
in origin. Indeed, the report of the UK BSE Inquiry in 2000 suggested that the
UK epidemic had most likely originated from such a mutation and argued against
the scrapierelated assumption. Such rare potential pathogenic PRNP mutations
could occur in countries at present considered to be free of BSE, such as
Australia and New Zealand. So it is important to maintain strict surveillance
for BSE in cattle, with rigorous enforcement of the ruminant feed ban (many
countries still feed ruminant proteins to pigs). Removal of specified risk
material, such as brain and spinal cord, from cattle at slaughter prevents
infected material from entering the human food chain. Routine genetic screening
of cattle for PRNP mutations, which is now available, could provide additional
data on the risk to the public. Because the point mutation identified in the
Alabama animals is identical to that responsible for the commonest type of
familial (genetic) CJD in humans, it is possible that the resulting infective
prion protein might cross the bovine-human species barrier more easily. Patients
with vCJD continue to be identified. The fact that this is happening less often
should not lead to relaxation of the controls necessary to prevent future
outbreaks.
Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith Cambridge University Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK e-mail: maf12@cam.ac.uk Jürgen
A. Richt College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224B Mosier
Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5601, USA NATURE|Vol 457|26 February 2009
BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA
______________________________
PRODUCT
a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;
b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;
c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;
d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.
CODE
None
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by
telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated
recall is complete.
REASON
Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based
protein.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
477.72 tons
DISTRIBUTION
AL
______________________________
PRODUCT
a) Dairy feed, custom, Recall # V-134-6;
b) Custom Dairy Feed with Monensin, Recall # V-135-6.
CODE
None. Bulk product
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Recalling Firm: Burkmann Feed, Greeneville, TN, by Telephone beginning on
June 28, 2006.
Manufacturer: H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL. Firm initiated
recall is complete.
REASON
Possible contamination of dairy feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone
meal.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
1,484 tons
DISTRIBUTION
TN and WV
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER 6, 2006
###
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II
______________________________
PRODUCT
Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-115-6
CODE
None
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Hiseville Feed & Seed Co., Hiseville, KY, by telephone and letter on or
about July 14, 2006. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.
REASON
Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak which may contain
ruminant derived meat and bone meal.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
Approximately 2,223 tons
DISTRIBUTION
KY
______________________________
PRODUCT
Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-116-6
CODE
None
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Rips Farm Center, Tollesboro, KY, by telephone and letter on July 14, 2006.
FDA initiated recall is ongoing.
REASON
Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak which may contain
ruminant derived meat and bone meal.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
1,220 tons
DISTRIBUTION
KY
______________________________
PRODUCT
Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-117-6
CODE
None
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Kentwood Co-op, Kentwood, LA, by telephone on June 27, 2006. FDA initiated
recall is completed.
REASON
Possible contamination of animal feed ingredients, including ingredients
that are used in feed for dairy animals, with ruminant derived meat and bone
meal.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
40 tons
DISTRIBUTION
LA and MS
______________________________
PRODUCT
Bulk Dairy Feed, Recall V-118-6
CODE
None
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Cal Maine Foods, Inc., Edwards, MS, by telephone on June 26, 2006. FDA
initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Possible contamination of animal feed ingredients, including ingredients
that are used in feed for dairy animals, with ruminant derived meat and bone
meal.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
7,150 tons
DISTRIBUTION
MS
______________________________
PRODUCT
Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-119-6
CODE
None
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Walthall County Co-op, Tylertown, MS, by telephone on June 26, 2006. Firm
initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and
bone meal.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
87 tons
DISTRIBUTION
MS
______________________________
PRODUCT
Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-120-6
CODE
None
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm
initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and
bone meal.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
350 tons
DISTRIBUTION
AL and MS
______________________________
PRODUCT
a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet,
50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;
b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet,
50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;
c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower,
50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;
d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50
lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;
e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall #
V-125-6;
f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall #
V-126-6;
g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall #
V-127-6
CODE
All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and
visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006.
Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated
recall is ongoing.
REASON
Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based
protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
7,541-50 lb bags
DISTRIBUTION
AL, GA, MS, and TN
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006
###
Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125
TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006
Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT
a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;
b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall #
V-101-6;
c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;
d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;
*** e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;
f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50
lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;
g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%,
Recall # V-106-6;
h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to
20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall #
V-107-6;
i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;
j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;
k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall #
V-110-6;
l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;
m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE
Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL,
by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is
complete.
REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant
based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons
DISTRIBUTION AL and FL
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006
###
MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006
09:22 71.248.128.67
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II
______________________________
PRODUCT
a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals,
Recall # V-079-6;
b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg),
Recall # V-080-6;
c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED,
Recall # V-081-6;
d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE
a) Bulk
b) None
c) Bulk
d) Bulk
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL,
by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm
initiated recall is ongoing.
REASON
Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone
meal.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons
DISTRIBUTION Nationwide
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006
###
what about that ALABAMA MAD COW, AND MAD COW FEED THERE FROM IN THAT STATE
???
Saturday, August 14, 2010
BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and
VPSPr PRIONPATHY
*** (see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)
BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA
Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT
a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;
b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;
c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;
d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.
CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R
Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter
dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based
protein.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons
DISTRIBUTION AL
______________________________
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST
RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II
PRODUCT
Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried,
Recall # V-024-2007
CODE
Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.
Firm initiated recall is ongoing.
REASON
Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-
contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been
manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE
statement.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
42,090 lbs.
DISTRIBUTION
WI
___________________________________
PRODUCT
Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot-
Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M
CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B
DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal,
JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT
Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral,
BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC
LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall #
V-025-2007
CODE
The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with
commodity and weights identified.
RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm
initiated recall is complete.
REASON
Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross
contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear
cautionary BSE statement.
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE
9,997,976 lbs.
DISTRIBUTION
ID and NV
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007
2013
Sunday, December 15, 2013
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE
Tuesday, December 23, 2014
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
Tuesday, February 17, 2015
Could we spot the next BSE?, asks BVA President
PLOS Singeltary Comment ;
*** ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ? ***
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT
Saturday, January 24, 2015
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Atypical Pros and Cons
Saturday, January 31, 2015
RAPID ADVICE 17-2014 : Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings
in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of
modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE
Conclusion/Significance: Our results point to a possibly higher degree of
pathogenicity of BASE than classical BSE in primates and also raise a question
about a possible link to one uncommon subset of cases of apparently sporadic
CJD. Thus, despite the waning epidemic of classical BSE, the occurrence of
atypical strains should temper the urge to relax measures currently in place to
protect public health from accidental contamination by BSE-contaminated
products.
SPONTANEOUS TSE
Perspectives BIOMEDICINE: A Fresh Look at BSE Bruce Chesebro*
Mad cow disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), is the cattle
form of a family of progressive brain diseases. These diseases include scrapie
in sheep, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, and chronic wasting disease
(CWD) in deer and elk. They are also known as either "prion diseases" because of
the association of a misfolded cellular prion protein in pathogenesis or
"transmissible spongiform encephalopathies" (TSEs) because of the spongelike
nature of the damaged brain tissue (1).
The recent discovery of two BSE-infected cows, one in Canada and one in the
United States, has dramatically increased concern in North America among meat
producers and consumers alike over the extent to which BSE poses a threat to
humans as well as to domestic and wild animals. The European BSE epidemic of the
late-1980s seems to have been initiated a decade earlier in the United Kingdom
by changes in the production of meat and bone meal (MBM) from rendered
livestock, which led to contamination of MBM with the BSE infectious agent.
Furthermore, the fact that UK farmers fed this rendered MBM to younger animals
and that this MBM was distributed to many countries may have contributed to the
ensuing BSE epidemic in the United Kingdom and internationally (2).
Despite extensive knowledge about the spread of BSE through contaminated
MBM, the source of BSE in Europe remains an unsolved mystery (2). It has been
proposed that BSE could be derived from a cross-species infection, perhaps
through contamination of MBM by scrapie-infected sheep tissues (see the figure).
Alternatively, BSE may have been an endemic disease in cattle that went
unnoticed because of its low level of horizontal transmission. Lastly, BSE might
have originated by "spontaneous" misfolding of the normal cellular prion protein
into the disease-associated abnormal isoform (3), which is postulated to be the
infectious agent or "prion."
Five possible sources of BSE in North American cattle. Sheep, deer, and elk
could spread prion diseases (TSEs) to cattle through direct animal contact or
contamination of pastures. Endemic BSE has not been proven to exist anywhere in
the world, but it is difficult to exclude this possibility because of the
inefficient spread of BSE infectivity between individual animals (2). BSE caused
by spontaneous misfolding of the prion protein has not been proven. CREDIT:
KATHARINE SUTLIFF/SCIENCE
snip...
Nevertheless, the idea that BSE might originate due to the spontaneous
misfolding of prion proteins has received renewed interest in the wake of
reports suggesting the occurrence of atypical BSE (9-11). These results imply
that new strains of cattle BSE might have originated separately from the main UK
outbreak. Where and how might such strains have originated? Although such rare
events cannot be studied directly, any number of sources of the original BSE
strain could also explain the discovery of additional BSE strains in cattle (see
the figure). However, it would be worrisome if spontaneous BSE were really a
valid etiology because such a mechanism would be impossible to prevent--unlike
other possible scenarios that could be controlled by large-scale eradication of
TSE-positive animals.
Another way to look at this problem is to examine evidence for possible
spontaneous TSE disease in other animals besides cattle. Spontaneous BSE would
be extremely difficult to detect in cattle, where horizontal spread is minimal.
However, in the case of the sheep TSE disease, scrapie, which spreads from ewes
to lambs at birth as well as between adults, spontaneous disease should be
detectable as new foci of clinical infection. In the early 1950s scrapie was
eradicated in both Australia and New Zealand, and the mainland of both these
countries has remained scrapie-free ever since. This scrapie-free status is not
the result of selection of sheep resistant to scrapie because sheep from New
Zealand are as susceptible as their UK counterparts to experimental scrapie
infection (12). These experiments of man and nature appear to indicate that
spontaneous clinical scrapie does not occur in sheep. Similarly, because CWD is
known to spread horizontally, the lack of CWD in the deer or elk of eastern
North America but its presence in western regions would also argue against a
spontaneous disease mechanism. This is particularly noteworthy in New Zealand,
where there are large numbers of deer and elk farms and yet no evidence of
spontaneous CWD. If spontaneous scrapie does not occur in sheep or deer, this
would suggest that spontaneous forms of BSE and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease (sCJD) are unlikely to be found in cattle or humans. The main caveat to
this notion is that spontaneous disease may arise in some animal species but not
others. In humans, sCJD--which is considered by some researchers to begin by
spontaneous misfolding of the prion protein--usually takes more than 50 years to
appear. Thus, in animals with a shorter life-span, such as sheep, deer, and
cattle, an analogous disease mechanism might not have time to develop.
What can we conclude so far about BSE in North America? Is the BSE detected
in two North American cows sporadic or spontaneous or both? "Sporadic" pertains
to the rarity of disease occurrence. "Spontaneous" pertains to a possible
mechanism of origin of the disease. These are not equivalent terms. The rarity
of BSE in North America qualifies it as a sporadic disease, but this low
incidence does not provide information about cause. For the two reported North
American BSE cases, exposure to contaminated MBM remains the most likely
culprit. However, other mechanisms are still possible, including cross-infection
by sheep with scrapie or cervids with CWD, horizontal transmission from cattle
with endemic BSE, and spontaneous disease in individual cattle. Based on our
understanding of other TSEs, the spontaneous mechanism is probably the least
likely. Thus, "idiopathic" BSE--that is, BSE of unknown etiology--might be a
better term to describe the origin of this malady. ...
snip...full text ;
DR. DEHAVEN: “All right. I think we've got three different questions in
there, and I'll try to touch on each one of them.
“First of all, let me correct just a technical issue, and that is you
mentioned 1 in 10,000. And actually our surveillance system currently is
designed, the one that we have in place now is designed to detect 1 positive in
1 million cattle, and I gave some numbers between 200,000 and 268,000 that would
allow us to detect 1 in 10 million as opposed to 1 in 10,000.
“So we would, if we were able to collect in the ballpark of those numbers
of samples then we with increasing numbers of samples have an increasingly
statistically valid sample from which to determine, one, whether or not the
disease exists and, if so, at what prevalence level.
“So our real emphasis is to test as many of those animals as we can, ensure
that we get an appropriate geographical distribution, but not setting a specific
number as far as a target. Again, consistent with the recommendation from the
International Review Team, their recommendation was to test all of them.
“So that's consistent with where we're going is to test as many as we
possibly can.
*** “As far as spontaneous cases, that is a very difficult issue. There is
no evidence to prove that spontaneous BSE occurs in cattle; but here again it's
an issue of proving a negative. We do know that CJD, the human version of the
disease, does occur spontaneously in humans at the rate of about 1 in 1 million.
We don't have enough data to definitively say that spontaneous cases of BSE in
cattle occur or do not occur.
“Again, it's a very difficult situation to prove a negative.
“So a lot of research is ongoing. Certainly if we do come up with any
positive samples in the course of this surveillance we will be looking at that
question in evaluating those samples but no scientifically hard evidence to
confirm or refute whether or not spontaneous cases of BSE occur.
snip...
http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2004/03/0106.html
1. The BSE epidemic
1.1. The origin of the BSE epidemic will probably never be determined with
certainty.
1.2. We do not know whether or not some of the BARB cases represent truly
sporadic classical BSE. If there are spontaneous cases then BSE will never be
eradicated although reducing surveillance could make it appear that BSE has been
eradicated.
snip...
5.3. It was stated that the number of sporadic CJD cases was rising.
Participants were invited to discuss the reason for this. It was suggested that
this was likely to be due to improved surveillance with more cases of sporadic
CJD being detected (i.e. through MRI scans). There had been a similar increase
in sporadic CJD in countries which did not have a BSE epidemic but improved
their surveillance. This supported this theory and suggested that the increase
in sporadic CJD was not related to the BSE outbreak.
Atypical BSE: Transmissibility
Linda Detwiller, 5/10/2011
BASE (L) transmitted to: cattle (IC) - inc < 20 mos and oral?)
Cynomolgus macaques (IC)
Mouse lemurs (IC and oral)
wild-type mice (IC)
bovinized transgenic mice (IC and IP)
humanized transgenic mice (IC)
H cases transmitted to:
cattle – IC incubations < 20 months
bovinized transgenic mice (IC)
ovinized transgenic mice (IC)
C57BL mice (IC)
One study did not transmit to humanized PrP Met 129 mice
Evaluation of Possibility of Atypical
BSE Transmitting to Humans
Possble interpretation:
L type seems to transmit to nonhuman primates with greater ease than
classical BSE
L type also transmitted to humanized transgenic mice with higher attack
rate and shorter incubation period than classical?
H type did not transmit to Tg Hu transgenic mice
Linda Detwiller, 5/10/2011
I ask Professor Kong ;
Thursday, December 04, 2008 3:37 PM
Subject: RE: re--Chronic Wating Disease (CWD) and Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathies (BSE): Public Health Risk Assessment
IS the h-BSE more virulent than typical BSE as well, or the same as cBSE,
or less virulent than cBSE? just curious.....
Professor Kong reply ;
.....snip
As to the H-BSE, we do not have sufficient data to say one way or another,
but we have found that H-BSE can infect humans. I hope we could publish these
data once the study is complete. Thanks for your interest.
Best regards, Qingzhong Kong, PhD Associate Professor Department of
Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice. The possibility of
more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.
Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.
P.4.23 Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models
Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw
Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1
1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale,
Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research
Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal
Disease Center), USA
Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the
classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human
infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three
continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type,
and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP
(termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were argely
undefined.
Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their
transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice.
Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several
classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the
transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc,
symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.
Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected
with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas
only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more
than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse
brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also
detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those
infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to
a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also
transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M
transmission has been observed so far.
Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than
classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission
barrier in our humanized mice. BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg
mice. The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.
Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.
14th International Congress on Infectious Diseases H-type and L-type
Atypical BSE January 2010 (special pre-congress edition)
18.173 page 189
Experimental Challenge of Cattle with H-type and L-type Atypical BSE
A. Buschmann1, U. Ziegler1, M. Keller1, R. Rogers2, B. Hills3, M.H.
Groschup1. 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany,
2Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products & Food Branch,
Ottawa, Canada, 3Health Canada, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
Secretariat, Ottawa, Canada
Background: After the detection of two novel BSE forms designated H-type
and L-type atypical BSE the question of the pathogenesis and the agent
distribution of these two types in cattle was fully open. From initial studies
of the brain pathology, it was already known that the anatomical distribution of
L-type BSE differs from that of the classical type where the obex region in the
brainstem always displays the highest PrPSc concentrations. In contrast in
L-type BSE cases, the thalamus and frontal cortex regions showed the highest
levels of the pathological prion protein, while the obex region was only weakly
involved.
Methods:We performed intracranial inoculations of cattle (five and six per
group) using 10%brainstemhomogenates of the two German H- and L-type atypical
BSE isolates. The animals were inoculated under narcosis and then kept in a
free-ranging stable under appropriate biosafety conditions. At least one animal
per group was killed and sectioned in the preclinical stage and the remaining
animals were kept until they developed clinical symptoms. The animals were
examined for behavioural changes every four weeks throughout the experiment
following a protocol that had been established during earlier BSE pathogenesis
studies with classical BSE.
Results and Discussion: All animals of both groups developed clinical
symptoms and had to be euthanized within 16 months. The clinical picture
differed from that of classical BSE, as the earliest signs of illness were loss
of body weight and depression. However, the animals later developed hind limb
ataxia and hyperesthesia predominantly and the head. Analysis of brain samples
from these animals confirmed the BSE infection and the atypical Western blot
profile was maintained in all animals. Samples from these animals are now being
examined in order to be able to describe the pathoge esis and agent distribution
for these novel BSE types.
Conclusions: A pilot study using a commercially avaialble BSE rapid test
ELISA revealed an essential restriction of PrPSc to the central nervous system
for both atypical BSE forms. A much more detailed analysis for PrPSc and
infectivity is still ongoing.
14th ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure - Final Abstract
Number: ISE.114
Session: International Scientific Exchange
Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North
America update October 2009
T. Singeltary Bacliff, TX, USA
Background: An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America.
Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE
have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and
atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME.
All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing
animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and
that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada
has been immense over the years, decades.
Methods: 12 years independent research of available data
Results: I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only
enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the
UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to
continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a
multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e.,
surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics
etc.
Conclusion: I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the
USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease,
in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately
without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this
agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting
the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD
knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante,
Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis,
Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform
Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science
to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move
forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly
identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.
snip... see more breaches in the BSE aka mad cow Triple Firewall, that
never was here ;
Friday, January 23, 2015
*** Replacement of soybean meal in compound feed by European protein
sources and relaxing the mad cow ban $
Comment from Terry Singeltary Sr. This is a Comment on the Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Notice: Agency Information Collection
Activities; Proposals, Submissions, and Approvals: Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products
For related information, Open Docket Folder Docket folder icon
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Show agency attachment(s) AttachmentsView All (0) Empty
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Comment View document:Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission
;
I believe that there is more risk to the world from Transmissible
Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion aka mad cow type disease now, coming from
the United States and all of North America, than there is risk coming to the USA
and North America, from other Countries. I am NOT saying I dont think there is
any risk for the BSE type TSE prion coming from other Countries, I am just
saying that in 2015, why is the APHIS/USDA/FSIS/FDA still ignoring these present
mad cow risk factors in North America like they are not here?
North America has more strains of TSE prion disease, in more species
(excluding zoo animals in the early BSE days, and excluding the Feline TSE and
or Canine TSE, because they dont look, and yes, there has been documented
evidence and scientific studies, and DEFRA Hound study, that shows the canine
spongiform encephalopathy is very possible, if it has not already happened, just
not documented), then any other Country in the world. Mink TME, Deer Elk cervid
CWD (multiple strains), cBSE cattle, atypical L-type BSE cattle, atypical H-type
BSE cattle, atyical HG type BSE cow (the only cow documented in the world to
date with this strain), typical sheep goat Scrapie (multiple strains), and the
atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, which has been linked to sporadic CJD, Nor-98 atypical
Scrapie has spread from coast to coast. sporadic CJD on the rise, with different
strains mounting, victims becoming younger, with the latest nvCJD human mad cow
case being documented in Texas again, this case, NOT LINKED TO EUROPEAN TRAVEL
CDC.
typical BSE can propagate as nvCJD and or sporadic CJD (Collinge et al),
and sporadic CJD has now been linked to atypical BSE, Scrapie and atypical
Scrapie, and scientist are very concerned with CWD TSE prion in the Cervid
populations. in my opinion, the BSE MRR policy, which overtook the BSE GBR risk
assessments for each country, and then made BSE confirmed countries legal to
trade mad cow disease, which was all brought forth AFTER that fateful day
December 23, 2003, when the USA lost its gold card i.e. BSE FREE status, thats
the day it all started. once the BSE MRR policy was shoved down every countries
throat by USDA inc and the OIE, then the legal trading of Scrapie was validated
to be a legal trading commodity, also shoved through by the USDA inc and the
OIE, the world then lost 30 years of attempted eradication of the BSE TSE prion
disease typical and atypical strains, and the BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow type
disease was thus made a legal trading commodity, like it or not. its all about
money now folks, trade, to hell with human health with a slow incubating
disease, that is 100% fatal once clinical, and forget the fact of exposure,
sub-clinical infection, and friendly fire there from i.e. iatrogenic TSE prion
disease, the pass it forward mode of the TSE PRION aka mad cow type disease. its
all going to be sporadic CJD or sporadic ffi, or sporadic gss, or now the
infamous VPSPr. ...problem solved $$$
the USDA/APHIS/FSIS/FDA triple mad cow BSE firewall, well, that was nothing
but ink on paper.
for this very reason I believe the BSE MRR policy is a total failure, and
that this policy should be immediately withdrawn, and set back in place the BSE
GBR Risk Assessments, with the BSE GBR risk assessments set up to monitor all
TSE PRION disease in all species of animals, and that the BSE GBR risk
assessments be made stronger than before.
lets start with the recent notice that beef from Ireland will be coming to
America.
Ireland confirmed around 1655 cases of mad cow disease. with the highest
year confirming about 333 cases in 2002, with numbers of BSE confirmed cases
dropping from that point on, to a documentation of 1 confirmed case in 2013, to
date. a drastic decrease in the feeding of cows to cows i.e. the ruminant mad
cow feed ban, and the enforcement of that ban, has drastically reduced the
number of BSE cases in Europe, minus a few BABs or BARBs. a far cry from the
USDA FDA triple BSE firewall, which was nothing more than ink on paper, where in
2007, in one week recall alone, some 10 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED POTENTIAL MAD
COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE IN THE USA. this is 10 years post feed ban. in
my honest opinion, due to the blatant cover up of BSE TSE prion aka mad cow
disease in the USA, we still have no clue as to the true number of cases of BSE
mad cow disease in the USA or North America as a whole. ...just saying.
Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in
farmed cattle worldwide* (excluding the United Kingdom)
Country/Year
snip...please see attached pdf file, with references of breaches in the USA
triple BSE mad cow firewalls, and recent science on the TSE prion disease.
...TSS No documents available. AttachmentsView All (1) Empty Docket No.
APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and
Animal Products Singeltary Submission View Attachment:
Sunday, January 11, 2015
Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of
Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission
Friday, January 23, 2015
*** Replacement of soybean meal in compound feed by European protein
sources and relaxing the mad cow ban $
Saturday, January 24, 2015
*** Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Atypical Pros and Cons
Monday, December 1, 2014
Germany Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE CJD TSE Prion disease A Review
December 1, 2014
Thursday, January 29, 2015
Identification of H-type BSE in Portugal
Thursday, January 29, 2015
OIE REPORT Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Prion (atypical BSE type H),
Norway Information received on 29/01/2015
Thursday, July 24, 2014
Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of
infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA
Saturday, June 12, 2010
PUBLICATION REQUEST AND FOIA REQUEST Project Number: 3625-32000-086-05
Study of Atypical Bse
Sunday, December 28, 2014
Reverse Freedom of Information Act request rFOIA FSIS USDA APHIS TSE PRION
aka BSE MAD COW TYPE DISEASE December 2014
Monday, February 23, 2015
20th BSE Case Raises New Concerns about Canada's Feeding Practices and
Voluntary Testing Program; Highlights Importance of COOL
Saturday, February 28, 2015
BSE CANADA UPDATE Transcript - Technical Briefing to Provide an Update on
Investigation of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Alberta February 27, 2015
4:00 p.m.
Friday, January 30, 2015
*** Scrapie: a particularly persistent pathogen ***
Tuesday, December 23, 2014
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
Saturday, August 30, 2014
Maine Firm Recalls Ribeye and Carcass Products That May Contain Specified
Risk Materials SRM TSE PRION aka mad cow type disease
Friday, December 19, 2014
Rancho Alleged Cancerous Eyeball Case Going To Trial
Thursday, November 28, 2013
Department of Justice Former Suppliers of Beef to National School Lunch
Program Settle Allegations of Improper Practices and Mistreating Cows
seems USDA NSLP et al thought that it would be alright, to feed our
children all across the USA, via the NSLP, DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, the most high
risk cattle for mad cow type disease, and other dangerous pathogens, and they
did this for 4 years, that was documented, then hid what they did by having a
recall, one of the largest recalls ever, and they made this recall and masked
the reason for the recall due to animal abuse (I do not condone animal abuse),
not for the reason of the potential for these animals to have mad cow BSE type
disease (or other dangerous and deadly pathogens). these TSE prion disease can
lay dormant for 5, 10, 20 years, or longer, WHO WILL WATCH OUR CHILDREN FOR THE
NEXT 5 DECADES FOR CJD ???
Saturday, September 21, 2013
Westland/Hallmark: 2008 Beef Recall A Case Study by The Food Industry
Center January 2010 THE FLIM-FLAM REPORT
DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH
RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ??? this recall was not for the welfare of the animals.
...tss you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss)
try this link ;
Sunday, November 13, 2011
*** California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer
livestock
Monday, October 10, 2011
EFSA Journal 2011 The European Response to BSE: A Success Story
snip...
EFSA and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
recently delivered a scientific opinion on any possible epidemiological or
molecular association between TSEs in animals and humans (EFSA Panel on
Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and ECDC, 2011). This opinion confirmed Classical
BSE prions as the only TSE agents demonstrated to be zoonotic so far
*** but the possibility that a small proportion of human cases so far
classified as "sporadic" CJD are of zoonotic origin could not be excluded.
*** Moreover, transmission experiments to non-human primates suggest that
some TSE agents in addition to Classical BSE prions in cattle (namely L-type
Atypical BSE, Classical BSE in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME)
and chronic wasting disease (CWD) agents) might have zoonotic potential.
snip...
Thursday, August 12, 2010
Seven main threats for the future linked to prions
First threat
The TSE road map defining the evolution of European policy for protection
against prion diseases is based on a certain numbers of hypotheses some of which
may turn out to be erroneous. In particular, a form of BSE (called atypical
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), recently identified by systematic testing in
aged cattle without clinical signs, may be the origin of classical BSE and thus
potentially constitute a reservoir, which may be impossible to eradicate if a
sporadic origin is confirmed.
*** Also, a link is suspected between atypical BSE and some apparently
sporadic cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
*** These atypical BSE cases constitute an unforeseen first threat that
could sharply modify the European approach to prion diseases.
Second threat
snip...
2014
***Moreover, L-BSE has been transmitted more easily to transgenic mice
overexpressing a human PrP [13,14] or to primates [15,16] than C-BSE.
***It has been suggested that some sporadic CJD subtypes in humans may
result from an exposure to the L-BSE agent.
*** Lending support to this hypothesis, pathological and biochemical
similarities have been observed between L-BSE and an sCJD subtype (MV genotype
at codon 129 of PRNP) [17], and between L-BSE infected non-human primate and
another sCJD subtype (MM genotype) [15].
snip...
nvCJD CONFIRMED TEXAS USA 2014
‘’The completed investigation did not support the patient's having had
extended travel to European countries, including the United Kingdom, or travel
to Saudi Arabia. The specific overseas country where this patient’s infection
occurred is less clear largely because the investigation did not definitely link
him to a country where other known vCJD cases likely had been infected.’’
Confirmed Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (variant CJD) Case in
Texas
Updated: October 7, 2014
CDC and the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) have completed
the investigation of the recently reported fourth vCJD case in the United
States. It confirmed that the case was in a US citizen born outside the Americas
and indicated that the patient's exposure to the BSE/vCJD agent most likely
occurred before he moved to the United States; the patient had resided in
Kuwait, Russia and Lebanon. The completed investigation did not support the
patient's having had extended travel to European countries, including the United
Kingdom, or travel to Saudi Arabia. The specific overseas country where this
patient’s infection occurred is less clear largely because the investigation did
not definitely link him to a country where other known vCJD cases likely had
been infected.
Sunday, November 23, 2014
Confirmed Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (variant CJD) Case in Texas in
June 2014 confirmed as USA case NOT European
Monday, November 3, 2014
USA CJD TSE PRION UNIT, TEXAS, SURVEILLANCE UPDATE NOVEMBER 2014
National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined1
(October 7, 2014)
***6 Includes 11 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 19
inconclusive cases;
***7 Includes 12 (11 from 2014) cases with type determination pending in
which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded.
***The sporadic cases include 2660 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease (sCJD),
***50 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr)
***and 21 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI).
Thursday, January 15, 2015
41-year-old Navy Commander with sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease CJD TSE
Prion: Case Report
Subject: *** Becky Lockhart 46, Utah’s first female House speaker, dies
diagnosed with the extremely rare Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease aka mad cow type
disease
what is CJD ? just ask USDA inc., and the OIE, they are still feeding the
public and the media industry fed junk science that is 30 years old.
why doesn’t some of you try reading the facts, instead of rubber stamping
everything the USDA inc says.
sporadic CJD has now been linked to BSE aka mad cow disease, Scrapie, and
there is much concern now for CWD and risk factor for humans.
My sincere condolences to the family and friends of the House Speaker Becky
Lockhart. I am deeply saddened hear this.
with that said, with great respect, I must ask each and every one of you
Politicians that are so deeply saddened to hear of this needless death of the
Honorable House Speaker Becky Lockhart, really, cry me a friggen river. I am
seriously going to ask you all this...I have been diplomatic for about 17 years
and it has got no where. people are still dying. so, are you all stupid or
what??? how many more need to die ??? how much is global trade of beef and other
meat products that are not tested for the TSE prion disease, how much and how
many bodies is this market worth?
Saturday, January 17, 2015
*** Becky Lockhart 46, Utah’s first female House speaker, dies diagnosed
with the extremely rare Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
*** ALERT new variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease nvCJD or vCJD, sporadic CJD
strains, TSE prion aka Mad Cow Disease United States of America Update December
14, 2014 Report ***
Tuesday, November 04, 2014
Towards an Age-Dependent Transmission Model of Acquired and Sporadic
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Thursday, January 22, 2015
Transmission properties of atypical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a clue to
disease etiology?
Sunday, July 06, 2014
Dietary Risk Factors for Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: A Confirmatory
Case-Control Study
Conclusions—The a priori hypotheses were supported.
*Consumption of various meat products may be one method of transmission of
the infectious agent for sCJD.
PLEASE REMEMBER ;
The Akron, Ohio-based CJD Foundation said the Center for Disease Control
revised that number in October of 2004 to about one in 9,000 CJD cases per year
in the population group age 55 and older.
HAVE YOU GOT YOUR CJD QUESTIONNAIRE ASKING REAL QUESTIONS PERTAINING TO
ROUTE AND SOURCE OF THE TSE AGENT THAT KILLED YOUR LOVED ONE ???
if not, why not...
Friday, November 30, 2007
CJD QUESTIONNAIRE USA CWRU AND CJD FOUNDATION
Friday, January 10, 2014
vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type
prion disease, what it ???
Sunday, February 08, 2015
FDA SCIENCE BOARD TO THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION BOVINE HEPARIN BSE
CJD TSE PRION Wednesday, June 4, 2014
Tuesday, March 5, 2013
Use of Materials Derived From Cattle in Human Food and Cosmetics; Reopening
of the Comment Period FDA-2004-N-0188-0051 (TSS SUBMISSION)
FDA believes current regulation protects the public from BSE but reopens
comment period due to new studies
Monday, March 02, 2015
Rapid and Sensitive RT-QuIC Detection of Human Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Using Cerebrospinal Fluid
http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/rapid-and-sensitive-rt-quic-detection.html
Rapid and Sensitive RT-QuIC Detection of Human Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Using Cerebrospinal Fluid
http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/rapid-and-sensitive-rt-quic-detection.html
TSS
